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IntroductionAs rural-to-urban migration accelerates, rural areas are experiencing a significant increase in empty-nesters among the older adults. Influenced by traditional concepts of filial piety, older adults in rural areas heavily rely on the family-based old care model, creating a complex interplay between supply and demand for older adults’ care. This study investigates the relationship between intergenerational support and older adults’ care expectations in rural areas. We construct measures of financial and care expectations of older adults’ care to reflect older adults’ intentions and choices.MethodsThis study uses data from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and rural case studies to employ a binomial logit regression model, moderation effect analysis, and in-depth interviews.ResultsOur research reveals that the level of financial expectations for older adults’ care is inversely related to the extent of financial support from the parental generation but positively related to the level of financial support from the offspring. However, the older adults’ care expectations do not appear to be influenced by intergenerational support. Furthermore, population characteristics of the parental generation, such as educational attainment, age, and marital status, moderate the relationship between intergenerational support and older adults’ care expectations. Educational attainment negatively moderates the impact of parental financial support on financial expectations, age positively moderates offspring’s financial support on financial expectations. However, age negatively moderates offspring’s financial support on care expectations, while marital status positively moderates offspring’s financial support on care expectations.DiscussionThese findings help to elucidate the older adults’ care expectations of rural residents during the process of urbanization and social transformation, offering family-centered solutions such as ‘promoting cohabitation or proximity of children to their parents, developing diverse older adults’ care models based on different family situations, and ensuring the provision of basic older adults’ care services’ to address the current challenges of rural older adults’ care in China.

Introduction: As rural-to-urban migration accelerates, rural areas are experiencing a significant increase in empty-nesters among the older adults. Influenced by traditional concepts of filial piety, older adults in rural areas heavily rely on the family-based old care model, creating a complex interplay between supply and demand for older adults' care. This study investigates the relationship between intergenerational support and older adults' care expectations in rural areas. We construct measures of financial and care expectations of older adults' care to reflect older adults' intentions and choices., Methods: This study uses data from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and rural case studies to employ a binomial logit regression model, moderation effect analysis, and in-depth interviews., Results: Our research reveals that the level of financial expectations for older adults' care is inversely related to the extent of financial support from the parental generation but positively related to the level of financial support from the offspring. However, the older adults' care expectations do not appear to be influenced by intergenerational support. Furthermore, population characteristics of the parental generation, such as educational attainment, age, and marital status, moderate the relationship between intergenerational support and older adults' care expectations. Educational attainment negatively moderates the impact of parental financial support on financial expectations, age positively moderates offspring's financial support on financial expectations. However, age negatively moderates offspring's financial support on care expectations, while marital status positively moderates offspring's financial support on care expectations., Discussion: These findings help to elucidate the older adults' care expectations of rural residents during the process of urbanization and social transformation, offering family-centered solutions such as 'promoting cohabitation or proximity of children to their parents, developing diverse older adults' care models based on different family situations, and ensuring the provision of basic older adults' care services' to address the current challenges of rural older adults' care in China., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wu, Xie, Guan and Li.)

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the perceived downward accountability and transparency of two public services -- water supply and sewage and local road maintenance -- in the Sarajevo Canton in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Design/Methodology/Approach: An opinion survey1 on a sample of 250 respondents and four binomial regressions were conducted to measure the factors that affect the perceived downward accountability and transparency of the two public services. Findings: The results of binomial logit regressions indicate that in terms of perceived accountability and transparency of water supply and sewage, significant variables include gender, education, and satisfaction with the price the respondents pay for such service. Significant variables for perceived local road maintenance accountability include satisfaction with regular and winter local road maintenance, while for perceived transparency an additional significant variable is education. Academic contribution to the field: Although publications and literature dealing with the implementation of New Public Management in developed countries are plentiful, this is not the case in transition countries. The paper examines the case of the Sarajevo Canton and contributes to the research of perceived downward accountability and transparency. It may serve as a basis for further studies on public sector management in other local communities or small transition countries. Originality/Value: The paper contributes to the limited empirical literature regarding the perceived accountability and transparency and suggests ways to improve such. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterborne diseases due to contaminated water remain a severe problem in most of the developing world. The situation is serious in Sialkot the district of Punjab where groundwater is contaminated due to effluents' improper disposal. The current study is designed to find the determinants of willingness to pay (WTP) by households for clean drinking water supply in the affected area. A contingent valuation survey approach and a stratified random sampling technique have been applied. A double bounded dichotomous choice question followed by an open-ended question format has been used to elicit WTP and maximum willingness of the respondents for clean drinking water supply. Logit and Multiple Linear Regression Model is used as an econometric tool to analyze the data. The results reveal that as the income of the respondent increases, the WTP for the clean water supply also increases. While multiple regression reveals a monthly mean WTP of Rs. 234.54 which is greatly affected by age, household income, education, and environmental awareness i.e. respondents with higher household income and a higher level of education are willing to pay more for a clean water supply. Residents who are living closer to the tanneries are more affected and their WTP is higher [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strategies expected to mitigate poverty tend to identify factors that are closely related to poverty and that could have influenced the policy implications. A household level data was collected to examine the poverty status and factors affecting poverty in Southern Punjab. A logistic regression technique was employed for the present analyses. The findings show that age and education of the household head, own house, spouse participation, remittances, number of earners in the household and physical assets reduces the probability of being poor in Southern Punjab. However, large household size, occupation in the primary sector, high dependency ratio and mental disability are associated with an increased probability of being poor in Southern Punjab. Government should adopt effective policy measures to generate employment and encourage the attainment of education for the poor households for the mitigation of poverty in this region.

Local knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs) among local growers are required to design effective vegetable productivity-enhancing interventions. However, limited studies have been conducted in Kenya to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices on production performance of AIVs. A survey was conducted among 600 AIV growers in Busia, Nyamira and Machakos Counties of Kenya to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding AIVs and their contribution on output/yield. Primary data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire supplemented with key informant interviews. Results showed significant knowledge and positive attitude of farmers regarding AIVs, but insignificant use of improved farming practices. The study used a binary logistic regression to identify the variables that are associated with yield increase in AIVs production. It was established that by employing a 5% criterion of statistical significance, ploughing tools, land proportion allotted to the cultivation of AIVs, and water irrigation in AIVs farming significantly influenced the output/yield. Whereas the agro-ecological zones, gender of the farmer, and the fact of being trained in AIVs farming were statistically significant at 10%. On the other hand, farmers' KAP was not statistically significant. An important implication of this result is that farmers' personal characteristics need to be taken into consideration when planning developmental programmes for them. We encourage further intervention studies to be done to complement these findings in order to enable effective methods of interventions to boost production of AIVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates not only the role of education but also identifies the extent to which educational profile of women could explain their Labour Force Participation (LFP) in North Cyprus. Using a cross-sectional data on Household Survey 2011 by the North Cyprus State Planning Organization, our binomial logit regression result suggests that education is significant in explaining the likelihood of women to participate in the labour force in North Cyprus. The result also shows that residence and age of women significantly affect their labour force participation. While places of residence negatively affect LFP of women, age increases their LFP up to a given level, after which their participation would begin to decline. This result validates the inverse U-shaped pattern of LFP of women for North Cyprus. More so, strong evidence emerges that marital status, non-market income and family size negatively affect LFP of women in North Cyprus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]