152 results on '"Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence"'
Search Results
2. Health policy and regulatory authorities: challenges of technology regulation in Public Health Emergencies.
- Author
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Oliveira CVDS and Pepe VLE
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- Brazil, Humans, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, World Health Organization, International Cooperation, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, Delivery of Health Care legislation & jurisprudence, Health Policy, Public Health, Emergencies
- Abstract
Public Health Emergencies (PHE) have had repercussions on health systems on a global scale, and timely access to new health technologies is a challenge for health policy. The national regulatory authorities (NRA) play a key role in the evaluation and regulation of these technologies. The present study aims to analyze the main strategies and regulatory instruments used to deal with the challenges of regulating new technologies necessary for the health system's effective response during a PHE. This research, based on WHO and Brazilian NRA norms and documents, considered dimensions related to strategies for strengthening regulatory activities and regulatory instruments used to accelerate access to technologies, especially during PHEs. International cooperation between the NRA and the WHO were important strategies for strengthening the NRA, with emphasis on the use of reliance, regionalization, accelerated assessments, and work/information sharing, as well as the processes of regulatory harmonization and convergence. In addition to the use of existing regulatory instruments, efforts were also identified in order to implement new ones.
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- 2024
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3. Biobank donation in search of public benefits and the potential impact of intellectual property rights over access to health-technologies developed: A focus on the bioethical implications.
- Author
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McMahon AM and Kolawole OI
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- Humans, Patents as Topic legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology ethics, Tissue Donors legislation & jurisprudence, Bioethical Issues legislation & jurisprudence, Intellectual Property, Biological Specimen Banks legislation & jurisprudence, Biological Specimen Banks ethics
- Abstract
The availability of biomaterials is a key component of health research and the development of new health-technologies (including, diagnostics, medicines, and vaccines). People are often encouraged by biobanks to donate samples altruistically to such biobanks. While empirical evidence suggests many donors are motivated by the desire to contribute towards developing new health-technologies for society. However, a tension can arise as health-technologies whose development is contributed to by donors' biomaterials will often be protected by intellectual property rights (IPRs), including patents. Patents give rightsholders control over how patented technologies are used and can be used in a way that impedes public access to technologies developed. Yet, there are no binding European legal obligations mandating disclosure to donors of how IPRs can operate over downstream health-technologies and how they could impact access to health-technologies developed, nor are there legally binding obligations to ensure public accessibility of technologies developed. Focusing on the bioethical implications posed, this article argues that the current situation can impact donors' autonomy and dignity interests. A more holistic approach is needed for biobank donation, which embeds a consideration of donors' expectations/interests from the point of donation through to how such samples are used and how health-technologies developed are accessed. We put forward avenues that seek to address such issues., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.)
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- 2024
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4. The Evolving Regulatory Paradigm of AI in MedTech: A Review of Perspectives and Where We Are Today.
- Author
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Zhou K and Gattinger G
- Subjects
- Humans, Delivery of Health Care, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, World Health Organization, Artificial Intelligence
- Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled technologies in the MedTech sector hold the promise to transform healthcare delivery by improving access, quality, and outcomes. As the regulatory contours of these technologies are being defined, there is a notable lack of literature on the key stakeholders such as the organizations and interest groups that have a significant input in shaping the regulatory framework. This article explores the perspectives and contributions of these stakeholders in shaping the regulatory paradigm of AI-enabled medical technologies. The formation of an AI regulatory framework requires the convergence of ethical, regulatory, technical, societal, and practical considerations. These multiple perspectives contribute to the various dimensions of an evolving regulatory paradigm. From the global governance guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO) to national regulations, the article sheds light not just on these multiple perspectives but also on their interconnectedness in shaping the regulatory landscape of AI., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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5. [Asymmetries between national articulation and the autonomy of state governments in implementing health technologies to fight COVID-19 in Argentina].
- Author
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Hasdeu S, Beliera A, Alvarez J, and Sanchez-Viamonte J
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- Argentina, Humans, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Politics, SARS-CoV-2, Federal Government, Public Policy, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 epidemiology, Pandemics prevention & control, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Argentina, as other countries, showed several public policies related to the health technologies implemented to fight and treat the COVID-19 pandemic. This study sought to analyze how articulation vs. cooperation and autonomy vs. division of powers between entities occurred in Argentina, exploring asymmetries between several entities in implementing public policies related to health technologies during the pandemic and the influences of other actors. For this, a documentary research was carried out related to 2020-2021 (technical reports published by the World Health Organization, national agencies and scientific societies, laws, court decisions, press, and research and in-depth interviews with members of the Argentine Ministries of Health). The processes and results of decision-making in the Ministries of Health were analyzed, outlining the coverage and orientations of each technology and the political party in power in the province. This study found heterogeneous results and processes between Ministries and disputes within them. It also observed the poor adherence to official guidelines due to technical-political criteria (power relations, social, media, academic, judiciary, and legislative pressure). Some cases showed a strong tension between the government and its opposition over the discussion of technologies. Each province in Argentina has autonomously defined its policies on health technologies for COVID-19, and decision-making in public administration was disorderly, complex, and non-linear during the pandemic.
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- 2024
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6. China's medical-device industry gets a makeover.
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Ong S
- Subjects
- China, Commerce economics, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Commerce trends, Equipment and Supplies economics, Equipment and Supplies supply & distribution, Biomedical Technology economics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology trends
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- 2024
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7. Health IT Regulation: Report of an Implementation Challenge.
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Strasberg HR, Weinstein D, Borbolla D, and McClure RC
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Authors H.R.S., D.W., and D.B. are employees of Wolters Kluwer Health. Author R.M. has done some consulting work for Wolters Kluwer Health.
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- 2024
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8. Coverage for Emerging Technologies - Bridging Regulatory Approval and Patient Access.
- Author
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Kadakia KT, Kramer DB, and Yeh RW
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- Humans, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration legislation & jurisprudence, Device Approval legislation & jurisprudence, Health Services Accessibility economics, Health Services Accessibility legislation & jurisprudence, Insurance Coverage economics, Biomedical Technology economics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence
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- 2023
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9. Theranos and the scientific community: at the bleeding edge.
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The Lancet
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology economics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology methods, Female, Fraud history, Fraud legislation & jurisprudence, Hematologic Tests economics, Hematologic Tests methods, History, 21st Century, Humans, Biomedical Research standards, Fraud prevention & control
- Published
- 2022
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10. Holmes verdicts prompt questions over justice for patients.
- Author
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Jaffe S
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology economics, Biomedical Technology methods, Female, Fraud ethics, Fraud history, Fraud prevention & control, Hematologic Tests economics, Hematologic Tests methods, History, 21st Century, Humans, Patient Rights ethics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Fraud legislation & jurisprudence, Patient Rights legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2022
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11. Overcoming the Patent Gap: A Guide to Patenting for Plastic Surgeons.
- Author
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Kisyova R, Kannan RY, Nadkarni P, and Chandawarkar RY
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- Humans, Surgeons, Surgery, Plastic instrumentation, Surgery, Plastic methods, United States, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Inventions legislation & jurisprudence, Patents as Topic, Surgery, Plastic legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Background: Patenting protects innovation, fosters academic incentives, promotes competition, and generates new revenue for clinician-inventors and their institutions. Despite these benefits, and despite plastic surgery's history of innovation, plastic surgery-related patent applications are few. The goal of this article was to use unpublished data and formulate a robust discussion., Methods: The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's boolean search was investigated between the timeline of 1975 and June 23, 2020, to identify patents related to the key phrases to contrast patent (both, issued and filed) tally in each specialty. Queries for two key phrases related to plastic surgery and a core plastic surgical activity, both with and without the added term "plastic surgery," were performed., Results: Total patents with "cardiology" outnumber those with "plastic surgery" by 22,450 versus 7749 (i.e., almost 3:1). The overwhelming number of patents with "cosmetic" are non-plastic-surgery related: 87,910 total versus 2782 for those with plastic surgery. The corresponding numbers for "wound healing" are 36,359 versus 2703. Reasons for the patent gap between clinical innovations in plastic surgery and number of patents in our field are identified. Clear steps to bridge this gap are delineated that include a step-by-step process for patenting, from idea creation through commercialization. The authors propose "breakthrough to bank," a framework wherein academic medical centers can create an environment of innovative freedom, establish the infrastructure for technological transfer of intellectual property, and generate a pipeline toward commercial applications., Conclusions: Innovation and inventions are important hallmarks for the progress of plastic surgery. Using a stepwise process, it may be possible to convert ideas into patents., (Copyright © 2021 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)
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- 2021
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12. Power to the people.
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The Lancet Digital Health
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- Community Participation, Humans, Personal Autonomy, Policy, Social Control, Formal, Artificial Intelligence ethics, Artificial Intelligence legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology ethics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Empowerment, Guidelines as Topic, Health Equity ethics, Health Equity legislation & jurisprudence
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- 2021
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13. Digital health technologies in clinical trials for central nervous system drugs: an EU regulatory perspective.
- Author
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Mantua V, Arango C, Balabanov P, and Butlen-Ducuing F
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- Humans, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Central Nervous System Agents, Clinical Trials as Topic legislation & jurisprudence, Drug and Narcotic Control legislation & jurisprudence, European Union, Telemedicine legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2021
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14. A legal overview of the use of messaging platforms in healthcare.
- Author
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Avcı G and Esenkaya İ
- Subjects
- Computer Security, Humans, Text Messaging, Biomedical Technology ethics, Biomedical Technology instrumentation, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Health Information Exchange ethics, Health Information Exchange legislation & jurisprudence, Interdisciplinary Communication, Internship and Residency methods, Mobile Applications, Patient Care Management trends
- Abstract
Medical interventions are becoming more complex day by day. Moreover, compared with the past, more healthcare professionals take part in the same intervention in the field of medicine. The use of technology in medical interventions has also increased. This change in the health sector brings together several legal discussions. In this study, the legal consequences that arise from the treatment processes carried out by the residents and resident educators (registerers / attending physicians), the exchange of information between them, and the usage of some messaging platforms, especially WhatsApp, in this process will be analyzed.
- Published
- 2021
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15. COVID-19 Health Technology Governance, Epistemic Competence, and the Future of Knowledge in an Uncertain World.
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Özdemir V, Springer S, Garvey CK, and Bayram M
- Subjects
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Humans, Inventions, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2, Betacoronavirus, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology methods, Coronavirus Infections diagnosis, Coronavirus Infections virology, Knowledge, Pneumonia, Viral diagnosis, Pneumonia, Viral virology
- Published
- 2020
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16. Natural hydrogels R&D process: technical and regulatory aspects for industrial implementation.
- Author
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Catoira MC, González-Payo J, Fusaro L, Ramella M, and Boccafoschi F
- Subjects
- Biocompatible Materials chemical synthesis, Biocompatible Materials chemistry, Biocompatible Materials therapeutic use, Biological Products chemistry, Biological Products therapeutic use, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology methods, Cross-Linking Reagents chemistry, Humans, Hydrogels chemistry, Hydrogels therapeutic use, Medical Device Legislation, Polymerization, Printing, Three-Dimensional, Research, Biological Products chemical synthesis, Biomedical Research legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Research methods, Hydrogels chemical synthesis
- Abstract
Since hydrogel therapies have been introduced into clinic treatment procedures, the biomedical industry has to face the technology transfer and the scale-up of the processes. This will be key in the roadmap of the new technology implementation. Transfer technology and scale-up are already known for some applications but other applications, such as 3D printing, are still challenging. Decellularized tissues offer a lot of advantages when compared to other natural gels, for example they display enhanced biological properties, due to their ability to preserve natural molecules. For this reason, even though their use as a source for bioinks represents a challenge for the scale-up process, it is very important to consider the advantages that originate with overcoming this challenge. Therefore, many aspects that influence the scaling of the industrial process should be considered, like the addition of drugs or cells to the hydrogel, also, the gelling process is important to determine the chemical and physical parameters that must be controlled in order to guarantee a successful process. Legal aspects are also crucial when carrying out the scale-up of the process since they determine the industrial implementation success from the regulatory point of view. In this context, the new law Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on biomedical devices will be considered. This review summarizes the different aspects, including the legal ones, that should be considered when scaling up hydrogels of natural origin, in order to balance these different aspects and to optimize the costs in terms of raw materials and engine.
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- 2020
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17. Models of Governance for Innovation in Medicine and Health Research.
- Author
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O'Sullivan S
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- European Union, Humans, Social Values, Stakeholder Participation, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Human Rights ethics, Inventions legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Personalised medicine, digital innovations, and neuro-technologies all offer significant potential benefit for human health and welfare, but also raise complex governance challenges. A variety of approaches have been adopted in the governance of innovative medicines and health technologies, including risk assessment, ethics and self-governance. Recently anticipatory or 'upstream' modes of governance have garnered favour. Anticipatory regulation demands a closer relationship between regulators and innovators, to shape the trajectories of the technology. In the EU context, responsible research and innovation has emerged as a key mechanism of governance. This is linked but distinct from a human rights governance which has the advantage of exerting both legal and moral force. What is needed in the healthcare context are governance models which ensure human rights considerations are taken into account from the earliest stages of innovation, to maximise the likelihood that developments are from the outset beneficial and oriented towards protecting ethical values.
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- 2020
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18. Introduction: Special Issue on Innovative Medicine and Research: Ethical, Legal and Regulatory Issues.
- Author
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Altavilla A
- Subjects
- Europe, European Union, Female, Health Services Accessibility ethics, Health Services Accessibility legislation & jurisprudence, Human Rights ethics, Human Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Information Dissemination ethics, Information Dissemination legislation & jurisprudence, Machine Learning ethics, Machine Learning legislation & jurisprudence, Male, Patient Rights ethics, Patient Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Research ethics, Biomedical Research legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology ethics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Congresses as Topic, Diffusion of Innovation
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- 2020
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19. Divergence and Convergence of Royalty Determinations between Compulsory Licensing under the TRIPS Agreement and Ongoing Royalties as an Equitable Remedy.
- Author
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Shore D
- Subjects
- Drug Development economics, Drug Development legislation & jurisprudence, International Law, United States, Biomedical Technology economics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Intellectual Property, Patents as Topic legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Patent rights are recognized as a property asset with an attendant right to exclude. However, recent policy developments highlight that the right to exclude is not inviolable. This paper explores two rapidly evolving exceptions to patent exclusivity, both of which take the form of compulsory licenses. First, under the international Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ("TRIPS"), national governments can compel patent owners to out-license technology in service of greater good. These egalitarian compulsory licenses improve access to technology but undermine patent value. Second, compulsory licenses are increasingly relied upon as an equitable remedy in U.S. patent litigation. Typically referred to as "ongoing royalties," these court-mandated compulsory licenses are a modern alternative to injunctions against adjudged infringers. TRIPS compulsory licenses and ongoing royalties arise under independent legal frameworks, but necessarily invoke parallel economic considerations. While the wisdom of each has been discussed at length by others, this paper explores principles of royalty determination employed in each context. Considering both frameworks, an analysis of where each succeeds and fails is provided, together with an exploration of optimized royalty frameworks.
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- 2020
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20. The Streetlight Effect: Regulating Genomics Where the Light Is.
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Evans BJ
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- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S., Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Humans, Laboratories, Software, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Genomics legislation & jurisprudence, Government Regulation
- Abstract
Regulatory policy for genomic testing may be subject to biases that favor reliance on existing regulatory frameworks even when those frameworks carry unintended legal consequences or may be poorly tailored to the challenges genomic testing presents. This article explores three examples drawn from genetic privacy regulation, oversight of clinical uses of genomic information, and regulation of genomic software. Overreliance on expedient regulatory approaches has a potential to undercut complete and durable solutions.
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- 2020
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21. Regulation of Stem Cell Technology in Malaysia: Current Status and Recommendations.
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Gopalan N, Nor SNM, and Mohamed MS
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- Biomedical Technology ethics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Malaysia, Medical Tourism, Private Sector ethics, Private Sector legislation & jurisprudence, Professional Misconduct, Public Sector ethics, Public Sector legislation & jurisprudence, Religion and Science, Guidelines as Topic, Policy, Stem Cell Research ethics, Stem Cell Research legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Stem cell technology is an emerging science field; it is the unique regenerative ability of the pluripotent stem cell which scientists hope would be effective in treating various medical conditions. While it has gained significant advances in research, it is a sensitive subject involving human embryo destruction and human experimentation, which compel governments worldwide to ensure that the related procedures and experiments are conducted ethically. Based on face-to-face interviews with selected Malaysian ethicists, scientists and policymakers, the objectives and effectiveness of the current Guideline for Stem Cell Research and Therapy (2009) are examined. The study's findings show that the guideline is rather ineffective in ensuring good ethical governance of the technology. A greater extent of unethical conduct is likely present in the private medical clinics or laboratories offering stem cell therapies compared with the public medical institutions providing similar services, as the latter are closely monitored by the governmental agencies enforcing the relevant policies and laws. To address concerns over malpractices or unethical conduct, this paper recommends a comprehensive revision of the current stem cell guideline so that adequate provisions exist to regulate the explicit practices of the private and public stem cell sectors, including false advertising and accountability. The newly revised Malaysian stem cell guideline will align with the Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation (2016) of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) containing secular but universal moral rules. However, a regulatory policy formulated to govern the technology remains the main thrust of empowering the guideline for compliance among the stakeholders.
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- 2020
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22. Early patient access to health technologies: Is innovation needed for early management?
- Author
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Adenot I, Camus D, Épis de Fleurian AA, Tassy D, Bourguignon S, Chabin N, Chambrin PY, Costagliola D, Huot L, Joly AS, Le Lous G, Martelli N, Orlikowski D, Petit V, Puc C, Roussel C, and Wilquin-Bequet F
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, France, Health Services Accessibility legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Inventions legislation & jurisprudence, Time Factors, Biomedical Technology economics, Health Services Accessibility economics, Inventions economics
- Abstract
The question of early patient access to innovative health technologies arises from the assumption that, once a certain level of effectiveness or efficiency is achieved, waiting for mainstream coverage would represent a loss of opportunity for patients or for the community. This was the premise on which the round table based its dialogue. Early access is understood as the funding of a technology that comes within this field and is CE-marked but has not yet attained "mainstream" coverage. There are several early access schemes in France ("forfait innovation", early coverage, exceptional coverage, RIHN). This round table was an opportunity to establish mapping, extended to devices not dedicated to early access but which could nevertheless provide some patients with access to non-mainstreamed technologies (Article 51, ETAPES experiments, DGOS call for projects, local schemes). It is an initial step that would need to be further developed and complemented by the dissemination of common communication materials available to all, including patients. The existing schemes are in fact still poorly known. Consideration would also have to be given to the advisability of developing these schemes in order to adapt them to the new European requirements. More generally, early access schemes must be integrated into an ecosystem that is conducive for their relevance: consideration of procedures associated with medical devices benefiting from early access; short time frames of examination; patient information. Finally, the round table proposes the creation of a new early access scheme, complementary to those that exist and that would be positioned, after CE marking, between the "forfait innovation" and mainstreaming: PRESTO (Prise En charge Sécurisée et Temporaire de technologies innOvantes) (secure and temporary coverage for innovative technologies)., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)
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- 2020
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23. Invention in Dermatology: A Review
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Bezalel SA and Otley CC
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Dermatologic Agents therapeutic use, Dermatologists, Dermatology instrumentation, Dermatology legislation & jurisprudence, Equipment Design, Humans, Patents as Topic, Skin Diseases diagnosis, Biomedical Technology methods, Dermatology methods, Inventions legislation & jurisprudence, Skin Diseases therapy
- Abstract
Dermatologists are among the most inventive physicians, trained in the multiple disciplines of medical dermatology, surgical dermatology, and dermatopathology. Many of the advances in dermatology practice have been derived from inventive colleagues who identify opportunities for improvement in practice, develop viable prototypes to address these practice opportunities, and persevere through the hard work of developing new technologies to advance the practice of dermatology. In this article, we will review the basic elements of invention, patents, and the range of outcomes associated with the pursuit of invention. Examples of innovative dermatologic technologies and approaches will be reviewed. Opportunities abound for dermatologists to contribute to the advancement of medical care through invention in our specialty. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(9):904-908.
- Published
- 2019
24. Emergency Care Policy and a Rare Condition: The Impact of Technology.
- Author
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Howard PK
- Subjects
- Humans, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Emergency Medical Services legislation & jurisprudence, Emergency Nursing legislation & jurisprudence, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Spleen abnormalities
- Published
- 2019
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25. Key enablers and barriers to implementing adaptive pathways in the European setting.
- Author
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Rejon-Parrilla JC, Jonsson P, and Bouvy JC
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- Drug Approval, Drug Development legislation & jurisprudence, Europe, Humans, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Policy Making, Technology Assessment, Biomedical methods
- Abstract
In 2016, the European Medicines Agency published the conclusions of its pilot on adaptive pathways, with products in early stages of development still building up to their marketing authorisation. Adaptive pathways rests on three principles: iterative development; gathering evidence through real-life use to supplement clinical trial data; and early engagement of patients, payers and health technology assessment bodies in discussions on a medicine's development. While the pilot has now finished, the practical system-wide implications of employing the adaptive pathways approach are not known and further consideration of these three principles is required. In this paper we used the three principles that underpin adaptive pathways to discuss main scientific and European policy developments likely to determine progress on further implementing adaptive pathways in the European setting., (© 2019 The British Pharmacological Society.)
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- 2019
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26. The changing regulatory landscape for biomedical implants and its relationship to withdrawal of some vaginal mesh products.
- Author
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Mangir N, Roman S, and MacNeil S
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Diffusion of Innovation, Europe, Humans, Medical Device Legislation standards, Pelvic Organ Prolapse surgery, Urinary Incontinence, Stress surgery, Equipment and Supplies adverse effects, Inventions legislation & jurisprudence, Medical Device Legislation trends, Patient Safety legislation & jurisprudence, Prostheses and Implants adverse effects, Surgical Mesh adverse effects
- Abstract
Purpose of Review: Advancements in biomedical engineering and advanced therapies including tissue engineering products necessitate revisions to the regulation and governance of their production and use to ensure patient safety. In this review, the current regulations and recent improvements on the governance of biomedical devices are reviewed., Recent Findings: Current regulations on approval of biomedical devices failed to address some important aspects related to the definition of biocompatibility of medical implants. The main issue was that the failure to establish design requirements for a specific application - in this case, the pelvic floor. Another issue was the lack of knowledge on disease mechanisms leading to an inability to define clear targets for surgical treatment. A clear example of this is the recent vaginal mesh scandal., Summary: Surgical innovations are inherently challenging. It is no surprise that the regulatory landscape lags behind advancements in biomedical technologies. Very recent modifications to the available regulations particularly in Europe aim to establish a robust, transparent, predictable and sustainable regulatory framework for medical devices, which ensures patient safety while supporting innovation.
- Published
- 2019
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27. Market and Patent Analyses of Wearables in Medicine.
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Mück JE, Ünal B, Butt H, and Yetisen AK
- Subjects
- Humans, Biomedical Technology economics, Biomedical Technology instrumentation, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Fitness Trackers economics, Fitness Trackers statistics & numerical data, Patents as Topic, Wearable Electronic Devices economics, Wearable Electronic Devices statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Wearable medical devices (WMDs) will advance point-of-care diagnostics and therapeutics. This article analyses the market and patents for wearable devices. Activity monitors have the largest market share, and the intellectual property landscape is dominated by electronics corporations. However, the majority of these patents have not been realized in commercial products., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2019
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28. Regulation of Stem-Cell Treatments: A Problem That Is Only Getting Worse.
- Author
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Singer R and Nahai F
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Stem Cell Transplantation legislation & jurisprudence, Stem Cells cytology
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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29. Enabling health technology innovation in Canada: Barriers and facilitators in policy and regulatory processes.
- Author
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MacNeil M, Koch M, Kuspinar A, Juzwishin D, Lehoux P, and Stolee P
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- Canada, Humans, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Health Policy, Inventions legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Objectives: Health care innovation and technologies can improve patient outcomes, but policies and regulations established to protect the public interest may become barriers to improvement of health care delivery. We conducted a scoping review to identify policy and regulatory barriers to, and facilitators of, successful innovation and adoption of health technologies (excluding pharmaceutical and information technologies) in Canada., Methods: The review followed Arksey and O'Malley's methodology to assess the breadth and depth of literature on this topic and drew upon published and grey literature from 2000-2016. Four reviewers independently screened citations for inclusion., Results: Sixty- seven full- text documents were extracted to collect facilitators and barriers to health technology innovation and adoption. The extraction table was themed using content analysis, and reanalyzed, resulting in facilitators and barriers under six broad themes: development, assessment, implementation, Canadian policy context, partnerships and resources., Conclusion: This scoping review identified current barriers and highlights numerous facilitators to create a responsive regulatory and policy environment that encourages and supports effective co-creation of innovations to optimize patient and economic outcomes while emphasizing the importance of sustainability of health technologies., (Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2019
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30. Regulation on introducing process of the highly difficult new medical technologies: A survey on the current status of practice guidelines in Japan and overseas.
- Author
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Minamikawa K, Okumura A, Kokudo N, and Kono K
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Clinical Competence, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, Hospital Administration legislation & jurisprudence, Hospital Administration standards, Hospitals statistics & numerical data, Humans, Informed Consent standards, Japan, Legislation, Hospital standards, Legislation, Hospital statistics & numerical data, Patient Safety, Postoperative Complications etiology, Postoperative Complications prevention & control, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Surgeons legislation & jurisprudence, Surgeons standards, Surgical Procedures, Operative adverse effects, Surgical Procedures, Operative legislation & jurisprudence, Surgical Procedures, Operative methods, Surgical Procedures, Operative standards, Surveys and Questionnaires statistics & numerical data, Biomedical Technology standards, Delivery of Health Care standards, Diffusion of Innovation, Hospitals standards
- Abstract
Since serious problematic cases regarding the technical safety of technically demanding operations were reported in Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare issued new regulations on June 10, 2016 requiring each hospital to check the status of informed consent, skill of surgery team and governance system of the surgical unit, when the highly difficult new medical technologies were introduced to a hospital. In order to firmly establish this new system for highly difficult new medical technologies, it is very important and informative to survey the current situation for guidelines and consensus regarding introduction of medical technology with special skills in Japan and overseas. Based on the survey of questionnaires, document retrieval, and expert interviews, we found that documentation related to the introduction process of highly difficult medical technologies is very rare, and the regulations were mainly issued by academic societies. Moreover, even if such documentation existed, the quality of the regulations is poor and not sufficient enough to perform surgical practice safely. Therefore, for medical practitioners, comprehensive and concrete regulations should be issued by the government or ministry to legally follow in regard to technically demanding operations. A new practice guideline was proposed by our special research group to regulate the introduction process of highly difficult new medical technologies in hospitals in Japan. This guideline, gained understanding from relevant academic societies, provided a comprehensive view on the interpretation of "high difficulty new medical technology" prescribed by the law and show the basic idea at a preliminary examination from the viewpoints of "Surgeon's requirement", "Guidance system", "Medical safety" , and "Informed consent". These efforts will contribute to the improvement of the quality of guidelines regarding "highly difficult new medical technology".
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- 2019
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31. Translating Orthopaedic Technologies Into Clinical Practice: Challenges and Solutions.
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Maher SA, Kyle R, Morrey BF, and Yaszemski MJ
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology economics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Entrepreneurship legislation & jurisprudence, Financing, Organized, Fund Raising, Humans, Intellectual Property, Mentors, Organizational Culture, Physician's Role, Social Networking, Biomedical Technology organization & administration, Entrepreneurship organization & administration, Orthopedics, Technology Transfer
- Abstract
Despite the wealth of innovation in the orthopaedic sciences, few technologies translate to clinical use. By way of a 2-day symposium titled "AAOS/ORS Translating Orthopaedic Technologies into Clinical Practice: Pathways from Novel Idea to Improvements in Standard of Care Research Symposium," key components of successful commercialization strategies were identified as a passionate entrepreneur working on a concept aimed at improving patient outcomes and decreasing the cost and burden of disease; a de-risking strategy that has due recognition of the regulatory approval process and associated costs while maximizing the use of institutional, state, and federal resources; and a well thought-out and prepared legal plan and high quality, protected intellectual property. Challenges were identified as a lack of education on the scale-up and commercialization processes; few opportunities to network, get feedback, and obtain funding for early stage ideas; disconnect between the intellectual property and the business model; and poor adoption of new technologies caused in part by un-optimized clinical trials. By leveraging the network of professional orthopaedic societies, there exists an opportunity to create an enlightened community of musculoskeletal entrepreneurs who are positioned to develop and commercialize technologies and transform patient care.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. [Bioethics: A necessary bridge between scientific and humanist views for the evaluation of healthcare technologies].
- Author
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Fernández-Muñiz PI
- Subjects
- European Union, Humans, Bioethics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Humanism, Technology Assessment, Biomedical ethics
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Knee replacement.
- Author
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Price AJ, Alvand A, Troelsen A, Katz JN, Hooper G, Gray A, Carr A, and Beard D
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Humans, Knee Prosthesis, Osteoarthritis, Knee epidemiology, Patient Reported Outcome Measures, Postoperative Complications prevention & control, Prosthesis Design, Quality of Life, Reoperation, United Kingdom epidemiology, United States epidemiology, Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee adverse effects, Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee economics, Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee methods, Osteoarthritis, Knee surgery
- Abstract
Knee replacement surgery is one of the most commonly done and cost-effective musculoskeletal surgical procedures. The numbers of cases done continue to grow worldwide, with substantial variation in utilisation rates across regions and countries. The main indication for surgery remains painful knee osteoarthritis with reduced function and quality of life. The threshold for intervention is not well defined, and is influenced by many factors including patient and surgeon preference. Most patients have a very good clinical outcome after knee replacement, but multiple studies have reported that 20% or more of patients do not. So despite excellent long-term survivorship, more work is required to enhance this procedure and development is rightly focused on increasing the proportion of patients who have successful pain relief after surgery. Changing implant design has historically been a target for improving outcome, but there is greater recognition that improvements can be achieved by better implantation methods, avoiding complications, and improving perioperative care for patients, such as enhanced recovery programmes. New technologies are likely to advance future knee replacement care further, but their introduction must be regulated and monitored with greater rigour to ensure patient safety., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. What to Expect in the Third Edition of ST72.
- Author
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Braithwaite-Nelson C, Benjamin T, and Parker RD
- Subjects
- Humans, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology standards, Equipment Safety standards, Prostheses and Implants standards
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Europe's new device regulations fail to protect the public.
- Author
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Allan C, Joyce TJ, and Pollock AM
- Subjects
- Access to Information legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Commerce, Conflict of Interest, Disclosure legislation & jurisprudence, European Union, Humans, Patient Safety legislation & jurisprudence, Device Approval legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and declare that TJ has been an expert witness in relation to metal-on-metal hips with all monies paid to Newcastle University.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques : Examining Collective Representation in Emerging Technologies Governance.
- Author
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Luce J
- Subjects
- Attitude, Delivery of Health Care, Government, Humans, Patient Participation, Research Personnel, Biomedical Technology ethics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Community Participation, Mitochondrial Diseases therapy, Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy ethics, Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy legislation & jurisprudence, Organizations, Patient Advocacy, Social Control, Formal
- Abstract
In this article, I draw on research carried out in Europe, primarily in Germany, on patients' and scientists' perspectives on mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs) in order to explore some of the complexities related to collective representation in health governance, which includes the translation of emerging technologies into clinical use. Focusing on observations, document analyses, and interviews with eight mitochondrial disease patient organization leaders, this contribution extends our understanding of the logic and meanings behind the ways in which patient participation and collective representation in health governance initiatives take shape. My findings highlight the ways in which a commitment to a global mitochondrial disease patient community and a sense of patient solidarity influence expressions of support with regard to legalizing mitochondrial replacement techniques. My analyses illustrate how normative practices and expectations of participatory governance potentially foreclose opportunities for sustained collective patient engagement with the complex ethical, social, and political dimensions of emerging technologies and may silence diverse and potentially dissenting embodied and lived responses to the prospects of particular technological developments.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Applying the Reason Model to enhance health record research in the age of 'big data'.
- Author
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Ragupathy R and Yogarajan V
- Subjects
- Big Data, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Databases, Factual, Humans, New Zealand, Research Design, Biomedical Technology methods, Confidentiality legislation & jurisprudence, Medical Records Systems, Computerized legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Nil.
- Published
- 2018
38. Fast-Forward to the Frightening Future: How the 21 st Century Cures Act Accelerates Technological Innovation…at Unknown Risk to Us All.
- Author
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Orlando AW and Rosoff AJ
- Subjects
- Confidentiality legislation & jurisprudence, Consumer Product Safety legislation & jurisprudence, Forecasting, Humans, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Government Regulation, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Medical Device Legislation
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. From Healthcare to Warfare and Reverse: How Should We Regulate Dual-Use Neurotechnology?
- Author
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Ienca M, Jotterand F, and Elger BS
- Subjects
- Armed Conflicts, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Brain-Computer Interfaces, Computer Security, Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological adverse effects, Dual Use Research legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Inventions legislation & jurisprudence, Lie Detection, Military Medicine legislation & jurisprudence, Nervous System Diseases rehabilitation, Nervous System Diseases therapy, Neurosciences legislation & jurisprudence, Self-Help Devices adverse effects, Self-Help Devices ethics, Terrorism, Torture, Biomedical Technology ethics, Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological ethics, Dual Use Research ethics, Inventions ethics, Military Medicine ethics, Neurosciences ethics
- Abstract
Recent advances in military-funded neurotechnology and novel opportunities for misusing neurodevices show that the problem of dual use is inherent to neuroscience. This paper discusses how the neuroscience community should respond to these dilemmas and delineates a neuroscience-specific biosecurity framework. This neurosecurity framework involves calibrated regulation, (neuro)ethical guidelines, and awareness-raising activities within the scientific community., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Introduction of Novel Medical Devices in Surgery: Ethical Challenges of Current Oversight and Regulation.
- Author
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Muskens IS, Gupta S, Hulsbergen A, Moojen WA, and Broekman MLD
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Equipment Design, Humans, Surgical Procedures, Operative legislation & jurisprudence, Technology Transfer, Biomedical Technology ethics, Equipment and Supplies ethics, Inventions ethics, Inventions legislation & jurisprudence, Medical Device Legislation ethics, Surgical Procedures, Operative ethics
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Providing Value to New Health Technology: The Early Contribution of Entrepreneurs, Investors, and Regulatory Agencies.
- Author
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Lehoux P, Miller FA, Daudelin G, and Denis JL
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology organization & administration, Health Services Needs and Demand economics, Healthcare Financing, Humans, Inventions economics, Inventions legislation & jurisprudence, Qualitative Research, Quebec, Biomedical Technology economics, Entrepreneurship, Government Regulation, Investments
- Abstract
Background: New technologies constitute an important cost-driver in healthcare, but the dynamics that lead to their emergence remains poorly understood from a health policy standpoint. The goal of this paper is to clarify how entrepreneurs, investors, and regulatory agencies influence the value of emerging health technologies., Methods: Our 5-year qualitative research program examined the processes through which new health technologies were envisioned, financed, developed and commercialized by entrepreneurial clinical teams operating in Quebec's (Canada) publicly funded healthcare system., Results: Entrepreneurs have a direct influence over a new technology's value proposition, but investors actively transform this value. Investors support a technology that can find a market, no matter its intrinsic value for clinical practice or healthcare systems. Regulatory agencies reinforce the "double" value of a new technology-as a health intervention and as an economic commodity-and provide economic worth to the venture that is bringing the technology to market., Conclusion: Policy-oriented initiatives such as early health technology assessment (HTA) and coverage with evidence may provide technology developers with useful input regarding the decisions they make at an early stage. But to foster technologies that bring more value to healthcare systems, policy-makers must actively support the consideration of health policy issues in innovation policy., (© 2017 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Reform of the outside nomenclature biomedical tests in France: a two year review.
- Author
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Peoc'h K, Lehmann S, and Delpech M
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology classification, Biomedical Technology economics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Clinical Laboratory Services economics, Clinical Laboratory Services legislation & jurisprudence, France, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Societies, Scientific, Clinical Laboratory Services classification, Health Care Reform legislation & jurisprudence, Health Care Reform methods, Inventions classification, Inventions economics, Inventions legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Who Is Responsible for the Safe Introduction of New Surgical Technology?: An Important Legal Precedent From the da Vinci Surgical System Trials.
- Author
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Pradarelli JC, Thornton JP, and Dimick JB
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Health Care Sector legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Inventions legislation & jurisprudence, Liability, Legal, Patient Safety, Surgeons legislation & jurisprudence, Washington, Robotic Surgical Procedures legislation & jurisprudence, Social Responsibility
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. An ethical evaluation index system for clinical approval of medical technology in China: A structural equation model study.
- Author
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Li JX, Qiao ZC, Ma HX, Li YT, Li EC, Ji PC, and Huang G
- Subjects
- China, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Biomedical Technology ethics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Objective: To construct a quantitative ethical evaluation index system for the clinical approval of medical technology in China., Methods: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and first-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on a structure equation model (SEM), higher-order CFA and normalisation were used to establish an ethical evaluation index system for the clinical approval of medical technology. Data were processed in SPSS 13.0 and Lisre l5.3., Results: There were 52 third class indices, 15 second class indices, and 3 first class indices in this ethical evaluation index system. The weight of each index was calculated by normalisation., Conclusion: This study developed a three-level ethical evaluation index system, comprising 70 indices, for the clinical approval of medical technology.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Regulating the New: A Consideration of CRISPR and Approaches to Professional Standards of Practitioners of Chinese Medicine in Australia and Accessing the NDIS.
- Author
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Furrow BR and Richards BJ
- Subjects
- Australia, Biomedical Technology ethics, Delivery of Health Care, Genetic Techniques ethics, Humans, Liability, Legal, Professionalism, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, Disabled Persons, Insurance legislation & jurisprudence, Medicine, Chinese Traditional, Professional Misconduct legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The regulation and adoption of health technologies under Brazil's Unified Health System: barriers to access to medicines for diseases of poverty?
- Author
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Santana RS, Lupatini EO, and Leite SN
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology economics, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Brazil, Delivery of Health Care economics, Diffusion of Innovation, Drugs, Essential economics, Drugs, Essential supply & distribution, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Pharmaceutical Preparations economics, Pharmaceutical Preparations supply & distribution, Poverty, Socioeconomic Factors, Biomedical Technology statistics & numerical data, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, Health Services Accessibility, National Health Programs organization & administration
- Abstract
The study aimed to examine the regulation and adoption of health technologies for the diseases of poverty in the Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS). An exploratory, descriptive study was conducted between January and May 2016 consisting of the search and analysis of relevant documents on the websites of Brazil's National Health Surveillance Agency, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the National Commission for the Adoption of Technologies by the SUS, and Saúde Legis (the Ministry of Health's Legislation System). The 2014 version of the Brazilian National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME, acronym in Portuguese) contained 132 medicines for diseases of poverty. Over one-third of these (49) had only one national producer, while 24 were not registered in the country. The number of medicines contained in the RENAME dedicated to this group of diseases increased by 46% between 2006 and 2014. Despite advances in the regulation and incorporation of technologies by the SUS, given the lack of market interest and neglect of diseases of poverty, the government has a vital role to play in ensuring access to the best available therapies in order to reduce health inequalities. It therefore follows that Brazil needs to improve the regulation of medicines that do not attract market interest.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. The Challenge of Keeping Up with a Rapidly Changing Regulatory Landscape.
- Author
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Hoxey E
- Subjects
- United States, Biomedical Engineering legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Engineering trends, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Technology trends, Equipment and Supplies, Forecasting, Government Regulation
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. A systematic review of the process of regionalization of Brazil's Unified Health System, SUS.
- Author
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Mello GA, Pereira APCM, Uchimura LYT, Iozzi FL, Demarzo MMP, and Viana ALD
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Brazil, Delivery of Health Care legislation & jurisprudence, Health Policy, Humans, National Health Programs legislation & jurisprudence, Politics, Regional Health Planning legislation & jurisprudence, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, National Health Programs organization & administration, Regional Health Planning organization & administration
- Abstract
This review focuses only on specific studies into the SUS regionalization process, which were based on empirical results and published since 2006, when the SUS was already under the aegis of the Pact for Health framework. It was found that the regionalization process is now underway in all spheres of government, subject to a set of challenges common to the different realities of the country. These include, primarily, that committee-structured entities are valued as spaces for innovation, yet also strive to overcome the bureaucratic and clientelist political culture. Regional governance is further hampered by the fragmentation of the system and, in particular, by the historical deficiency in planning, from the local level to the strategic policies for technology incorporation. The analyses enabled the identification of a culture of broad privilege for political negotiation, to the detriment of planning, as one of the main factors responsible for a vicious circle that sustains technical deficiency in management.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Toward an operational neuroethical risk analysis and mitigation paradigm for emerging neuroscience and technology (neuroS/T).
- Author
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Giordano J
- Subjects
- Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Computer Simulation, Ethics, Research, Government Agencies, Humans, Inventions ethics, Neurosciences legislation & jurisprudence, Risk Assessment, Social Problems, United Kingdom, United States, Biomedical Technology ethics, Neurosciences ethics
- Abstract
Research in neuroscience and neurotechnology (neuroS/T) is progressing at a rapid pace with translational applications both in medicine, and more widely in the social milieu. Current and projected neuroS/T research and its applications evoke a number of neuroethicolegal and social issues (NELSI). This paper defines inherent and derivative NELSI of current and near-term neuroS/T development and engagement, and provides an overview of our group's ongoing work to develop a systematized approach to their address. Our proposed operational neuroethical risk assessment and mitigation paradigm (ONRAMP) is presented, which entails querying, framing, and modeling patterns and trajectories of neuroS/T research and translational uses, and the NELSI generated by such advancements and their applications. Extant ethical methods are addressed, with suggestion toward possible revision or re-formulation to meet the needs and exigencies fostered by neuroS/T and resultant NELSI in multi-cultural contexts. The relevance and importance of multi-disciplinary expertise in focusing upon NELSI is discussed, and the need for neuroethics education toward cultivating such a cadre of expertise is emphasized., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. An assessment of implications of adaptive licensing for pharmaceutical intellectual property and regulatory exclusivity rights in the European Union.
- Author
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Meier A, Faulkner SD, Schoonderbeek C, Jong B, Kung J, Brindley D, and Barker R
- Subjects
- European Union, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Time Factors, Biomedical Technology legislation & jurisprudence, Drug Industry legislation & jurisprudence, Health Services Accessibility legislation & jurisprudence, Intellectual Property
- Abstract
One of the key advantages of adaptive licensing (AL) is to align the licensing of new medicines more closely with patient needs for earlier access to beneficial treatments. From an innovators perspective, "earlier" market access may seem an obvious incentive to gain earlier revenue generation. However, this is offset with an "earlier" start to patent and regulatory protection periods, which, depending on the technology, disease, population, and timing of subsequent asset protection periods, can present a conflict., (© 2016 American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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