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This study reports a novel, eco-friendly; fast and cost-effective microwave method for synthesizing carboxymethylated graphene oxide (CMGO) from sugarcane residues. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed successful CMGO synthesis through the presence of characteristic peaks at 1567.93 and 1639.29 cm−1 (COONa vibrations) and increased CH2 intensity compared to unmodified graphene oxide (GO). Furthermore, CMGO derived from sugarcane residues demonstrated potential in mitigating the side effects of toxic materials like carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Treatment with CMGO partially reduced elevated levels of liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and nitrogenous waste products (urea and uric acid) in CCl4-induced liver damage models, suggesting an improvement in liver function despite ongoing cellular damage.This work paves the way for a sustainable and economical approach to produce functionalized graphene oxide with promising biomedical applications in alleviating toxin-induced liver injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mediterranean regions, severe summers are becoming more common, leading to restrictions to vine productivity and yield quality, requiring sustainable practices to support this sector. We assessed the behaviour of three red grapevine varieties from the Douro Region to examine their tolerance to summer climate stress from the perspective that the less common varieties may have potential for increased use in a climate change scenario.Leaf and fruit biochemical profile, antioxidant activity and fruit colorimetric parameters were assessed at different phenological stages in Aragonez (AR), Tinto Cão (TC) and Touriga Nacional (TN) grape varieties.All three varieties exhibit significant variability in phenological timing, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Photosynthetic pigment strategies differed among varieties. Chlorophyll content in AR was high to cope with high radiation, while TN displaying a balanced approach, and TC had lower pigment levels, with higher levels of phenolics, antioxidants, and soluble sugars, particularly during stress. The variations in berry biochemical profile highlight the distinct characteristics of the varieties. TC and TN show potential for coping with climate change, having elevated total acidity, while AR has larger and heavier berries with distinct coloration.These findings reinforce the need to study the behaviour of different varieties in each Terroir, to understand their diverse strategies to deal with summer climate stress. This will help in selecting the most suitable variety for these conditions under vineyard management in the Douro Region [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to assess the ameliorative effect of dietary supplementation of astaxanthin in Sirohi goats under simulated heat stress conditions. Eighteen healthy female Sirohi goats were divided equally into three groups (n = 6): Heat-Stressed Control (HSC), Treatment 1 (T1), and Treatment 2 (T2). During the experiment, goats in the T1 group were supplemented with astaxanthin at the rate of 25 mg/animal/day, while those in the T2 group received supplementation of 50 mg/animal/day. The experiment was conducted for 42 days: 14 days of acclimatization period, next 21 days animals were exposed to 42ºC for 6 h from 09:00 h to 15:00 h and 7 days of recovery period. On a daily basis, we recorded the physiological responses of goats and collected environmental data at the experimental site. Blood samples were collected 0 and 14th days of acclimatization, on 1st, 6th, 11th, 16th and 21st day of heat exposure and on the 7th day of the recovery period. The rectal temperature and respiration rates of the treatment groups were lower than those of the HSC group during the exposure period. Heat stress in the supplemented groups was associated with reduced levels of hepatic enzymes such as AST and ALT. Serum urea, creatinine and albumin levels were significantly (P < 0.05) different between control and treatment groups. It was thus concluded that dietary inclusion of antioxidant astaxanthin can ameliorate induced thermal load as evident from changes in physio-biochemical parameters in the Sirohi goats, that was more prominent at 50 mg/ animal/day than 25 mg/ animal/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the protein, fat, mineral, fatty acid, and bioactive compound contents of 47 walnut hybrids obtained by intraspecies hybridization of G1, G2, and G3 walnut genotypes with Chandler, Maraş 18, and Pedro walnut cultivars. A wide variation was found between the hybrid walnut genotypes regarding the investigated properties. Among the hybrid genotypes, C1 had the highest bioactive compound content in terms of total flavonoids with 147.63 mg 100 g−1, P4 had the highest antioxidant activity with 72.73 mmol 100 g−1, and M13 had the highest total phenolic content with 1465.87 mg 100 g−1. In addition, the highest oleic acid content was 23.23%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) content was 23.4%. The M15 had the highest protein content (18.06%) and total fat content (68.3%). Genotype P6 showed the highest results in terms of K (764.26 mg 100 g−1), P (764.26 mg 100 g−1), Fe (2.61 mg 100 g−1), PUFA (74.11%) and linoleic acid (63.74%). Similarly, the P15 genotype was found to be significant for fatty acids, with the highest values for myristric acid (0.07%), eicosenoic acid (1.164%), and eicosadienoic acid (0.069%). According to the principal component analysis, the eigenvalue for 10 principal components was above 1. It corresponded to 82.5% of the total variation, thus effectively revealing the variation among walnut genotypes for the investigated characteristics. These results indicate that most of the examined walnut genotypes are rich in minerals, fatty acids, and bioactive compounds. Therefore, these walnut hybrids with high nutritional value and health-important traits can be used as genetic material in walnut breeding programs and to develop new walnut cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a growing interest in relation to the female athlete, especially in widespread disciplines such as football. Concerns about vitamin D deficiency status have recently been considered due to its effects on the performance and health status of female footballers. However, its relationship to body composition and muscle damage in female football athletes remains unclear to date. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the association of the vitamin D status of Spanish elite female football players with anthropometric variables and markers of muscle damage. Ethical consent was obtained from a total of 21 players from a Spanish elite women's football team (20–33 years). Anthropometric analysis was carried out according to the standardised protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kineanthropometry (ISAK). The clinical analyses, based on urine and blood samples, were carried out by the club's medical staff at the start of the season in the early morning in a fasting state. The athletes were also asked about the regularity of their menstrual cycle and some dietary habits. Thirty-three percent of the female athletes had vitamin D levels below the reference values. Significantly higher FM values were observed in athletes with low vitamin D status (p < 0.05), as well as statistically significant negative correlations between vitamin D levels and FM (p < 0.05) in the group of female players with vitamin D levels below the baseline values. No significant associations were observed between markers of muscle damage and the other variables. Complementing an assessment of body composition with a biochemical analysis of vitamin D levels may be an interesting strategy in the process of monitoring the elite female football player throughout the season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector of many serious human diseases, and its control by the heavy use of chemical insecticides has led to the evolution of insecticide resistance and high environmental risks. Many safe alternatives, such as ozone gas (O3) and silica nanoparticles (silica NPs) can reduce these risks. Therefore, O3 and silica NPs were applied to 3rd larval instars of Cx. pipiens at different concentrations (100, 200, and 400 ppm) for different exposure times (1, 2, 3, and 5 min for O3 and 24, 48, and 72 h for silica NPs). The activity of some vital antioxidant enzymes as well as scanning electron microscopy of the body surface were also investigated. A positive correlation was observed between larval mortality % and the tested concentrations of O3 and silica NPs. O3 was more effective than silica NPs, it resulted in 92% mortality at 400 ppm for a short exposure time (5 min). O3-exposed larvae exhibited a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and catalase activities as well as the total antioxidant capacity. Scanning electron microscopy showing disruptive effects on the body surface morphology of ozone and silica NPs treated larvae. These results provide evidence that O3 and silica NPs have the potential for use as alternative vector control tools against Cx. pipiens.

We assessed the impact of various green light photoperiods from LED lamps on water quality, microorganism community, antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, and growth performance in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in a BFT system. The study was conducted indoors in 150-L tanks using shrimp with an initial weight of 0.48 g at a stocking density of 500 shrimp m−3 for 61 days. The experiment was designed with four treatments with four replicates each, with different green light photoperiods: 1) 16 h L/8 h D, 2) 12 h L/12 h D (control), 3) 8 h L/16 h D and 4) 4 h L/20 h D. No significant differences were found in water quality parameters following trial completion (p > 0.05). However, there were significant differences in the bacterial abundance of coccoids, free filamentous, attached filamentous, vibrios, and bacilli (p < 0.05) and in protozoa including flagellates, ciliates, rotifers, nematodes, and amebae (p < 0.05). There were also significant differences in lipid peroxidation, with lower lipid peroxidation in the 12 h L/12 h D, 8 h L/16 h D, and 4 h L/20 h D treatments and higher antioxidant capacity in the hepatopancreas and muscle in the 8 h L/16 h D treatment (p < 0.05). Shrimp from the 8 h L/16 h D treatment showed a higher final weight than those from the 12 h L/12 h D control treatment (p < 0.05). Thus, a photoperiod of 8 h of light and 16 h of darkness with green LED light is suggested for rearing L. vannamei in biofloc systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomacea canaliculata, the invasive snail, is a host of the parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which has adverse effects on the agriculture system and human health. This work evaluated the molluscicidal activity of petroleum ether extracts (PEEs) from three species of Chimonanthus against the snail P. canaliculate. Pcp (PEE of C. praecox) showed the most effective molluscicide activity. Sixty-one compounds were identified by GC-MS and the main components were terpenoids and fatty acids. The half-lethal concentration (LC50) of Pcp at 24 h (0.27 mg/mL) and 48 h (0.19 mg/mL) was used to evaluate the biochemical alterations in snail tissue. These sublethal concentrations caused the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity to increase, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity decreased. Also, under LC50 treatment, several histological changes were observed in the hepatopancreas and foot of the snail compared with the control group. Moreover, the toxic test in rice demonstrated that Pcp has low toxicity. These results suggest that Pcp could be developed as an effective molluscicide for P. canaliculata control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry silkworm is a monophagous insect, so the only way to improve the silk industry is the enrichment of mulberry leaves with supplementary nutrients. In this investigation mulberry leaves treated with algal probiotics (Spirulina plantalis and Azolla Pinnata) with different concentrations (1, 2, and 3%) from 4th larval instar till spinning to study the impact of these supplements on some biological parameters (larval weight (g.), growth rate%, longevity (hr.) and fecundity (no.)), economical parameters (cocoon weight (g.), cocoon shell weight (g.), shell ratio%, and pupa weight(g.)) and biochemical parameters ( total protein, protease, amylase, and invertase). The obtained results indicate that all types of probiotics with different concentrations have a positive impact on all parameters under study but the most effective one was azolla 2% that affect positively on the fecundity of females and the shell ratio % of males reduced feeding days in the 5th larval stage that is a very important economical factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brinjal genotypes were screened for resistance to bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum at the seedling stage and biochemical parameters were analysed to uncover the underlying resistance mechanisms. Three-week-old seedlings of 31 brinjal genotypes including four resistant checks(RC: Ponny, Haritha, Surya and Neelima) and two susceptible checks [SC:SM-26,(S.incanum),SM-27(S.insanum)] were subjected to a screening procedure that combined soil drenching and root dip inoculation.Based on percentage disease incidence (PDI), two accessions SM-15 and SM-25 were rated as highly resistant(HR: 0 PDI) and accession SM-1 was rated as resistant(R: 1-10PDI). Accessions SM-1, SM-2, SM-5, SM-11, SM-17,SM-24 and KAU hybrid Neelima were rated as moderately resistant (MR: 11-20 PDI). Accessions SM-4, SM-8, SM-14 and SM-19 were rated as susceptible (S: 21-30 PDI). Moderately susceptible (MS: 31-40 PDI) accessions were SM-3, SM-32, SM-33, SM-13 and SM-16. Accessions SM-9, SM-10, SM-12, SM-18, SM20, SM-21, SM-22, SM-23, SM-26 and SM-27 were rated as highly susceptible (HS:>40PDI). Biochemical analysis showed higher phenol content, Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) activity, and total sugars in resistant and moderately resistant groups at 12 and 24 hours post inoculation (hpi). PPO activity, phenolic and total sugars had a strong negative correlation with disease incidence at 12 and 24 hpi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofertilizers are a sustainable solution for the adverse biogeochemical impacts exerted by synthetic agrochemicals. The application of biofertilizers is an eco-friendly approach to facilitate plant growth and development. Biofertilizers are mainly composed of living or dormant microbes, which are usually applied to the soil. These microbes encourage plant growth by a wide variety of mechanisms which includes phytohormone production, nutrient solubilization, biocontrol ability, etc. In the present study, bacterial cultures were isolated from nutrient-rich sample sources and screened for plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits. After several PGP trait screenings; two bacterial consortia that could aid the growth and development of plants were formulated. Further, these screening results were validated by applying selected bacterial strains and the prepared consortia on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersium). The growth parameters were evaluated at the plant's germinative, vegetative, and reproductive stages. The biochemical characteristics under the experimental conditions were also examined at various intervals. The results revealed that both our consortia were able to stimulate the growth and development of the host plant. Hence, the formulated bacterial combinations have real potential to become ecologically sustainable biofertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plums have recently played a significant role in agriculture with their high fiber content, vitamins, and antioxidant substances. In addition to being consumed as fresh fruit worldwide, it is grown commercially in dried form or as various processed additives. In this study, the variation among plum genotypes growing naturally in the garden borders of Suşehri, Koyulhisar, and Akıncılar districts of Sivas province, located in the Kelkit Valley, Türkiye, was investigated using morphological, biochemical and molecular analyses. In terms of morphological characteristics, genotype E9 stood out as having the highest values in terms of fruit weight (25.92 g), fruit width (33.11 mm), and fruit height (34.70 mm). According to the results of biochemical analysis, statistically significant differences were found in total biochemical contents. Genotype E19 has 327.01 mg GAE/100 g for total phenolic content, genotype E11 with 109.98 mg QE/100 g for total flavonoid content, genotype E5 with 48.70% for total antioxidant value, and genotype E9 with 44.54 mg cyn-3-gluc/100 g for total anthocyanin content were the highest values. To determine the genetic diversity of plums at a molecular level, 10 different ISSR primers were used, and a total of 80.00 scorable bands were obtained. 67.00 of the bands obtained were polymorphic. According to the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method, the similarity index ranged between 0.69 and 0.99, and two different main groups were formed in the dendrogram. Genotypes 21 and 22 were in the first group. Genotypes E6 and E7 were the closest genotypes with a similarity index 0.99. Five of the 10 different inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers had 100% polymorphism, and eight had 80% or more polymorphism. It is thought that the results obtained in plum genotypes can guide researchers to understand the characteristics of plum species and to integrate the appropriate genetic material or trait of interest into modern plant breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asian weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina, indeed exhibits fascinating social behavior and a unique nesting strategy. The nesting behavior of weaver ants involves a "leaf-weaving," process where the worker ants use the silk produced by their larvae to bind leaves together, creating a complex and sturdy nest structure. Regarding their life stages and metabolic changes, Oecophylla smaragdina as a holometabolous species undergoes complete metamorphosis, involving distinct developmental stages such as egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is characterized by significant changes in the insect's physiology and appearance. It is essential to study the metabolic changes in these ants during their life stages to better understand their development, behavior, and adaptability to their environment. The main objective of the present study is a biochemical analysis of the life stages of the weaver ant. During this study, various ants were collected at various stages and analyzed for the estimation of protein, carbohydrate, RNA, and DNA. According to the findings, the concentration of proteins was observed to be highest during all life stages of weaver ants. Following proteins, the concentration of RNA was noted to be the highest, then the concentration of DNA and carbohydrates. It was also noted that the concentration of biomolecules increased from the egg stage to the pupal stage, reaching its maximum level at the pupal stage. However, after reaching the maximum level at the pupal stage, the concentration of biomolecules declines as the ant progresses from the white imago to the adult stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to understand which factors are central to the development of metabolic syndrome as the burden of the condition increases (MetS). The aim of this study was to search for associations between the frequency of non-alcoholic beverage consumption (FFQ), blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters related to health and hydration status, and the number of MetS components in 290 adults diagnosed with metabolic disorders. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements: body weight (BW), height (H), waist circumference (WC), handgrip strength (HGS), and total body water (TBW) were measured. Blood and urine samples were collected. We observed the highest frequency of consumption of tea drinks in women with four MetS components and fruit and vegetable juices in men with five MetS components. The highest systolic blood pressure (SBP) and BMI were found with five MetS components and the lowest TBW with three MetS components in both sexes. The lowest uric acid and urea were observed in women with three MetS components, while the lowest pH with five MetS components and the highest urine-specific gravity (USG) with four MetS components were observed in men. These findings highlight the need to focus on elucidating the relationship between diet, including beverage consumption, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters, and health and hydration status in adults with metabolic disorders in further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of supplementation of Perilla seeds (PS) on the performance, egg quality, blood biochemical parameters, and egg yolk fatty acids composition in the diet of egg-laying chicken. A total of 1600 Lohmann laying hens were randomly assigned to four different groups with 4 replicates each (100 chickens/replicate) and were subjected to varying PS concentrations (PS0, PS6, PS12, and PS18; 0%, 6%, 12%, and 18%, respectively) for four weeks, including an acclimation period of one week. The results showed no significant differences among the groups for average egg weight (P > 0.005). The laying rate (%), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average feed intake (AFI) decreased significantly for birds fed on 18% PS as compared to the other treatments (P < 0.005). Haugh unit, albumin height, egg-shape index and eggshell thickness among hens fed PS diets were greater averaging 80.53, 7.00, 1.29, 0.34 compared to 76.84, 6.86, 1.25 and 0.32 from Control hen eggs (P < 0.05). Serum analysis showed a trend towards elevated levels of glucose (Glu), total protein (TP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) among treatments. Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased for the birds fed on 6% PS. The fatty acid composition of egg yolk showed a substantial reduction for α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increased significantly by the incorporating PS in the diet (P < 0.001). PS incorporation in diets resulted in significant improvements in both performance indicators and greater amounts of α-linolenic acid and DHA in egg yolks. These findings indicate that PS at 6% inclusion has the potential to improve fatty acid profiles of egg yolk without any adverse effect on performance of egg quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate food insecurity and the low economic status of amaranth farmers in south-west Nigeria, it is imperative to evaluate the predominant commercial A. hybridus cultivars using key yield and nutrient components to identify promising lines with optimum yield and nutritional quality. The current study evaluated five cultivars of Amaranthus hybridus in south-west Nigeria farms using key morphological, biochemical, and seed-proximate component parameters. The results revealed significant differences in the cultivars' growth and yield indices. The number of leaves ranged from 16.40 to 29.48 ( x - = 22.10) with plant height ( x - = 50.28 cm), while other leaf metrics varied at maturity. Days to 50% flowering ranged from 49 to 90 days. Seed proximate composition also varied significantly. Carbohydrate content ranged from 65.01–76.28%, protein content 6.57–12.42%, ash content 2.73–3.59%, total polyphenols 23.36–29.64 mg/100 g GAE, and total antioxidants 31.6–181.59 mg/100 g AAE. The Pearson correlation matrix and path analysis showed significant relationships among the yield components. The phenotypic variance of the yield components mainly stemmed from environmental factors, indicating their crucial role in the traits' expression. Careful evaluation of the cultivars revealed that AM-1 and AM-3 had the best growth and yield attributes. Additionally, the two cultivars showed a significant degree of relatedness, suggesting a common ancestor. They have the potential to increase productivity, farmers' profitability, and consumers' nutrient gain compared to other cultivars. They are recommended for cultivation and can be further crossed in breeding programs to develop superior lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maggots of some blowflies (Diptera: calliphoridae) are typically used in a wide range of medical and forensic applications. One of these flies is Chrysomya marginalis. This fly has not received attention in research in Egypt. Accordingly, we start to examine the effect of Chrysomya marginalis maggots extract on the land snails. Nevertheless, the effect of this extract on the environment is still under research. Thus, the present investigation was performed to determine the median lethal concentration of Chrysomya marginalis maggots extract (96-h LC50) and to evaluate the effectiveness of maggots extract in controlling land snails Theba pisana by measuring levels of biochemical, oxidative and antioxidant parameters and the analysis at the molecular level. The results showed that LC50 of maggots extract for T. pisana for 96 hrs was 235.5 g/l. 1/2, 1/4 and 1/10 LC50 (117.75, 58.875 and 23.55 g/l) values were chosen for sublethal studies for 28 days. The results indicated that aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine transferase (ALT) levels were significantly higher, while total protein (TP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) levels were significantly lower in maggots extract-exposed snail compared to the control. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were significantly higher, while catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly lower in maggots extract-exposed snail as opposed to the control group. A significant down-regulation was noticed in gene expression levels of Cu-Zn SOD in the exposed group. On the other hand, exposure to tested extract caused significantly up-regulated gene expression levels of HSP 70 compared with the control group. In conclusion, Chrysomya marginalis maggots extract caused alteration in biochemical, and antioxidant activities and gene expressed changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban and peri-urban lands can be an important source of food production for localised and sustainable food systems, however, their soils can be of poor quality, degraded or damaged by anthropic activities, and little is known about their suitability or safety. This paper aims to contribute to this knowledge gap by assessing the soil remediation capacity and qualities of different types of compost made from urban and peri-urban organic wastes for agroecological food production. Prepared over the course of 2021, and used in 2022 for food growing, five different composts were observed and analysed, in two different farms in the city of Rosario, Argentina. Four raw materials generated largely by local industries were used to make the composts: chicken manure, rumen (cow's stomachs), brewer's bagasse (byproducts of the beer industry) and urban leaves collected from the municipality waste collection. These were mixed in different proportions (all reaching the 20-30 C/N ratio, typical of quality compost) to produce viable growing substrates where radishes and lettuces were grown. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility, quality and limitations to use locally available organic inputs for soil fertility management in agroecological farming, in the context of urbanisation and to assess pathways to develop closedcycle agroecological agriculture at metropolitan level. Natural manure substrates (raw and composted) were analysed, as well as crops grown and fertilised with each of the substrates. The attributes and limiting factors of each substrate and their response to local soil conditions were compared and physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological analyses were performed, including among others, the study of microbial biomass, biological activity, biophytotoxicity, pH, aerobic heterotrophs, nitrogen fixation, and the presence of antibiotics, agrochemicals and heavy metals. The results of the analyses show that all the composted materials improved the physical, chemical and biological properties. However, in some cases, pollutants were present even after composting. Analysis carried out on the vegetables generally indicate undetectable levels or levels below the admissible limits, demonstrating the filtering capacity of the different composts and the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major concern that frequently occurs during vascular surgeries. Hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) solution exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to examine the effects of HRS applied before ischemia in the lungs of rats using a lower extremity IR model. Material and Methods: After approval was obtained from the ethics committee, 18 male Wistar albino rats weighing 250–280 g were randomly divided into three groups: control (C), IR and IR-HRS. In the IR and IR-HRS groups, an atraumatic microvascular clamp was used to clamp the infrarenal abdominal aorta, and skeletal muscle ischemia was induced. After 120 min, the clamp was removed, and reperfusion was achieved for 120 min. In the IR-HRS group, HRS was administered intraperitoneally 30 min before the procedure. Lung tissue samples were examined under a light microscope and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, total sulfhydryl (SH) levels, and histopathological parameters were evaluated in the tissue samples. Results: MDA and total SH levels were significantly higher in the IR group than in the control group (p < 0.0001 and p=0.001, respectively). MDA and total SH levels were significantly lower in the IR-HRS group than in the IR group (p < 0.0001 and p =0.013, respectively). A histopathological examination revealed that neutrophil infiltration/aggregation, alveolar wall thickness, and total lung injury score were significantly higher in the IR group than in the control group (p < 0.0001, p=0.001, and p < 0.0001, respectively). Similarly, alveolar wall thickness and total lung injury scores were significantly higher in the IR-HRS group than in the control group (p=0.009 and p=0.004, respectively). A statistically significant decrease was observed in neutrophil infiltration/aggregation and total lung injury scores in the IR-HRS group compared to those in the IR group (p =0.023 and p=0.022, respectively). Conclusion: HRS at a dose of 20 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally 30 min before ischemia in rats, reduced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, while also reducing IR damage in lung histopathology. We believe that HRS administered to rats prior to IR exerts a lung-protective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most extensively cultivated cereal crop in the world; however, its growth and development are affected by different types of biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the physico-chemical diversity in different wheat genotypes under rain-fed conditions. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that significant variation for different components contributed 77.87% of total variability among all genotypes. In the scree plot, the first two PCs (PC1 = 44.75%, PC2 = 14.28%) had significant differences for numerous agronomic traits. The scatter biplot depicted eight genotypes (Zardana, NR-462, D-97, BARS-2009 (a check), NR-481, Tarnab-73, NR-489 and Pirsabak-91) with high diversity (variation ~90%) for different morphological traits, identifiable as they were located further away from the origin than other genotypes. Factor analysis of loading factors among wheat genotypes across different morpho-physiological traits also showed significant diversity for positive and negative loads. In cluster analysis, genotypes such as BWP-97, BARS-2009, NR-489, NR-448 and Pak. 13 were outliers, indicating significant diversity among all genotypes for different agronomic traits. Biochemical analysis showed maximum values for antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content in lines NR-485 (93.76%), NR-489 (3.55 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), and the variety Suleman-96 (3.45mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g), respectively. This study provides new insights for understanding the diversity of different wheat genotypes under rain-fed conditions, and the selected genotypes can be evaluated for further breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tamoxifen (TAM) is an antiestrogenic agent used for adjuvant treatment in estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancers in the pre/post‐menopausal period. This study, it was aimed to determine the effect of olive oil extract of propolis (OEP) on short and long‐term administration of TAM in rats. Wistar albino rats were divided into groups with eight animals in each. Groups: control, OEP, TAM, and OEP + TAM. At the end of the experiment, oxidative stress tests were performed with Enzyme‐Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) on blood and tissue samples (liver, kidney, and ovary) taken from rats. After single‐dose TAM administration, there was a significant increase in red blood cell, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration levels compared to the control group, a decrease in low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) value, a significant increase in liver enzymes and fasting glucose values was detected compared with the control and propolis groups. A normalizing effect was observed in the group given OEP and TAM combined. The increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA) and the decrease in enzyme activities in tissues are also noteworthy. Propolis application reduced the tissue damage caused by TAM. In addition, improved cytokine levels, which increased with TAM administration. It has been concluded that OEP can be given in supportive treatment, as it improves hematological and antioxidant parameters in TAM treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major neuropsychological condition that occursas a result of impaired liver function. It is frequently observed in patients with advanced liver disease or cirrhosis. Memory impairment is among the symptoms of HE; the pathophysiologic mechanism for this enervating condition remains unclear. However, it is possible that neuroinflammation may be involved, as recent studies have emphasized such phenomena. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to assess short working memory (SWM) and examine the involvement of microglia in a chronic model of HE. The study was carried out with male Wistar rats that were induced by repeated thioacetamide (TAA) administration (100 mg/kg i.p injection for 10 days). SWM function was assessed through Y-maze, T-Maze, and novel object recognition (NOR) tests, together with an immunofluorescence study of microglia activation within the hippocampal areas. Our data showed impaired SWM in TAA-treated rats that was associated with microglial activation in the three hippocampal regions, and which contributed to cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Addiction is a multifaceted brain disorder characterized by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences. The physiological effects of drugs, such as amphetamines and captagon, on organ functions remain a significant concern, with varying impacts based on substance type and duration of use. Aim of study. This study aimed to investigate the impact of amphetamine and captagon abuse on liver and kidney functions. By comparing physiological parameters between individuals with substance abuse history and a control group, the study sought to elucidate the health implications of long-term drug use. Methods. The study involved 50 participants: 30 with a history of substance abuse and 20 healthy controls. It assessed liver and kidney functions using biochemical and ELISA tests to measure AST, ALT, ALP, Total Serum Bilirubin, Serum Albumin, Serum Creatinine, and Blood Urea. Results. The study revealed a significant difference between drug users and controls, with drug users exhibiting higher levels of urea and serum creatinine. Liver function tests showed increased GOT, GPT and ALP levels in drug users. Furthermore, total serum bilirubin was significantly higher in drug users, indicating liver impairment. Age-related analysis showed more severe renal and liver dysfunction in older drug users, with notable increases in urea and serum creatinine levels with age (p=0.001 and p=0.009, respectively). Conclusion. Both amphetamines and captagon pose a significant health risk to renal and liver functions. This underscores the need for awareness and interventions targeted at mitigating the health implications of substance abuse, highlighting the importance of continuous monitoring and treatment strategies for affected individuals.

Purple flesh sweet potato var. 'Bhu Krishna' is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and several important secondary metabolites, including anthocyanin. The tuber of this variety contains a high level of anthocyanin (85-90 mg/100 g). This plant is propagated through stem cutting, which is time-consuming and diseases are transmitted to the next generation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a micropropagation system for the production of huge number of healthy plants to fulfil the demand of farmers as well as industrial utilization. The present study reports a reproducible micropropagation system for purple flesh sweet potato var. 'Bhu Krishna' using mature nodal explants on Murashige and Skoog's (1962) medium fortified with various plant growth regulators (PGRs). Maximum shoots regeneration was observed on MS medium fortified with 2.0 mg/l meta-Topolin. In vitro nodal segments were excised from established shoot cultures and inoculated on the above said optimum medium to produce more shoots (ca. 1300 shoots). In vitro regenerated shoots were successfully rooted on half-strength MS medium augmented with 0.5 mg/l Indole-3-butyric acid. The micropropagated plants were acclimatized on soil, coco peat, and sand (1:1:1) and about 95% of plants survived. Finally, these plants were transferred to the field. The genetic unifomity and phytochemical analysis of micropropagated plants vis-à-vis mother plant were demonstrated using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat markers and spectrophotometric method, respectively. The therapeutic activity in terms of anticancer activity of tubers of micropropagated plants with the mother plant was also tested. For the first time we are reporting a detailed micropropagation system for purple flesh sweet potato var. 'Bhu Krishna' for its mass propagation to fulfil the demand of farmers as well as industries. [Display omitted] • Micropropagation protocol was developed for anthocyanin-rich Sweet potato first time. • Multiple shoot proliferation from nodal segment on MS + 2.0 mg L−1 mT. • Rooting of in vitro regenerated shoot on ½ MS + IBA 0.5 mg L−1. • Genetic fidelity was analyzed by molecular marker (ISSR). • Phytochemical and anticancer activity were evaluated both the mother vis-à-vis micropropagated plant tuber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone and mineral metabolism abnormalities are frequent in kidney transplant recipients and have been associated with cardiovascular morbidity. The primary aim of this study was to analyse the association between routine clinically available biochemical evaluation, non-routine histomorphometric bone evaluation, and vascular disease in kidney transplanted patients. A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 69 patients, 1-year after kidney transplantation. Laboratory analysis, radiography of hands and pelvis, bone biopsy, bone densitometry, and coronary CT were performed. One-year post-transplantation, nearly one-third of the patients presented with hypercalcemia, 16% had hypophosphatemia, 39.3% had iPTH levels > 150 pg/mL, 20.3% had BALP levels > 40 U/L, and 26.1% had hypovitaminosis D. Evaluation of extraosseous calcifications revealed low Adragão and Agatston scores. We divided patients into three clusters, according to laboratory results routinely used in clinical practice: hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism (Cluster1); hypercalcemia and high BALP levels (Cluster2); hypophosphatemia and vitamin D deficiency (Cluster 3). Patients in clusters 1 and 2 had higher cortical porosity (p = 0.001) and osteoid measurements, although there was no difference in the presence of abnormal mineralization, or low volume. Patients in cluster 2 had a higher BFR/BS (half of the patients in cluster 2 had high bone turnover), and most patients in cluster 1 had low or normal bone turnover. Cluster 3 has no differences in volume, or turnover, but 60% of the patients presented with pre-osteomalacia. All three clusters were associated with high vascular calcifications scores. Vascular calcifications scores were not related to higher bone mineral density. Instead, an association was found between a higher Adragão score and the presence of osteoporosis at the femoral neck (p = 0.008). In conclusion, inferring bone TMV by daily clinical biochemical analysis can be misleading, and bone biopsy is important for assessing both bone turnover and mineralization after kidney transplantation, although hypophosphatemia combined with vitamin D deficiency is associated with abnormal mineralization. The presence of hypercalcemia with high levels of PTH or high levels of BALP, or hypophosphatemia and vitamin D deficiency should remind us to screen vascular calcification status of patients. Clinical Research: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02751099. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cricket is a sport highly sensitive to natural weather conditions such as temperature, rainfall, and sunlight. In regions with hot and humid climates, like Sri Lanka, cricket players often encounter significant physiological challenges, resulting in substantial fluid loss and dehydration. This dehydration can have direct or indirect consequences on their precision and tactical performance during matches. This study primarily aimed to explore the broader implications of various environmental factors on the dehydration levels of cricket players and how this condition influences their motor and skill performance. The research findings revealed a noteworthy negative impact of excessive hydration on the physiological, motor, and skill performance of cricket athletes, particularly in the context of hot and humid conditions, as frequently experienced in Sri Lanka. Understanding these effects is crucial for cricket players and their support teams to develop tailored strategies that optimize hydration, mitigate performance decline, and enhance overall gameplay in challenging environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terpenes are important mediators of plant chemical response to environmental cues. Here, we describe the genome-wide identification and biochemical characterization of TPS-a members in Medicago truncatula, a model legume crop. Genome mining identified thirty-nine full-length terpene synthases with a significant number predicted to produce monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Biochemical characterization of the TPS-a subfamily associated with sesquiterpene biosynthesis revealed such compounds, that exhibit substantial biological activity in other plants. Gene expression analysis using qPCR and the Medicago gene atlas illustrated distinct tissue and time-based variation in expression in leaves and roots. Together our work establishes the gene-tometabolite relationships for sesquiterpene synthases in M. truncatula. Understanding the biosynthetic capacity is a foundational step to defining the ecological roles of this important family of compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is an agricultural pest of significant economic concern globally, known for its adaptability, pesticide resistance, and damage to key crops such as maize. Conventional chemical pesticides pose challenges, including the development of resistance and environmental pollution. The study aims to investigate an alternative solution: the application of soluble silicon (Si) sources to enhance plant resistance against the fall armyworm. Methods. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and potassium silicate (K2SiO3) were applied to maize plants via foliar spray. Transcriptomic and biochemical analyses were performed to study the gene expression changes in the fall armyworm feeding on Si-treated maize. Results. Results indicated a significant impact on gene expression, with a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in both SiO2 and K2SiO3 treatments. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis identified critical DEGs involved in specific pathways, including amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, energy, xenobiotics metabolisms, signal transduction, and posttranslational modification, significantly altered at both Si sources. Biochemical analyses further revealed that Si treatments inhibited several enzyme activities (glutamate dehydrogenase, trehalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydro-genase, chitinase, juvenile hormone esterase, and cyclooxygenase while simultaneously inducing others (total protein, lipopolysaccharide, fatty acid synthase, ATPase, and cytochrome P450), thus suggesting a toxic effect on the fall armyworm. In conclusion, Si applications on maize influence the gene expression and biochemical activities of the fall armyworm, potentially offering a sustainable pest management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: The unregulated expulsion of untreated or partially treated industrial effluents poses serious threat to the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, in the present study fish Channa punctata were exposed to untreated and microbially treated equalization tank effluent of textile industry and toxicity studies were carried out for 45 days. The study was planned to analyze the toxicity proffered by textile effluents through haematological, biochemical, histopathological and ultrastructural analysis in blood, liver and gill tissues of fish. While comparing untreated and microbially treated effluent exposed groups haematological parameters were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) less in the untreated effluent exposed group whereas White blood cell count was highly escalated. However, in the microbially treated groups, the alterations were less severe. Increased malondialdehyde content indicating oxidative stress, reduced Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity showing a weakened antioxidant defence system and increased glutathione activity was also perceived in untreated effluent exposed groups in comparison to microbially treated groups. Histopathological alterations in gill (telangiectasia, lamellae fusion, breakage, vacuolization and bending of lamellae) and liver (sinusoid dilations, fusion, necrosis and congestion) were more pronounced and severe in the untreated effluent exposed group as compared to microbially treated group. The results observed in histopathology were further reaffirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The study clearly highlights less alterations and deformities in microbially treated effluent groups in comparison to untreated effluent groups. These findings, therefore, necessitate the search for more effective microbial inocula for the better treatment of effluents in order to protect the aquatic life as well as human beings. Highlights: Channa punctata exposed for 15, 30 and 45 days to untreated and microbially treated equalization tank effluent of textile industry. Untreated and microbially treated effluent exposed fish elicited alterations in blood, liver and gill tissues Haematology, biochemical, histopathology and ultrastructural analysis resulted in massive pathologies in groups subjected to untreated effluent inducing maximum damage after 45 days of exposure. Less pronounced toxicity in fish C. punctata was observed in fish exposed to microbially treated effluent indicating its efficacy in toxicity reduction. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variability in food availability leads to condition-dependent investments in reproduction. This study is aimed at understanding the metabolic response and regulatory mechanism of female Scylla paramamosain in response to starvation in a temporal- and tissue-specific manner. The mud crabs were starved for 7 (control), 14, 28, and 40 days for histological and biochemical analysis in the hepatopancreas, ovary, and serum, as well as for RNA sequencing on the hepatopancreas and ovary. We further highlighted candidate gene modules highly linked to physiological traits. Collectively, our observations suggested that starvation triggered endogenous ovarian maturation at the expense of hepatopancreas mass, with both metabolic adjustments to optimize energy and fatty acid supply from hepatopancreas to ovary in the early phase, followed by the activation of autophagy-related pathways in both organs over prolonged starvation. These specific adaptive responses might be considered efficient strategies to stimulate ovarian maturation of Scylla paramamosain under fasting stress, which improves the nutritional value of female mud crabs and other economically important crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The land snail Eobania vermiculata is one of the most cosmopolitan and harmful agricultural pests, causing economic devastation to many crops. For this purpose, the choice and non-choice methods was used to determine the palatability of certain plants for E. vermiculata. Moreover, the vulnerability of the snail was assessed via its exposure to five common insecticides (spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor, chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram and fipronil) using leaf-dipping technique under laboratory conditions. The median lethal dose was determined for each compound while biomarkers, such as enzymatic activity levels of AST, ALT, total protein TP, and lipid TL were used to evaluate sublethal effects. The findings of the no-choice feeding trial revealed that E. vermiculata significantly consumed a higher amount of Lactuca scariola var. sativa leaves compared to other tested plants. Cichorium cicorea leaves were found to be the least preferred by E. vermiculata, with an average of 1.71 g after 5 days. On the other hand, the results of the free choice feeding trial revealed that L. scariola var. sativa and Brassica oleracea leaves were the most frequently consumed by E. vermiculata. Conversely, E. vermiculata exhibited the lowest preference towards Brassica rapa leaves. The results of the molluscicidal activity indicated that the mortality rate is dose-dependent. After one month of exposure to a concentration of 1,000 ppm per 100 mL, chlorantraniliprole caused 46.4% mortality, followed by sulfoxaflor and fipronil, which exhibited equal mortality values of 42.9%. The latter insecticides revealed LC50 of 1,010.5, 2,501.9, and 1,444.7 ppm per 100 mL against E. vermiculata, respectively. Nevertheless, spinetoram and spirotetramat caused a lower mortality rate for E. vermiculata. The biochemical analysis results showed that the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total proteins (LP), and the lipid profile of E. vermiculata have increased by 50% in response to the insecticides. Compared to the control and other compounds, spirotetramat increased total cholesterol by 33 mg dL-1. The activity of ALT, AST, and triglycerides decreased after the application of spinetoram and fipronil treatment, with values reaching 13 u L-1, 32 u L-1, and 4 mg dL-1 of TL, respectively. However, no substantial effects of insecticides were observed on TP, Total cholesterol, LDH, or LP levels after the exposure period. The study's findings indicate that chlorantraniliprole, a novel insecticide group, could be a promising approach for controlling the land snail E. vermiculata. Unlike other, more hazardous insecticides, chlorantraniliprole has not previously been used to control snails. Furthermore, it appears to be safe for non-target organisms and mammals, making it an excellent choice for snail management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to provide irrefutable evidence of the preventive effects of oxymatine (OMT) on a model of endotoxin induced glaucoma in Wistar rats which can be attributed to its anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and TNF‐α antagonistic properties. To assess the impact of OMT on uveitic glaucoma, the normal group received 100 μL distilled water topically for 15 days, while the glaucoma control group was induced with uveitic glaucoma by applying 10 μL of 10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) topically for 3 consecutive days. The treatment groups were then given OMT solution at a volume of 50 μL with varying doses of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% once a day via topical administration for 15 days. In addition, as a standard, the animals were also given 100 μL of 1% dorzolamide topically for 15 days. All ophthalmic dosing was carried out by pulling the lower eye‐lid of the experimental animals and administration of the respective solutions. The study uses cutting‐edge real‐time imaging of the retinal vasculature in anesthetized animals, postsacrifice lenticular picturization and biochemical evidence to support the changes in the retinal layers. LPS induced animals demonstrated increased IOP, disrupted antioxidant systems, massive lipid damage, enhanced TNF‐α activity and changes in intracellular ATPase and ionic activities. The damaged retinal vasculature and lenticular opacification further supported the biochemical evidence. However, using OMT at a 1% dosage effectively enhanced the antioxidant levels, regulated intracellular ion concentration and ATPases, decreased TNF‐α activity, and counteracted mechanobiological changes in the visual front and retina. Moreover, OMT can successfully normalize intraocular pressure, making it a highly beneficial treatment option for glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical composition in three different varieties of tamarillo (yellow, red, and purple) cultivated in Northeast India was analysed. The pulp showed good amount of protein, fat, and crude fiber, and the pH and TSS of the tamarillos ranged from 3.70 to 3.94 and 9.6–10.2 °Brix, respectively. Vitamin C was highest in purple tamarillo and all were rich in potassium. Anthocyanins were majorly found in purple tamarillo (0.35 mg C3G/g), while carotenoids were maximum in yellow tamarillo (0.63 mg βCE/100 g). However, both anthocyanins and carotenoids pigments were found in purple and red tamarillo varieties. Through HPLC analyses, six phenolic acids were identified and among them, gallic, chlorogenic, ferulic and rosmarinic acids were the major ones. Pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside was the major anthocyanin in purple (86.22 µg/g) and red (9.88 µg/g) tamarillo. Three different carotenoids viz. zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were present in all the varieties of tamarillo. High pressure homogenization and ultrasonication treatments had significant impact on the phytochemical composition. High pressure homogenization at 750 bar and ultrasound for 10 min showed higher phenolics, anthocyanins and carotenoids in the tamarillo varieties and these techniques are recommended for processing of tamarillos. The treated pulp rich in phytochemicals can be used for novel product development.

Maggots of some blowflies (Diptera: calliphoridae) are typically used in a wide range of medical and forensic applications. One of these flies is Chrysomya marginalis. This fly has not received attention in the researches in Egypt. Accordingly, we start to examine the effect of Chrysomya marginalis maggots extract on the land snails. Nevertheless, the effect of this extract on the environment is still under research. Thus, the present investigation was performed to determine the median lethal concentration of Chrysomya marginalis maggots extract (96-h LC50) and to evaluate the effectiveness of maggots extract in controlling land snails Theba pisana by measuring levels of biochemical, oxidative and antioxidant parameters and the analysis at the molecular level. The results showed that LC50 of maggots extract for T. pisana for 96 hrs was 235.5 g/l. 1/2, 1/4 and 1/10 LC50 (117.75, 58.875 and 23.55 g/l) values were chosen for sublethal studies for 28 days. The results indicated that aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine transferase (ALT) levels were significantly higher, while total protein (TP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) levels were significantly higher in maggots extract-exposed snail compared to the control. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were significantly higher, while catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly higher in maggots extract-exposed snail as opposed to the control group. A significant down-regulation was noticed in gene expression levels of Cu-Zn SOD in the exposed group. On the other hand, exposure to tested extract caused significantly up-regulated gene expression levels of HSP 70 compared with the control group. In conclusion, Chrysomya marginalis maggots extract caused alteration in biochemical, and antioxidant activities and gene expressed changes.

Urban and peri-urban lands can be an important source of food production for localised and sustainable food systems, however, their soils can be of poor quality, degraded or damaged by anthropic activities, and little is known about their suitability or safety. This paper aims to contribute to this knowledge gap by assessing the soil remediation capacity and qualities of different types of compost made from urban and peri-urban organic wastes for agroecological food production. Prepared over the course of 2021, and used in 2022 for food growing, five different composts were observed and analysed, in two different farms in the city of Rosario, Argentina. Four raw materials generated largely by local industries were used to make the composts: chicken manure, rumen (cow’s stomachs), brewer’s bagasse (byproducts of the beer industry) and urban leaves collected from the municipality waste collection. These were mixed in different proportions (all reaching the 20–30 C/N ratio, typical of quality compost) to produce viable growing substrates where radishes and lettuces were grown. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility, quality and limitations to use locally available organic inputs for soil fertility management in agroecological farming, in the context of urbanisation and to assess pathways to develop closed-cycle agroecological agriculture at metropolitan level. Natural manure substrates (raw and composted) were analysed, as well as crops grown and fertilised with each of the substrates. The attributes and limiting factors of each substrate and their response to local soil conditions were compared and physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological analyses were performed, including among others, the study of microbial biomass, biological activity, biophytotoxicity, pH, aerobic heterotrophs, nitrogen fixation, and the presence of antibiotics, agrochemicals and heavy metals. The results of the analyses show that all the composted materials improved the physical, chemical and biological properties. However, in some cases, pollutants were present even after composting. Analysis carried out on the vegetables generally indicate undetectable levels or levels below the admissible limits, demonstrating the filtering capacity of the different composts and the soil.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in relation to the female athlete, especially in widespread disciplines such as football. Concerns about vitamin D deficiency status have recently been considered due to its effects on the performance and health status of female footballers. However, its relationship to body composition and muscle damage in female football athletes remains unclear to date. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the association of the vitamin D status of Spanish elite female football players with anthropometric variables and markers of muscle damage. Ethical consent was obtained from a total of 21 players from a Spanish elite women’s football team (20–33 years). Anthropometric analysis was carried out according to the standardised protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kineanthropometry (ISAK). The clinical analyses, based on urine and blood samples, were carried out by the club’s medical staff at the start of the season in the early morning in a fasting state. The athletes were also asked about the regularity of their menstrual cycle and some dietary habits. Thirty-three percent of the female athletes had vitamin D levels below the reference values. Significantly higher FM values were observed in athletes with low vitamin D status (p < 0.05), as well as statistically significant negative correlations between vitamin D levels and FM (p < 0.05) in the group of female players with vitamin D levels below the baseline values. No significant associations were observed between markers of muscle damage and the other variables. Complementing an assessment of body composition with a biochemical analysis of vitamin D levels may be an interesting strategy in the process of monitoring the elite female football player throughout the season.

Background and Objective: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) affects millions worldwide, often leading to alterations in lipid metabolism. This study aims to evaluate the lipid profiles in CKD patients, providing insights into potential biochemical markers and therapeutic targets. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, lipid profiles of 200 patients diagnosed with various stages of CKD were analyzed. Blood samples were collected and tested for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides. Demographic data and clinical parameters, including age, gender, body mass index, and CKD stage, were recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted to correlate lipid levels with CKD stages. Results: The study revealed significant alterations in lipid profiles correlated with the progression of CKD. Notably, there was an increase in total cholesterol and LDL levels, with a marked decrease in HDL levels in advanced stages of CKD. Triglyceride levels also showed a progressive increase. These changes were more pronounced in patients over 50 years of age and those with a higher BMI. Conclusion: The findings suggest that CKD significantly impacts lipid metabolism, with potential implications for cardiovascular risk in these patients. The study highlights the need for regular monitoring of lipid profiles in CKD patients and suggests potential avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions. Further research is recommended to explore the underlying mechanisms and to evaluate the impact of lipid-lowering therapies in this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonicotinoids, which have a wide range of applications, are systemic insecticides that efficiently control several sucking pests. Recently, thiamethoxam (THIA) has become one of the popular pest control agents. In vivo study, the toxicity of THIA was evaluated against a laboratory strain of cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch.) using the leaf dipping method for 24 and 48 hrs of exposure. In silico study, THIA was docked to acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) to explain their binding mode of interaction. THIA exhibited good toxicity against adult aphids with LC50 of 2.44 ppm at 24 hrs post-treatment, which greatly decreased to 0.75 ppm at 48 hrs post-treatment. THIA showed better binding interaction with AChBP than the co-crystalized ligand (imidacloprid) and good alignment in the active site. THIA indicated different variations in the activities of tested enzymes. Where, aphids treated with LC50 of THIA increased the biochemical activities of acetylcholinesterase, antioxidant enzymes and peroxidases while decreasing the activity of alpha esterase, carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase and catalase. Therefore, this compound is efficient against sap-sucking pests with good irreversible and specific binding interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and, consequently, low mammalian toxicity. So, THIA is considered a favourable agent for the management of insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ethanol extract of Lasius fuliginosus ant nests was found to be highly effective against nosemosis in apiary honey bees. Two concentrations of the extract (300 mg and 1500 mg/100 ml sugar syrup) were tested on honey bees infected by nosemosis, and both significantly reduced the number of Vairimorpha ceranae DNA copies. Administration of the extract also had a positive effect on the honey bees’ immune system, increasing the expression of genes encoding immune peptides (abaecin, defensin-1, hymenoptaecin). The extract was subjected to detailed biochemical analysis for the presence of total carbohydrates (22.1 µg/ml), proteins (26.7 µg/ml), and phenolic compounds (63.8 μM) and also to assess its reducing activity (69.2% for DPPH radicals and 94% for the ABTS method). FTIR analysis revealed a number of groups and types of organic compounds (including fatty acids, triglycerides, formic acid, and phenols), the presence of which may have a decisive influence on the preparation’s high level of biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to evaluate the antiurolithiatic effect of PHYMIN-22 against ethylene glycol‐induced urolithiasis in rats. Healthy Albino male rats with 200–230 g body weight were randomly divided into five groups, each with 5 animals, control group, EG group (0.75%), PHYMIN-22 treatment group (0.75% EG 14 days and 100 mg/kg PHYMIN-22 next 14 days), PHYMIN-22 drug control group (100 mg/kg) and cystone treatment group (0.75% EG 14 days and 750 mg/kg cystone next 14 days). Biochemical testing was adopted for measuring the blood and urine parameters, as well as the level of antioxidants including superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) in kidney tissues. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was utilized to observe the histopathological changes in the kidney tissue. End of the experiment the PHYMIN-22 treatment reduced the urine and serum calcium (p < 0.01; p < 0.01), oxalate (p < 0.01; p < 0.01), phosphate (p < 0.01; p < 0.01), uric acid (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), protein (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), and creatinine (p < 0.001; p < 0.001) respectively, serum indicators ALT (p < 0.001) and AST (p < 0.001) level and non-enzymic antioxidant GSH (p < 0.001) compared to EG induced urolithiasis animals (Diseased control group). PHYMIN-22 treatment significantly increased urine volume, pH, and body weight, and antioxidants include CAT (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), SOD (p ˃ 0.05; p < 0.05), and GPX (p < 0.01; p < 0.001) compared to Diseased control group animals. The effect of PHYMIN-22 on EG-induced urolithiasis animals could be by improving kidney function, normalizing the urine and serum parameters, maintaining the kidney antioxidants, eliminating crystal deposition, and excretion of unwanted ions from the kidney and urinary tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unregulated expulsion of untreated textile water into water bodies is a major hazard to aquatic ecosystems. The present investigation was contrived to estimate the impact of textile dye bath effluent (untreated and microbially treated) on fish Channa punctata. Untreated effluent–exposed fish showed extremely altered behaviour (air gulping, erratic and speedy movements, increased opercular activity) and morphology (deposition of dyes on skin and scales, high pigmentation, mucus exudation). Significantly increased micronuclei (1.61-, 1.28-, 1.38-fold) and aberrant cell frequency (1.37-, 1.45-, 1.28-fold) was observed in untreated group as compared to treated group after 15, 30, and 45 days of exposure. Tail length, % tail intensity, tail moment and olive tail moment were also enhanced in all the exposed tissues. However, maximum damage was noticed in gill tissues showing 1.19-, 1.37-, 1.34- and 1.50-fold increased TL, %TI, TM and OTM in untreated group as compared to treated group after 45 days of exposure. On comparing untreated and treated groups, increased blood parameters and significantly reduced white blood cell count (WBC) were noticed in treated group. Significantly enhanced alterations in biochemical parameters were also analysed in untreated group. Reduced alterations in enzymological levels of fishes exposed to treated effluent indicate lesser toxic nature of the degraded metabolites of dye. Histological analysis in fishes exposed to untreated effluent showed several deformities in liver (necrosis, congestion, fusion of cells and melanomacrophage infiltration) and gill tissues (necrosis, bending of lamellae and severe aneurysm). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis further reaffirmed the pathologies observed in histological analysis. Fewer structural alterations were noticed in treated effluent fishes. The results concluded that untreated effluent inflicted toxicity potential on morphology as well as physiological defects in fish, and the severity increased with increasing duration of exposure, whereas reduction in toxicity in microbially treated groups can be analysed for aquacultural purposes owing to their lesser toxic nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Agarwood is an aromatic resin produced by the host tree through an immunological response against biotic and abiotic stress. The aim was, first, to use the fungus Geotrichum candidum to stimulate compound changes in Aquilaria sinensis horizontally (color formation) and vertically (cutting layers) after injection with it. (2) Methods: Horizontal and vertical sections were collected and separated five months after injection with the fungal broth. Two grams of dry powder was mixed with 20 mL methanol for 3 h at room temperature, and the solution was vibrated in an ultrasonic cleaner bath at 40 °C for 1 h. After vacuum drying, a concentration of 10 mg/mL of the tested samples in methanol was prepared for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. (3) Results: The horizontal changes in the compounds and their concentrations were associated with color. Compared to the normal (N) group, G. candidum injection stimulated more compounds at RT 27–42 in the white (W) group, brown (BR) group, and black (B) group. Furthermore, a significant increase in fatty acids was observed in the W group, implying an early plant response after G. candidum injection. In the BR group, the compounds were more similar to commercial agarwood (Out group). In the B group, alkaloids were the main compounds. Vertical changes in the main compounds were not observed, although the compound level varied. A TLC analysis determined the main compounds in the BR group at 254 nm and in the B group at 365 nm. Higher fatty acid levels were found in L6 and L5 and were correlated with higher terpenoid and sesquiterpene levels, suggesting that these compounds were possibly the first stage of agarwood formation. A GC/MS analysis demonstrated that the main compound groups were almost identical to the BR parts. (4) Conclusions: The injection of G. candidum led A. sinensis to synthesize different phytochemicals horizontally, not vertically, in the BR group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest causing economic losses to a number of agricultural crops. The present study was conducted to explore the insecticidal potential of some soil bacteria against S. litura. Among the tested bacterial isolates, Shewanella sp. (SS4) and Thauera sp. (M9) caused higher larval mortality. Concentration–response bioassays indicated a dose‐dependent increase in larval mortality with maximum mortality of 80 and 76%, respectively, due to Shewanella sp. and Thauera sp. Both the bacteria negatively affected the growth and development, reduced adult emergence and induced morphological deformities in adults. Nutritional parameters of S. litura i.e. relative growth and consumption rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food as well as approximate digestibility of food decreased with increasing bacterial concentrations. Histopathological studies revealed the disruption of peritrophic membrane and midgut epithelium of larvae. Profiles of digestive enzymes i.e. α‐amylases, α, β‐glucosidases and galactosidases, lipases and proteases were also significantly decreased with bacterial treatment. Comet assay test indicated DNA damage in larval haemocytes due to bacterial infection. These results imply that both these bacterial isolates have the potential as biological control agents and may prove as environmentally friendly alternative for pest management techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]