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Karta na kojoj su prikazana prirodna i poluprirodna ne-šumska kopnena te slatkovodna staništa Republike Hrvatske na Bioportalu Ministarstva gospodarstva i održivog razvoja, Zavoda za zaštitu okoliša i prirode.

This monograph includes a comprehensive synthesis of the forest vegetation of Sardinia, with a physiographic, bioclimatic and biogeographic characterization of the investigated territories. Our work allowed to resume the knowledge status of the vegetation studies carried out on the Island, identify the actual plant landscape, define the vegetation series and geoseries, as well as draw a map of their potential distribution. In total, 23 principal vegetation series were identified, with 21 of them being exclusive of the Sardinian biogeographic sub province and 2 of the Corsican-Sardinian province. In addition 5 geoseries were described: 2 exclusive of Sardinia, 1 of Sardinia and Corsica and 2 with a Mediterranean distribution. These geoseries are related to hygrophylous, riparian and lowland habitats, to ponds, coastal lagoons and dunal systems. Data on the structure, floristic composition, litomorphology, climate and serial and catenal succession for each series and geoseries, are here presented. All the cenosis are here summarized in a syntaxonomical scheme constitued by 5 classes, 7 orders, 11 alliances, 6 suballiances, 43 associations and 27 subassociations. Regulatory aspects, protection measures as well as in situ and ex situ conservation strategies concerning the forest taxa and syntaxa are also discussed. An annexe map (scale 1:350,000) of the potential forest series and geoseries of the Island is also presented.

We present here a phytosociological study of the vegetation and plant landscape of the La Maddalena archipelago, which is situated in the Bocche di Bonifacio, between north-eastern Sardinia and southern Corsica. The lithological substratum of the archipelago is mainly made up of granite from plutonic intrusions, of the Superior Permian Carboniferous period. The area is part of the Mediterranean macrobioclimate, pluviseasonal-oceanic bioclimate, upper thermomediterranean thermotype, low dry ombrotype. On the basis of published data, the flora of the archipelago includes 986 taxa, of which 51 are endemic. The dominant life form is of therophytes, which represent around 50% in all. The plant communities identified through the phytosociological analyses are presented in groups according to their ecological and structural characteristics. Moreover, these communities are presented in an overall syntaxonomic scheme. Twenty new associations are described: Agrostio stoloniferae- Cyperetum badii, Alismo lanceolatae-Gratioletum officinalis, Allio commutati-Lavateretum arborae, Anthoxanto aristati-Agrostietum salmanticae, Apio crassipi-Isoetetum tigulianae, Arenario balearicae-Menthetum requienii, Baldellio ranunculoidis-Eleocharitetum palustris, Bellio bellidioidis- Arenarietum balearicae, Callitrico stagnalis-Glycerietum spicatae, Catapodio marini-Silenetum beguinotii, Exaculo pusilli-Lythretum portulae, Isoeto istrici-Montietum amporitanae, Junco acuti-Oenanthetum crocatae, Myrto communis-Salicetum atrocinereae, Polypogono subspathacei- Parapholidetum filiformis, Romuleo requienii-Bellidetum bellidiodis, Romuleo requienii-Colchicetum corsicae, Rubo ulmifolii-Myrtetum communis, Salicornio patulae-Crypsidetum aculeatae, Sileno nummicae-Malcomietum ramosissimae. The interpretation of the dynamic relationships between the plant communities has allowed seven vegetation series to be recognised: two climatophilous (Prasio majoris-Querco ilicis Σ phillyreetosum angustifoliae and Galio scabri-Querco suberis Σ quercetosum suberis), two edaphoxerophilous (Erico arboreae-Junipero turbinatae Σ and Oleo sylvestris-Junipero turbinatae Σ), one edaphohygrophilous (Oleo sylvestris-Junipero turbinatae Σ), one riparian (Populo albi Σ) and one marshy (Myrto communis-Salicio atrocinereae Σ). The landscape units (geosigmeta) have been identified through the integration of the vegetation series with the environmental factors. Since the territory has geological and bioclimatic characteristics that are fairly uniform, the resulting vegetal landscape can be included mainly in the Holm oak series geosigmetum (Prasio majoris-Querco ilicis Σ phyllireetosum angustifoliae), and to a minimal extent in the Cork oak series geosigmetum (Galio scabri-Querco suberis Σ quercetosum suberis). However, this uniformity is only apparent, since by passing to a greater level of detail, the analyses have allowed a high degree of phytocoenotic biodiversity to be revealed, linked to the micromorphological, microedaphic and microclimatic variations (microgeosigmeta). Among these very particular microenvironments there are, for example, those that can be found inside the tafonies, in the rock fissures, in the temporary ponds, in the fragile sand ecosystems and in the therophytic grasslands, where there are communities characterised by endemic species and with an ecology often defined by intermediate conditions of microecotonal character. The problems concerning the management of the plant landscape are stressed in the conclusions from the point of view of a management model that guarantees the conservation of the natural resources in a way that is compatible with the socio-economic development of the territory and its potential for exploitation.

A syntaxonomic revision of the holm-oak and cork-oak woods of Sardinia is here presented. The geological and phytoclimatic heterogeneity of the island and the wide ecological amplitude of the holm-oak, result in a large phytocoenotic diversity of the Sardinian holm-oak woods. These are referred to five associations: Pyro amygdaliformis-Quercetum ilicis, Prasio majoris-Quercetum ilicis ass. nova, Galio scabri-Quercetum ilicis, Saniculo europaeae-Quercetum ilicis ass. nova and Aceri monspessulani-Quercetum ilicis. From the phytogeographic point of view, in the subhumid-humid, meso-supramediterranean bioclimatic belts of Sardinia the presence of the association Galio scabri-Quercetum ilicis is found to be remarkable. As far as the cork-oak woods are concerned, the associations Galio scabri-Quercetum suberis and Violo dehnhardtii-Quercetum suberis ass. nova are here reported. The Sardinian-Corsican holm-oak and cork-oak woods define the western limit of the European central-Mediterranean alliance Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis of which in Sardinia there are many characteristic and differential entities. In the Sardinian-Corsican holm-oak woods, however, there are endemic entities (Arum pictum ssp. pictum, Helleborus lividus ssp. corsicus, Digitalis purpurea var. gyspergerae, Quercus ichnusae and Paeonia morisii) and other western-centred entities with little or no spread on the Italian peninsula (Galium scabrum, Clematis cirrhosa and Teucrium scorodonia). These entities allow the proposal that within the alliance Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis can be recognised the new Sardinian-Corsican suballiance Clematido cirrhosae-Quercenion ilicis (typus: Prasio majoris-Quercetum ilicis ass. nova), which is endemic to the Sardinian and Corsican sectors of the Italo-Tyrrhenian Province. Consequently, the suballiance Fraxino orni-Quercenion ilicis, which is the typical of the alliance Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis, has also been proposed.

The vegetation map of S'Ena Arrubia Lagoon in centre-western Sardinia (1: 2,500 scale) is presented and some diachronic remarks are made by referring to historical data available. The main object of this cartography, after a research on the biotope vegetation, is to allow the biomonitoring of an extremely important site for the biodiversity conservation (Protected Area: S.I.C., Z.P.S., I.B.A.), which is to use for an ecologically aware management.

We present here the results from a phytosociological and synchorological study of the deciduous oak woods of Sardinia. This vegetation analysis has allowed the individuation of three new associations: Lonicero implexae-Quercetum virgilianae, Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Quercetum ichnusae and Glechomo sardoae-Quercetum congestae. The Lonicero implexae-Quercetum virgilianae association includes the woods on calcareous substrata spread throughout Northern Sardinia, which can occasionally be found in southern areas; the first of these are rich in mesophilous species and are attributed to the subassociation cyclaminetosum repandi, while the others are referred to quercetosum virgilianae. The Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Quercetum ichnusae association, more widely distributed in Central-Northern Sardinia, includes the climatophilous deciduous woods that are found on lithological substrata of a non-carbonatic nature, and in particular, on andesites, trachytes and metarenites. The typical aspect is referred to the subassociation cytisetosum villosi, while the subassociation ilicetosum aquifolii includes the more mesophilous woods on basaltic substrata. The Glechomo sardoae- Quercetum congestae association always includes the woods found on the non-carbonatic substrata in the higher altitude areas with an oceanic pluviseasonal temperate bioclimate. Of this, the subassociation quercetosum congestae, on the granite areas, and oenanthetosum pimpinelloidis, on those metamorphic and of basalt, are proposed. At the higher hierarchical levels, the association Lonicero implexae-Quercetum virgilianae is referred to the endemic Sardinian-Corsican suballiance Clematido cirrhosae-Quercenion ilicis, of the alliance Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis, while for the other associations the new suballiance Paeonio morisii-Quercenion ichnusae, (holotypus: Glechoma sardoae-Quercetum congestae ass. nova) particular to the Sardinian biogeographic subprovince, is proposed, of the alliance Pino calabricae-Quercion congestae, the order Quercetalia pubescentipetraeae, and the class Querco roboris-Fagetea sylvatica.

On the Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris Brot. woodlands in Sardinia.The phytosociological analysis of Olea europaea. var. sylvestris woodlands occurring in Sardinia are here presented. The following sintaxa are described for the first time: Cyclamino repandi-Oleetum sylvestris and Myrto communis-Oleetum sylvestris are referred to the Quercion ilicis alliance while Asparago acutifolii-Oleetum sylvestris and Asparago albi-Oleetum sylvestris are referred to the Oleo-Ceratonion alliance.

The shrubby vegetation in a coastal sector of italian central adriatic sea. The results of the phytosociological analysis concerning the shrubby vegetation of a sector of the italian adriatic coast, of around 20 Kms, situated in the Rrgional natural park of Conero, are presented. It deals with mountainous coasts of two main lithomorphological typologies: marly-arenaceous and calcareous formations. On the first formation, in correspondence to marly rocks, the new Lonicero etruscae-Cornetum sanguineae association, belonging to the edapho-hygrophilous meso and submediterranean pre-apennine series of the elm (Symphyto bulbosi-Ulmeto minoris sigmetum), develops. On the contrary, on sand stones, constituted by superimposed levels and intercalated to marlstones, develops a xerophilous vegetation which stops at the maquis stadium, referred to the new Coronillo emeroidis-Rhamnetum alaterni association in the new loniceretosum etrusca e sub-association. On the calcareous cliffs of the warmest slopes, a maquis vegetation develops, referred to the same association but in the most thermophilous subassociation viburnetosum tini, colonising partially consolidated screes, which represents an element of the mesomediterranean italian-tyrrhenian and amphiadriatic calcicolous series of the holm-oak (Fraxino orni -Querceto ilicis sigmetum). Finally, on the steep slopes of the compact limestones of the warmest sectors of the South-East side of M. Conero (Valley ofthe Vellare), the new ampelodesmetosum mauritanici sub-association ofthe Coronillo emeroidis-Euphorbietum dendroidis association is described. It differentiates from the latter for the presence of more temperate elements and for the loss of some thermomediterranean species.

The results on the phytosociologic analysis on some shrub caducous meso-higrophylous communities are here presented. The study involves the north-western part of Sardinia (Italy), with major attention to the carbonatic and volcanic sectors of 'Sassarese' and 'Nurra'. The new associations Vinco sardoe-Rubetum ulmifolii, Crataego monaginae-Pyretum amigdaliformis and Rhamno alatermi-Spartietum juncei are here described. The first two are included in the Rhamno prunatea class, Pruno-Rubion ulmifolii alliance,the last is refered to Quercea illicilis class, Pistacio-Rahmnetalia aleterni order.

Geobotanical research, realized to support the elaboration of the Park Naturalistic Plan, is presented. Synphytosociological and geosynphytosociological studies have highlighted the dynamic models of botanical landscape and the soil/plant relationship. The integrated study of the landscape allowed to carry out the Vegetation Map and the Landscape Units Map in which it is possible to identify 6 landscape ecological units, deriving from a whole of vegetation series. The integration of this map with the Soils Map will allow to define some multidimensional landscape units to which correspond sets of ecosystems which are related each other through some mechanism. The knowledge of these mechanism could steer us into a most rational management of the territory.

The description of vegetation typologies that characterise the plant landscape in Nurra - according to phytosociological and sinphytosociological interpretations - is presented. Plant associations found out are here presented from areas closer to the sea towards the inner ones, grouped according to environmental and structural characteristics. The following new associations are described. Crithmo maritimi-Limonietum nymphaei, Evaco pygmaeae-Bellietum bellidioidis, Senecioni leucanthemifolii-Nanantheetum perpusillae, Spergulario salinae-Hordeetum marini, Limonietum laeti-glomerati, Brassico insularis-Seselictum praecocis, Anthyllido vulnerariae-Kundmannietum siculae, Loto cytisoidis-Dactyletum hispanicae, Dactylo hispanicae-Camphorosmetum monspeliacae, Scillo obtusifoliae-Bellidetum sylvestris, Scillo autumnalis-Bellidetum sylvestris, Hypecoo procumbentis-Silenetum nummicae, Bupleuro fontanesii-Scorpiuretum muricati, Rosmarino officinalis-Thymelaeetum tartonrairae, Dorycnio pentaphylli-Cistetum eriocephali, Pyro amygdaliformis-Quercetum ilicis, Euphorbio characiae-Juniperetum turbinatae, Pistacio lentisci-Calicotometum villosae, Crataego monogynae-Pistacietum lentisci. Furthermore, phytosociological and syntaxonomical study of the subnitrophilous hemicryptophyte communities allowed their attribution to the Artemisietea vulgaris c1ass. Within this class the new Brachypodio ramosi-Dactyletalia hispanicae order is described, together with two new alliances, Reichardio maritimae-Dactylion hispanicae and Leontodo tuberosi-Bellidion sylvestris. The order includes the perennial, hemicryptophyte and geophyte, subnitrophilous vegetation of the secondary formations, finding their optimum in the sub-humid and humid mesomediterranean macroclimate, and can also penetrate into the thermomediterranean one for edaphic compensation. Moreover, this study suggests to include in the new Brachypodio ramosi-Dactyletalia hispanicae order, the Bromo-Oryzopsion and the Thero-Brachypodion ramosi alliances. The study of associations and their dynamic relationships also allowed to reconstruct the vegetation series which integration produces the main plant landscape units present in Nurra. The coastal Tyrrhenian, basophilous, calcicole, thermomediterranean and edaphon-xerophilous series of Juniperus turbinata (Chamaeropo humilis-Junipereto turbinatae sigmetum) was reconstructed on Mesozoic limestone. Different plant associations of comophytic and chasmophytic communities integrating the coastallimestone landscape are connected to this pattern by chain relationships. Between the landscape units of the Mesozoic limestone sector and the Paleozoic metamorphic one, the coastal Tyrrhenian, neutroacidophilous, of sandstone, thermomediterranean and edaphon-xerophilous series of Juniperus turbinata with Arbutus unedo (Chamaeropo humilis-Junipereto turbinatae arbutetosum unedonis sigmetum), representing an edaphic variant of the previous one, linked to the violet quartzose sandstone on which a more clayey soil is generated, was reconstructed. The geosigmetum of Mesozoic limestone is completed by the Tyrrhenian, neutroacidophilous, calcicole, thermomediterranean c1imatophilous series of Quercus ilex (Pistacio-Querceto i1icis sigmetum). It is present on the inner hills and, of its series-head, only a few examples of Quercus ilex grove remain, which assume a particular characterisation for the presence of Chamaerops humilis. The Sardinian coastal, neutroacidophilous, of Paleozoic schist, thermomediterranean, climatophilous and edaphon-xerophilous series of Juniperetus turbinata (Euphorbio characiae-Junipereto turbinatae sigmetum) was reconstructed in the metamorphic area. The prevalently chain contact with the subhalophile garigue and the microgeosigmeta of the therophytic and chamaephytic halophile communities occurs in the coastal girdle close to the c1iff. The landscape unit of the coastal metamorphic section is completed by the Tyrrhenian, neutroacidophilous, mesomediterranean, of schist, climatophilous series of Quercus ilex (Erico arboreae-Querceto ilicis sigmetum). In the alluvial plain of Nurra, on strong clayey substrata with a mixed calcicole-silicic matrix, always in thermomediterranean climate but under a marked edaphic compensation, the Sardinian, neutroacidophilous, of plain, edaphon-mesophilous series of Quercus ilex and Quercus suber (Pyro amygdaliformis-Querceto i1icis sigmetum) is found. The geosigmetum of the alluvial plain is completed by the edaphon-hydric series of the alluvial soils in the north-western Sardinia (Allio triquetri-Ulmeto minoris sigmetum). Finally, some indications about land management are given in order to maintain the high biodiversity that currently is still present.

This paper presents a phytosociological study of the halophyle, chamaephytic and hemicryptophytic communities prevalently consisting of Limonium sp. pl., which are localised behind the dunes of Sardinian coastal sites on sandmuddy substratum in humid and flat areas, between the drier communities and the more hygrophilous ones. New associations described are as follows: Limonietum narbonense-glomerati, Limonictum pseudolaeti-glomerati, Plantagino crassifoliae-Limonictum oristani, Limonictum insulare-glomerati and Artemisio densiflorae-Limonietum pulviniformis. The new Sardinian endemic alliance Triglochino barrelieri-Limonion glomerati, of the Limonietalia order, is here proposed.

This study describes the vegetation of S'Ena Arrubia lagoon, in the Gulf of Oristano, in the centre-western coast of Sardinia. This lagoon is classified as: Special Protection Zone (S.P.Z.) according to EEC Directive 79/409, community importance site according to EEC Directive 92/43, I.B.A. (Important Birds Area) site and fixed oasis of fauna protection and natural reserve. Throughout the years it was subject to several alterations. The most important ones were carried out in the Seventies and allowed the marine water upwelling and the fast removal of freshwater coming from the watershed. Before the fulfilment of these interventions, lagoon waters had a low salinity, as demonstrated by previous vegetation studies that showed the presence of freshwater communities and, only to a smaller extent, of halo-tolerant and halophile ones. This phytosociologic study led to the identification of several associations that are showed in the groups of merely halophile vegetation, in the freshwater and subhalophile lagoon vegetation and in the merely anthropogen vegetation typologies. The location of the considered typologies is represented with distributive patterns, which synthesise the current state of vegetation referring to the salinity. Two new associations, the Inulo crithmoidis-Paspaletum vaginati and the Astero tripolii-Bolboschoenetum maritimi, are here described. The first is dominated by the presence of Paspalum vaginatum Swartz, recorded for the second time in Italy and for the first time in Sardinia. It is recorded near the inlet, where it forms mosaics together with Salicornietum emerci association and it is also present, as bolboschoenetosum maritimi subassociation, in more inland and less salty zones. The latter new association includes the subhalophile reedswamps that are present in the areas floodcd by salty waters for a long time, where it replaces the Scirpetum compacto-littoralis, a less halophile association present in several siles of the Mediterranean and also in Sardinia. In addition, it is necessary to point out the recovery of Salicornietum venetae association, characterised by the presence of Salicornia veneta Pign. et Lausi, which was believed endemic in the North Adriatic lagoons. Finally, the significance of environmental changes fulfilled in the basin, which are the reason for some vegetation modifications and are detected by comparison between current associations and those at the beginning of the Seventies, is pointed out.