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Background: Psychological interventions have been proved to be effective in chronic headache (CH) in adults. Nevertheless, no data exist about their actual implementation into standard clinical settings. We aimed at critically depicting the current application of psychological interventions for CH into standard care exploring barriers and facilitators to their implementation. Secondarily, main outcomes of the most recent psychological interventions for CH in adults have been summarized.Methods: We conducted a systematic review through PubMed and PsycINFO in the time range 2008-2018. A quality analysis according to the QATSDD tool and a narrative synthesis were performed. We integrated results by: contacting the corresponding author of each paper; exploring the website of the clinical centers cited in the papers.Results: Of the 938 identified studies, 28 papers were selected, whose quality largely varied with an average %QATSDD quality score of 64.88%. Interventions included CBT (42.85%), multi-disciplinary treatments (22.43%), relaxation training (17.86%), biofeedback (7.14%), or other interventions (10.72%). Treatments duration (1 day-9 months) and intensity varied, with a prevalence of individual-basis implementation. The majority of the studies focused on all primary headaches; 4 studies focused on medication-overuse headache. Most of the studies suggest interventions as effective, with the reduction in frequency of attacks as the most reported outcome (46.43%). Studies were distributed in different countries, with a prevalent and balanced distribution in USA and Europe. Ten researches (35.71%) were performed in academic contexts, 11 (39.28%) in clinical settings, 7 (25%) in pain/headache centres. Interventions providers were professionals with certified experience. Most of the studies were funded with private or public funding. Two contacted authors answered to our e-mail survey, with only one intervention implemented in the routine clinical practice. Only in three out of the 16 available websites a reference to the implementation into the clinical setting was reported.Conclusion: Analysis of contextual barriers/facilitators and cost-effectiveness should be included in future studies, and contents regarding dissemination/implementation of interventions should be incorporated in the professional training of clinical scientists. This can help in filling the gap between the existing published research and treatments actually offered to people with CH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of voluntary training of the independent component of event-related potentials (ERPs) by the method of biological feedback (BFB) using a modified two-stimulus test of Go/NoGo paradigm was studied. Ten subjects had to increase the amplitude of the P3 b component of ERPs induced by the Go stimulus during one training session. This component is generated in the parietal cortex and is associated with an operation of action engagement. The study consisted of three sessions that included determination of the average amplitude, training, and placebo. It was found that the amplitude of the P3 b component did not significantly change during the training and placebo sessions as compared to the session of threshold measurement, whereas the amplitude of the SPD component, which was also observed in ERPs in response to the Go stimulus, significantly decreased in both sessions. According to the sLORETA data, the source of the SPD component is located in the parahippocampal area. The results obtained help to determine further pathways to study the possibility of the use of BFB for correction of components of cognitive evoked potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]