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Termination of pregnancy in patients with rheumatic diseases is controversial and a bioethical analysis is rarely performed. In this study we analysed the case of a pregnant patient with lupus nephritis unresponsive to treatment, for whom termination of pregnancy is considered. The integrative model was applied combining different normative ethical theories. From a utilitarian perspective, termination of pregnancy is justifiable, seeking the greatest benefit for the greatest number of stakeholders. Deontology justifies both terminating and continuing the pregnancy, focusing on the action itself and on autonomy. In virtue ethics the importance of decisions rests with the person who performs the action seeking flourishing; termination of pregnancy would be justifiable. Interruption of pregnancy is a justifiable solution following the integrative model. Bioethical analysis of paradigmatic cases is essential to ensure the best possible action and as a precedent for future similar situations in rheumatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nursing staff assigned to the Sterilization Centers (CE), have great responsibility for the safety of patient care at the three levels of health care; because contaminated materials and equipment are processed in the EC to deliver them sterile and safe, for use from person to person; Therefore, the bioethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy must be applied from the moment they are received as contaminated equipment until they are used in other users of health services. There must be people trained to administer, process and use a sterile product. Coordination of Sterilization Centers with the multidisciplinary team is essential for the provision of safe equipment and materials and impacts better health care results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the role of bioethics and law in the face of the development of meliorative intervention techniques on the genotype and the brain. With the development of the CRISPR/Cas9 technique in recent years, an individual could enhance his genetic conditions by manipulating his somatic cells. Similarly, with the new BCI techniques, an individual could connect his or her brain to an AI in order to stimulate and enhance certain brain areas. However, both bioethics and law seem to infer a general prohibition of meliorating interventions. What rational arguments support this prohibition? Is the human body an unavailable asset for the individual? Is individual freedom and autonomy unjustifiably limited by it? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-increasing use of drones as war weapons is not a concern that is simply left to the news; it is a problem that involves the entire humanity, especially as an aspect that needs to be studied rigorously from biolaw. Among the nuances that this issue entails, the use of artificial intelligence is perhaps the one that, nowadays, receives the most attention, due to the idea of providing a significant level of autonomy in the selection of targets, and the same moving ability that they can reach. to have. This article aims to contribute to this debate, by reviewing artificial intelligence from a bioethical approach, in relation to the persistence of the responsibility that a human being has as a drone operator in a war context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August 2018, the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM), the body responsible for the supervision and standardization of medical professional practice in Brazil, published a national code of ethics for medical students (CEMS), which standardizes and suggests behaviors, based on the best moral and ethical values, for medical students, supporting the humanization of medicine and indirectly helping teachers and managers of medical courses. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the dissemination and awareness of scientific publications on the Brazilian CEMS code and consisted of an integrative literature review of all publications related to the Brazilian CEMS published from 2005 to the present. We found 4 studies related to regional and university codes of ethics for medical students published from 2005 to 2022, and regarding the CEMS elaborated by the FCM, we found a single study from its launch in 2018 to 2022. A CEMS has universal importance, facilitating the ethical and human development of future physicians, and despite its importance in the training of physicians, there is a lack of published research on the subject in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August 2018, the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM), the body responsible for the supervision and standardization of medical professional practice in Brazil, published a national code of ethics for medical students (CEMS), which standardizes and suggests behaviors, based on the best moral and ethical values, for medical students, supporting the humanization of medicine and indirectly helping teachers and managers of medical courses. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the dissemination and awareness of scientific publications on the Brazilian CEMS code, and consisted of an integrative literature review of all publications related to the Brazilian CEMS published from 2005 to the present. We found 4 studies related to regional and university codes of ethics for medical students published from 2005 to 2022, and regarding the CEMS elaborated by the FCM, we found a single study from its launch in 2018 to 2022. A CEMS has universal importance, facilitating the ethical and human development of future physicians, and despite its importance in the training of physicians, there is a lack of published research on the subject in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the issue of equity in health and justice from the perspective of public health bioethics, describing the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), equating legitimate interests for essential goods, such as health. The conception of John Rawls’ theory of justice is “justice as fairness” and has a seventeenth century contractualism tenor. Although it was not conceived specifically for health and marked by the “difference principle”, it promoted, in the field of health care, the institution of health systems created on the basis of universal access and equity in the distribution of scarce resources. The principles of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) guarantee access to all levels of care, equality in health care, without distinctions or privileges of any kind, integrity in health care, free of charge, community participation and decentralization, regionalization and hierarchization of health actions and services, which gives the SUS a strong Rawlsian bias. The Brazilian model was built on the principle that health is a right of all and a duty of the State, therefore, it is based on the assumption of universal and equal access to health actions and services for its promotion and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study is to point out tensions of the theoretical/practical universe that Bioethics is facing in Brazil, in the search for a praxis for the destination of surplus embryos. We consider that Bioethics analyzes the implications of such practices in society and in relationships between individuals. Brief data from other countries were presented to compare the Brazilian situation progressively from the conceptual point of view and the adoption of measures. The research is a scoping review on the main points that have been hindering the progress of discussions on the subject and consequently the respective solution. The legal status of the embryo was described from several perspectives and theories, with the resulting proposals for the destination of surplus embryos in their positive and negative aspects. The tensions of Bioethics were presented in the context of post-modernity and the consequent social and moral plurality, together with the difficulties of identifying a secular bioethical morality. In the end, we conclude the possibility of proclaiming a consensus on the destination of surplus embryos based on secular morality, supported by the figure of the “moral strangers”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many institutions and social actors are involved in the struggle against addiction, making it a complex social phenomenon. Knowledge about the perspective of those who suffer this type of disorder and seek treatment is essential to produce scientific evidence to elaborate public policies. To analyze perceptions about chemical dependency of patients being treated for disorder associated with psychoactive substances. This is a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory study. We carried out semi-structured interviews with patients hospitalized in a unit specialized in treating addiction from a high-complexity teaching hospital in the south of Brazil. Using Bardin's content analysis, we created four analytical categories to understand the perceptions about this problem, from the perspective of patients: (1) Seeking treatment; (2) Causes of addiction; (3) Pros and cons of using psychoactive substances; and (4) Leading a healthy life. We observed which motives and causes were complementary, as the causes for starting the use of these substances were the same causes for seeking treatment. Furthermore, participants believed psychoactive substances had some utility, though there were more disadvantages than advantages. This is an important element to address in actions of education in health when dealing with this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anthropocentric view of life has led to the exploitation of animals to satisfy the human needs, primary (such as food) and secondary (such as entertainment), without regard for their suffering or well-being. However, Lamarck's and Darwin's theories of evolution erased the dichotomy between human and animal, placing the former as just another species within the entire biological diversity of life. Hans Jonas asserted that the differences between humans and other animals lie in the degree of complexity and not in capabilities, contributing to the idea of biological continuity from a common origin. The anatomic and physiological similarities, the presence of chemical pain mediators, the biochemical and physiological changes in painful situations, as well as the positive response to the use of analgesic medications, demonstrate that other animals feel pain and suffer. The Cambridge Declaration on consciousness emphasizes that it is not necessary to possess a neocortex to be considered sentient, which has led to the analysis of this capacity even in many invertebrates. Do animals feel? Invariably the answer is yes. It is important to consider this to avoid their suffering, as proposed in Peter Singer's sensocentrism theory. Otherwise, we could be accused of discrimination, which, based on species membership, is called speciesism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note presents as a central axis the need for Bioethics in the training of students of the degree in philosophy at the University of Zulia. It reflects the importance of bioethics, given its urgency within our society, whose approach to it could solve pressing problems that grow on a daily basis, particularly within the technological, medical, scientific, legal and moral fields. Through documentary exploration, the relevance of bioethics within philosophical studies is measured. As a result, it is evident how this branch of philosophical knowledge plays a determining role in the professional development and work field of its graduates, since, in current scenarios, it is becoming more common to turn to bioethics consultants to deal with issues related to nature and human condition. It is concluded that bioethics is an indispensable subject for philosophical training within the School of Philosophy of the University of Zulia, given the broad possibilities it has for association with philosophical practice and with the growing demands of the public and private sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the daily practice of medicine, the health professional is faced with situations that may lead him to make an error or omission, perhaps due to excessive workload, lack of institutional equipment, among other things, and this can make patients file a complaint with the different public institutions. Other reasons for complaint may be: an inadequate doctor-patient relationship, providing deficient information, practicing defensive medicine among other causes and in these situations bioethics plays a very important role, so knowing about the subject helps a lot to avoid situations in which the doctor could be sued legally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bimodal teaching combines the best of face-to-face and distance learning to offer comprehensive training in bioethics, a discipline that is responsible for analyzing ethical dilemmas that arise in the field of health and biomedicine, to provide a conceptual framework for the ethical decision-making from theoretical-practical learning and interdisciplinarity, essential tools in the teaching-learning process. The objective of the study was to analyze the current state of bioethical training from the perspective of students in the nursing career. A qualitative, descriptive study of a retrospective nature was carried out, focused on exploring the experiences, perceptions and opinions of 617 students, using the Google form. Their results confirm the essence of this problem, focused on the knowledge of bioethics, which has been directed more to research in clinical practice, from the perspective of teachers and health professionals, there are few studies that show the real vision that have the students of their bioethics training in the Nursing Career, this topic is always a reason for reflection and a link of actions in the training of professionals so that they have contact with the patients, direct lines, criteria, processes, forms of assertive communication and consents for the fulfillment of objectives, responses and solutions to problems that arise in the practice of health, in relation to patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Mental health services have been a focus of human rights advocates and recent legal reforms in some Latin American countries, which have called for a change from the paradigm of hospitalization to one of accompanying and supporting the person with mental health issues, which make it possible to apply the Advance Directives in Psychiatry (PADs). This change will require time, as well as economic, material, and human resources, and transformations in attitudes, culture, and society, but the implementation of PADs cannot be postponed: they must be used to protect the autonomy of the persons affected, within a bioethical framework. Objective. Identify possible bioethical conditions in the prevailing conventional hospital context in Latin America that allow for an implementation of PADs. Method. A participant-observer study was carried out in two psychiatric hospital services from June to September 2022. Results. A thematic analysis found three themes: 1) clinical care, 2) patient predisposition, and 3) medical-legal questions. This study considered part of theme 2, including the following sub-themes: a) patient self-perception, b) biography/narrative versus diagnostic classification, and c) negotiation. Discussion and conclusion. Prominent among the sub-themes discussed are recognition of the values of autonomy and its elements in all of the expressions of the person with mental illness, as well as actions of the physician or health care team in synergy with supported decision- making, a distinctive feature of the anticipatory process of the PAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article applies the concept of normality, in both its descriptive and normative connotations, to the field of mental health, emphasizing its ethical undertones in different cultural and situational contexts. Ethics is defined as the linguistic justification of morals, and bioethics is characterized by arguments based on dialogical, discursive, and deliberative processes. Bioethical decision-making influences human relationships and has implications for diagnosis, prognosis, interventions, and evaluation of therapeutic results and outcomes. Normality in mental health should be reformulated on bioethical principles to avoid being a source of stigma and discrimination, at a time when human diversity and cultural change impose a redefinition of conceptual boundaries and depathologization of different forms of behavior and experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of biopsychosocial factors in the genesis and maintenance of disease is increasingly being recognized. Most illnesses should be studied from a multifactorial perspective to facilitate understanding and treating them. Many psychopathological processes involve factors such as loneliness, hopelessness, and lack of social cohesion. As early as the nineteenth century, J.M. Charcot defined those illnesses in which no organic lesion was visible as functional disorders. Today, the anthropological view of illness known as the Heidelberg School provides us with a more global and comprehensible assessment of illness. The anthropological approach is complemented by a bioethical one, a bioethics of daily life which, as a practical science, studies and evaluates the living conditions of individuals, seeking practical solutions and contributing its reflections with deliberation and care. In this paper, we aim to highlight the most important factors that have an impact on illness by providing an anthropological view of illness and bringing bioethics closer to everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Mental health and psychiatry have been terms of intense and complex use for almost a century, and they may have reached a critical level of ambiguous and imprecise synonymy that makes their definition and validation difficult. Objective. To examine these concepts in depth, establishing precise distinctions, ontological connections, and instrumental scope reinforced by well-defined ideas in ethics and bioethics. Method. Narrative review of pertinent literature, consultation with diverse scientific, medical, historical, philosophical, and literary sources, with appropriate analysis of ethical and bioethical practices. Results. A broad, comprehensive definition is elaborated of mental health as a field with sociocultural, political, and demographic implications, and of psychiatry as a medical specialty. In addition to making clear distinctions and describing the specific impact of both fields on diverse populations, various levels of conceptual linkages, sociopolitical action, and ethical content are highlighted, as well as in processes of administration, education, and research. Discussion and conclusion. There are factors that reinforce or weaken the scope of mental health and psychiatry, including their ethical and bioethical dimensions. Their effectiveness requires a reaffirmation of objectives and the reinforcement of individual and institutional initiatives, as well as the search for authentic connections and a social projection that is objective, comprehensive, and just. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text presents the notion of anthropological algology as an integrative discipline for approaching diagnosis and treatment of pain, particularly in its chronic forms and considering its expressive and affective dimensions. The challenge for the helping professions and health institutions demands a bioethical stance base don dialogue and deliberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the work and performance of the bioethicist and feminist doctor Fátima Oliveira, who worked on behalf of the health of the black population based on her awareness of ancestrally. Thus, the text is built from a quick contextualization of the themes it addresses - such as bioethics and ancestrally - integrating these issues in Fátima Oliveira's performance as a doctor and leader of feminist movements. The Bioethics developed by Oliveira also assumes critical perspectives, especially in the face of issues related to the issue of women and the health of the black population. The article shows that ancestry is present in the life and work of Fátima, not so much because of a theorization of the theme, but because of the consciousness and identity that marked her work and pioneering spirit. This text does not exhaust the richness of the work of the studied author but seeks to indicate some elements that can keep the memory of Fátima Oliveira as one of the outstanding feminist bioethicists in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a review of the state of the art on bioethics in the context of public school education. Through a documentary analysis, trends in this field are examined based on various teaching-learning processes. Among the results, the importance of developing critical thinking through the active participation of students is emphasized, aiming to foster reasoning and moral decision-making while incorporating real-life situations from their context. Certain bioethical topics that students do not handle confidently need to be strengthened. The suggestion is to expand the analysis to determine whether socio-economic conditions in the context of public school education lead students to neglect bioethical principles. Therefore, discussing resilience and will in this context implies the ability to sustain a discourse and a framework of action, as bioethics should be lived and experienced in terms of its principles and values. In this sense, it becomes a capacity to be a leader and set an example for a community so that the entire theory is credible and can be practiced. Finally, it is hoped that bioethics can gain recognition in the context of public school education, especially in communities that also need guidance on bioethical principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the knowledge of professionals working in an Intensive Care Unit regarding the communication of bad news. Method: A qualitative and exploratory study conducted in a regional hospital in the state of Maranhão from May to November 2019. The study involved 29 higher-level professionals. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. Results: The data were categorized into three groups: self-perception during the communication of bad news, perception of the context of the communication process, and perception of the other as the recipient of bad news. Conclusion: The interviewees communicated bad news instinctively and without following protocols. However, some steps of the protocol were highlighted, emphasizing the importance of careful communication in these situations. They recognized the need for additional training in delivering bad news to enhance the service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Bioethics has gained increasing theoretical and practical relevance in our time, especially in light of the challenging event of COVID-19 for public health. This study aims to analyze the pandemic's impact on mental health. Through a qualitative review methodology, a bioethical evaluation of research protocols related to coronavirus and/or COVID-19 approved by CONEP will be conducted. This analysis extends to their reflection in publications registered on the Scielo platform, whether or not they are linked to the approved research protocols by CONEP, along with their respective descriptions (or lack thereof) of the risks for participants involved in the research. Furthermore, the contribution of the field of bioethics to this research scenario will be assessed. Conclusion: It is observed that there is still limited production of empirical studies involving the descriptors "mental health" and "COVID-19". Studies that incorporate bioethics as one of the analytical categories are even scarcer. This, however, does not align with the nature of the moral dilemmas that the syndemic of COVID-19 has brought to healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article aims to analyze violence against older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of bioethics. It is a reflective article with a qualitative and descriptive approach focusing on the issue of violence against older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, viewed through the lens of bioethics, specifically centered on the ethical principle of autonomy. Method: The article presents a narrative that addresses the following relevant aspects: the awareness movement concerning older adults, the importance of Health Education about older adults on social media, and bioethics and respect for the autonomy of older adults. Results: The promotion of strategies to reduce harm suffered by older adults who are victims of violence should include support for families and initiatives enabling access to public policies at various levels. Society and the government should create conditions to track down both perpetrators and victims, and provide assistance to older adults who have been victims of violence. It is also important to consider institutions that can accommodate older adults victimized by aggression. Conclusion: Conducting studies on the importance of interventionist bioethics is recommended to protect the rights of older adults through public policies ensuring access to healthcare and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Faced with the ability to maintenance vital functions artificially, new ethical concerns arise among health professionals regarding death. It is been questioned from ethics if the care team should always do everything necessary and possible to prevent the death of a patient. Objective: to analyze the bioethical aspects of limiting therapeutic effort in end-of-life patients, encourage reflection and contribute to improving end-of-life care. Method: a narrative and integrative review of the scientific literature was performed by searching for publications in meta-search engines and databases of PubMed, SciELO and the journal of Nursing Ethics. A total of 6,325 studies published since 2018 were identified and a total of 9 articles were included. Results/Discussion: Issues presented by professionals regarding making-decisions at the end of life, the need to improve training in ethics and aspects related to patients in their last days, palliative care and the limitation of therapeutic effort are described. Only a minority of studies are focused on nursing. Conclusions: professional's decisions are influenced by values, emotions, beliefs and experiences, which, together with the difficulty that sometimes exists to establish an accurate clinical diagnosis, makes it difficult to limit therapeutic effort. It is therefore necessary to improve training in ethics and knowledge about end-of-life processes from professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the issue of sexual diversity in the context of Bioethics. The research is based on an integrative literature review on sexual diversity and bioethics and analyzes the results found considering the understanding of moral vulnerability. For the review, the following guiding question was established: What are the main themes related to the scientific production on sexual diversity and bioethics? The results indicate that although there are advances in the conception of rights and formulation of public policies for these groups, there are barriers and resistance in implementation that may express the difficulty of society in living with difference. Therefore, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transvestite, Transsexual, and Intersex people may be morally weakened by a legitimation of exclusions and violence by the ethos of the majority of society, not rarely from theoretical arguments and elaborated with broad philosophical, theological, legal or scientific basis. This is a unique expression of moral vulnerability that should be studied more carefully in future work in the various fields of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the frequency and characteristics of the use of Informed Consent (IC) for the use of biological samples from clinical care for research purposes in a Peruvian hospital. Setting: Northern Peru Hospital. Material and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study developed during 2018, in 50 laboratory workers, through an interview using a questionnaire validated by 5 bioethic experts. Results: 30/50 were women; mean years of service: 6.5; 42% biologists, 30% medical technologists, and 25% technicians; according to academic degree: 46% Bachelor, 26% Master and 24% technicians; 24/50 reported training in ethics, being: 15/26 (talks), 8/26 (short courses) and 3/26 (graduates); 76% know of the need for IC to use samples; 78% and 64% of those surveyed explain the procedure to hospitalized patients and relatives of unconscious patients, respectively; 74% of those surveyed explain the sampling; 24% report that sometimes/almost always, "keep part of the sample" without the patient's IC; 52% do not explain to the patient/relative the confidentiality of the information; 44% state that they always/sometimes carry out "additional analyzes to those requested" with the sample. Conclusion: there are deficiencies in the ethical training of the respondents, and despite knowing the importance of the IC for the use of biological samples intended for clinical care, its use for research was evidenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim is to describe the human experiments --without the patients' consent-- in the cities of Bergen (Norway), Tuskegee (Alabama, USA) and Guatemala City as a categorical imperative to rescue them from bibliographic darkness. They are related with a look from the era of Medicine-based on Values. The despicable events are interrelated with bioethics and philosophical anthropology to prevent events such as those narrated from happening again. First, not harm!. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gianni Vattimo writes in his work La vita dell'altro: bioetica senza metafisica (2006) his criticism of Catholic bioethics, identifies that the metaphysical discourse is responsible for the ethical norms of Western societies always linked to the idea of a "creator God". In this sense, metaphysics is the main component of the notion of God as an entity that sustains it apart from the world. The phrase "throwing away the creator God" appears in the work as an appeal by the philosopher to think about other ethical and bioethical constructions in the contemporary world, but it also opens space for reconsidering other ways to think about God. This article seeks to analyze Vattimo's critique of bioethics based on metaphysics, but also seeks keys in the author's work to compose an alternative to this model, which can be found in his ethics of provenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study is to describe sociodemographic characteristics, quality of life of the elderly, and coercion associated with retirement. Methods: Cross-sectional study, with elderly people already retired. Data were collected using three instruments on: sociodemographic aspects, evaluation of expression of coercion in relation to retirement and quality of life. After the data were analyzed quantitatively, through descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: The sample consisted of 50 retired elderly people with an average age of 70.78 years. Of the elderly, 37 (74%) were female, with most participants being married and with an average of 19.3 years of schooling. The average quality of life of the sample was 80.1%. Regarding coercion, the results show that 84% of the interviewees had a low perception of coercion associated with their decision to retire. Conclusion: In the sample studied, it was possible to verify that most of the elderly were responsible for making the decision to retire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Enteral feeding in patients with dementia poses an ethical-clinical challenge. This article presents the validation process of a questionnaire to know doctors' opinions on the matter and its preliminary results. Materials and methods: An anonymous questionnaire was prepared to obtain doctors' views about enteral feeding. I was aimed at palliative care, geriatrics, internal medicine, and neurology specialists from public and private care centers attending to three clinical cases of patients with dementia at different stages of evolution. The questions addressed four fields: motivations for starting or stopping enteral feeding, therapeutic adequacy, euthanasia, and decision-making. Results: A response rate of 64 % was attained. The questionnaire turned out to be a tool with acceptable validity and reliability. Palliative care and geriatrics specialists were more likely to adapt therapeutic efforts and integrate the family into decisions. Internal medicine and neurology professionals tended to be more invasive in their treatments. Conclusion: The results allow us to recommend the questionnaire to assess professionals' attitudes toward the most relevant bioethical issues in the care of patients with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions around euthanasia have gained in presence and intensity in recent decades. However, the legal articulation of euthanasia and its social acceptance has been and still is problematic. After a brief introduction to its history and fundamental concepts, this article analyzes what we call "euthanasia on psychiatric-psychological grounds", a particularly conflictive form of euthanasia because of its implications for areas such as autonomy, identity or responsibility, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the epidemiological aspects of hepatitis B in children and adolescents, discussing the results found in the light of bioethical principles. This is a cross-sectional, retrospective study, based on a time series of cases, whose notification data were extracted from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and vaccination data from the National Immunization Program Information System - SIPNI, from 2011 to 2020. 889 cases of hepatitis B were reported in the study population. Most participants were aged between 15 and 19 years old 738 (83%), female 549 (62%), brown skin color 637 (72%) living in the urban area 490 (55%) and with incomplete elementary education 279 (31%). The probable source of infection was through sexual intercourse 450 (51%). The most common clinical form was Chronic Hepatitis 496 (56%). Most of those infected with Hepatitis B were unvaccinated individuals 298 (34%). In the light of bioethics, the results show that the practice of vaccination can contemplate bioethical principles, since the degree of autonomy depends on a type of planned intervention and the greater the relationship between benefit and burden, taking into account the principles of beneficence and not maleficence, the less decisive is this autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is an analysis of the literature on the bioethical aspect of autonomy in relation to immunization against Hepatitis B and HPV in adolescence. A bibliographic review was carried out based on the prism method, which included articles in Portuguese and English which were searched on the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) and the National Library of Medicine (PUBMED), using the following descriptors Hepatitis B Vaccines, bioethics, Humans. The results demonstrated the efficiency of health professionals in contacting the individual and convincing him/her through an open dialogue and creation of bonds. It was also evidenced the study evidenced the patient's right to progressive autonomy, in which he gains the right to some choices such as immunizations of sexually transmitted diseases, such as Hepatitis B and HPV, however it is necessary for the adolescent to be educated about immunization. Therefore, the adolescent's right to progressive autonomy is recognized, regarding the choice of immunizations against Hepatitis B and HPV, however, it must be considered that these individuals are instructed on the individual and/or collective benefits of vaccination, contemplated by health education activities by qualified professionals, aiming to expand the global coverage of immunization with diseases that characterize public health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nationwide opinion survey was applied, in which each physician was able to express his or her feelings, understanding and personal opinion in the context of quality of life at work and bioethics. A structured questionnaire with relevant topics was used, sent by the Informatics Department of the Federal Council of Medicine to the 95,022 valid e-mails registered, and 426 complete responses were obtained. There were negative manifestations; on average, more than 50% of the specific responses, which evidenced that the lack of quality of life at work acts negatively on the understanding and opinion of physicians on bioethics and the doctor-patient relationship, and not necessarily that this manifestation is materialized through their actions. There were responsive physicians who, through their responses, were able to demonstrate that a lack of quality of life at work can alter and deconstruct this relationship in the context of bioethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Regional Councils of Medicine are responsible for the first instance evaluation of ethical-professional complaints against physicians in each federation state. The relevance of the study is based on the importance of evaluating the professional profile of the reported physician, the characteristics of the complaints, and the judging body performance. This study assessed 966 complaints against physicians made to the Regional Council of Medicine of Minas Gerais (CRM/MG) from 2012 to 2017. There was no difference in the average age of the professionals or the period of professional practice. Gynecology, Internal Medicine, General Surgery, and Plastic Surgery comprised most of the complaints regarding medical specialties. The non-specialty reports reached 323 (34%) cases and predominated over the years studied. The number of acquittals was relatively high, in a total of 535 cases, in which the Regional Council of Medicine of Minas Gerais (CRM/MG) considered the complaints unfounded. The hypothesis of a certain corporativism of the CRM did not seem viable since thirty cases received harsher punishments, and among them, eight were removed from professional practice. Some professionals were reported more than once. It is worth noting that the number of recidivists and cases progressively decreased from 2012 to 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The Advance Directives in Psychiatry (ADP) are embedded in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and in the legal norm as constituents of the right of individuals to have support mechanisms in advance decisions about their health, which call for a change from the paternalistic care position to that of accompaniment in decision-making in mental health care. This change requires several transformations for ADPs to become a reality. Bioethics can make the application of ADP viable. Objective. Recognize the bioethical conditions that facilitate supported decision-making as part of the execution of the ADP. Method. A participant observation was conducted in two psychiatric inpatient departments, between June and September 2022. Results. Through a thematic analysis, three themes were obtained: clinical care, patient predisposition and medical-legal issues. This study considered only a part of theme 2 with its subthemes: Self-perception of patients, negotiation, and family. Discussion and conclusion. The self-perception of patients, the negotiation they do with doctors and the family involvement of people with mental conditions are bioethical conditions that facilitate common decision-making and with it, the implementation of ADP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2020, the appearance of COVID-19 has revealed multiple challenges for bioethics, due to the rush to find a treatment or vaccine to combat this disease, however, this is not a justification for exceeding bioethical limits. Dignity is an inherent value of the human being, which is protected by bioethical principles and other principles such as equity, transparency and proportionality, to support each of the parts of the investigation. The objective of this study is to describe the bioethical challenges in research in humans during the COVID-19 pandemic. A search was carried out for scientific articles and material published between 2020 and 2022, both from scientific journals and from government health institutions and bioethics societies. Twenty-one articles that met the established criteria were selected. The importance of the role played by the research ethics committees to regulate interventions in humans and avoid the violation of the rights, dignity and integrity of the participating subjects in order to generate positive results for the entire population was evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foundation: the World Health Organization defines euthanasia as the deliberate action carried out by a person with the intention of causing the painless death of another subject, or not preventing death from natural causes, in case of terminal illness or irreversible coma. Objective: to identify the information level about euthanasia as a professional dilemma in sixth level nursing students. Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional research carried out from October 2021 to March 2022 at the Los Andes Regional Autonomous University. The studied population was 43 sixth level nursing students. The studied variables were: perception of the euthanasia definition, personal criteria on the application of euthanasia, perception of the doctor's determination in the use of euthanasia and criteria of the students on the indicated person to decide on euthanasia. Results: 79 % recognize that euthanasia is a procedure that helps end the life of the patient who is critically ill. 46% believe that euthanasia should only be applied to patients with incurable diseases. Almost half of those surveyed believe that the doctor should determine the application of euthanasia. More than half responded that the person indicated to decide on euthanasia should be the patient himself. Conclusions: the euthanasia conflict is determined by the ethics involved in the matter in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology can be used in pedagogical ways to improve the research skills and critical thinking of college students when they reflect on the causes and effects of the Anthropocene and climate change. This article analyzes a strategy implemented in the second semester of 2021 with twenty-seven (27) students enrolled in a lecture course entitled Saint Albertus Magnus: Science, Technology, and Bioethics, which is part of the Bachelor of Engineering program offered by Saint Thomas Aquinas University in Tunja. First, this article discusses some definitions of the Anthropocene and climate change, giving the reader some context about their impact and consequences in regions in South and Central America. Second, it presents arguments for using certain technological applications as pedagogical mediators that enable students to get closer to research from a pragmatic perspective. In conclusion, some technological applications such as Google Earth--accompanied by several types of questions--spark students' curiosity, interest, and amazement, bringing them closer to science. These applications, in combination, contribute to their critical-reflective thinking about these phenomena that threaten and put life at risk on a planetary scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protection of personal data in health systems requires special measures and procedures to ensure that the privacy of the information is not violated. Advances in digital technology and access to real-time transmission of personal, family, clinical, and laboratory data of patients and/or study subjects may compromise the protection of this information. The privacy of personal data in health in times of pandemic has meant a greater challenge, that is why this unique contribution is presented, whose objective is to identify the ethical and regulatory safeguards in terms of data protection to guarantee full respect for the privacy rights of people and the confidentiality of their data, under the context of health care, especially in conditions of health crisis, such as the one experienced during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. It also proposes a legislative harmonization in Latin America, on privacy and protection of personal data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to offer a genealogical positioning of the problems that have arisen around the COVID-19 pandemic, it is examined through four moments: a) the emergence of the virus and the disease, b) the spread of the virus and declaration of the pandemic, c) control of the disease and contagion, and d) discovery of the vaccine and the postpandemic. With this analysis we can affirm that bioethics is capable of developing a critical reflection on the need to limit the aims of predation as an objective: commercial health, relationship between human beings, environment and animal species in a natural habitat, human rights, racial discrimination, infodemic, access to resources and medical attention, "new normalities in the post-pandemic". Thus, bioethics must be projected towards a critical global and social bioethics based on systematic studies in health and life sciences that look at human behavior within moral principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ecuador, there is evidence of a growing private proliferation of "Specialized Addiction Treatment Centers" - CETAD, since the State does not supply itself with its infrastructures. Establishments that carry very serious complaints for violation of human rights and bioethical standards. The purpose of this work includes an analysis of the ethical and human rights performance at the level of mental health within these "treatments". In this bibliographic review, 70 articles were explored, selecting the 31 main ones published between 2017 and 2022 from the databases: Scielo, MEDLINE, Dialnet, Psicodoc, PsycArticles. As a result, it stands out that the State must actively assume the rehabilitation processes for drug addictions, since the spread of private centers has become a business, where constitutional norms and bioethical parameters are violated. It is concluded that, at the health level, the violation of deontological, ethical, and human rights codes violates bioethical standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

in the healthcare activity carried out by health professionals, informed consent (IC) instrumentalizes the acquiescence of the patient concerning the procedure and/or surgical intervention. There is a scattered regulation in the Peruvian legal system about IC. In the Inter-American system, essential precedents establish the minimum content the patient should be informed of before consent. Compliance with 22 necessary elements and nine desirable elements in the IC forms was evaluated under the current legal system and the supranational provisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR Court). These categories were validated through the judgment of expert lawyers and health professionals. The target population consisted of 456 consent forms applied in public health facilities in Metropolitan Lima from 2019-2021. In all the formats, the necessary elements associated with patient data, the health professional, and the name of the procedure or surgical intervention are fulfilled. There is no desirable element that is fulfilled in all of these formats. In this sense, there are gaps in the content of these forms in Peruvian health facilities, so the informative aspect should be vindicated to achieve fully effective acts of consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

how to teach bioethics rigorously and attractively? This paper develops one of the pedagogical strategies implemented by a research team of the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Buenos Aires to transmit Bioethics through online platforms. Based on the methodology of the Casebook Unesco of Psychiatry and Mental Health, a multiple-choice exercise was designed in Moodle's educational platform, which presents complex ethical dilemmas clearly. The purpose of the activity is to provide a tool to contemplate the effects of the course of action for the field of health and subjectivity. The exercise consists of providing different levels of help for the resolution of the dilemmatic situation, through the reference to relevant bibliographic sources, with particular emphasis on the articulation of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights and the deontological codes that govern professional practice. Using case-vignettes in virtual environments aims to develop competencies that allow students to participate in decision-making processes actively. This calls for the collective construction of knowledge through dialogic exchange and ethical deliberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this is a bibliometric review of the burnout syndrome that affected health professionals during Covid-19, the ethical conflicts that precede and follow it, and the strategies to combat it. Methodology/approach: a bibliometric review was carried out in which review articles, cross-sectional studies, meta-analyses, and qualitative studies from all over the world were systematically identified. Once the selection filters were applied, the results were analyzed using Diego Gracia's deliberative method. Results: four main subthemes were identified: incidence of burnout during the Covid-19 pandemic, ethical stressors that favor burnout syndrome, consequences of this syndrome, and strategies to prevent and combat it. Each subtopic is described from the individual, institutional, and societal levels. Discussion/conclusions: it is argued with Diego Gracia's theory, and a hierarchy of ethical principles involved in burnout is presented; some factors favor the appearance of this professional disease with a deep bioethical significance, in which problems of moral and economic recognition, equity, job security, the duty of care, good medical practice and the welfare of the patient, the family and society in general underlie. Similarly, the consequences of the syndrome have repercussions in the social, institutional, and individual spheres, so interventions for its prevention and care must also have a pluralistic and diverse approach from the macro, meso, and micro levels. In this sense, it is necessary to strengthen research and education strategies to understand, explain, and comprehensively address the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This work aims to analyze failures in scientific integrity on the part of Latin American research personnel. Methodology: anonymous and voluntary questionnaires were carried out after dealing with this topic in 121 scientific writing courses/thesis workshops in Latin America, mainly in Argentina, for 20 years (2001-2020). Results: The 2064 valid responses showed that 60% had five or more years of graduation, 48.6% indicated improper co-authorship, and 28.9% that their name was omitted from publications. 24.9% acknowledged having omitted their name from publications. Some 24.9% acknowledged having committed some misconduct in their career. The coercion to which he was subjected to do so was recognized by 56.7%. 60.7 % of the 512 people were unaware that it was a mistake. Misconduct was the most frequent misconduct (46 %), followed by plagiarism and misrepresentation of data. In first-hand accounts, salami publication, data duplication, theft, bribery, and image manipulation stand out. None of the persons who took previous bioethics training courses (0/560) committed inappropriate acts of their own accord. Conclusion: scientific personnel commits a relatively high percentage of scientific integrity failures; providing scientific integrity courses has a decisive role in self-monitoring to avoid them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this integrative review of the literature aims to highlight and discuss the bioethical aspects of end-of-life patient care in the Brazilian context. Specifically, it seeks to identify the circumstances related to these bioethical aspects and their triggering factors. Publications by Brazilian authors published between 2014 and 2020 were selected. The search was conducted in October 2020 through PubMed and SciELO electronic databases. Of the 231 articles found, 24 were selected. Two categories comprising bioethical aspects emerged from the thematic analysis: "(not) dying with dignity" and "therapeutic obstinacy and futility." Six circumstances related to these bioethical aspects and 15 triggering factors were identified. The aspects were mainly associated with the non-acceptance of death, failures in the academic training of health professionals, and insufficient knowledge about palliative care concepts and practices. Therefore, integrating bioethics teaching in professional training and practice becomes fundamental for the care of patients at the end of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the research has an exploratory qualitative approach to identify health students' perception of obstetric violence and its relationship with a bioethical perspective based on the postulates of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. For this purpose, an electronic questionnaire was applied to 102 health students, the majority female, up to 25 years of age, and inhabitants of the Federal District, Brazil, without children. From the answers, it is possible to perceive that knowledge about obstetric violence does not necessarily occur in the formal academic context, Having considerable importance in the debate among students and other sources of information, such as the internet and media. Concerning knowledge of Bioethics, although most of the participants claimed to have, it is perceived that it was limited in terms of the meaning of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights and its application in the specific case. It is concluded that there is a significant gap in the ethical training of health professionals and that the academic community should stimulate the development of critical thinking in their students instead of inhibiting it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]