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In this article, a chemical kinetics mechanism was proposed for the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) system of mixed-abrasive slurry. Under the consideration of a pad as a sort of catalyst, a polishing rate equation was deduced. Compared to the previous equations, the present equation is in terms of the abrasive concentration. With the limited experimental data, the present equation may work for describing the CMP mechanism.

A chemical kinetics model was proposed to describe the abrasive size effect on chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). The model is based on the consideration of a pad as a sort of catalyst and the re-adhering of abrasives due to the large size. Therefore, a general equation was deduced according the chemical kinetics methodology to give the meanings of the size effect. Finally, according a set of data related to the abrasive size effect on CMP, a possible form can be PR= αC C C T X A C WA n /[ β + γX A C WA n ] where α , β , γ and n are the parameters in a CMP system.

To investigate the clinical characteristics,prognosis, survival and diagnosis of primary renalsarcoma.In the study,17 cases of renal sarcoma were reviewed and analyzed, the incidence, clinical manifestations, treatments and prognosis of renal sarcoma discussed and analyzed, and the correlated literature also reviewed.Radical nephrectomy was the main treatment for 16 cases, one case was punctured and pathologized. The distributions of pathology were leiomyosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, synoviosarcoma, liposarcoma, and clear-cell sarcoma. Thirteen of the subjects were followed-up, and the time of survival varied from 7 to 132 months.Renal sarcomas are rare and highly malignant and the prognosis is poor. Early diagnosis and radical nephrectomy can prolong the patient's life.

To further investigate the management and prognosis of primary urethral cancer in male.We treated 3 cases of primary urethral cancer from 2001 to 2011 and followed them up for recurrence and survival.The 3 male patients all received adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, and 2 of them were treated by distal urethrectomy, while the other underwent no surgery. Follow-up visits revealed 2 cases of metastasis and 1 case of death.Primary cancer of the male urethra is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis, for which radical resection is the main treatment method. Those in the relatively advanced stage can be treated by a combined method of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

In this paper we present an approach for predicting polishing rate with the main parameters in the recipe. Compared with Preston's equation, a dimensional analysis-based equation, RR = A × (DF/BP) 1/2 X (TR/TT) b X TT, was given. We used a method called dimensional analysis to deduce an empirical equation. We successfully correlated the polishing rate with the operational parameters, such as the turntable rotational speed, the top-ring rotational speed, downforce, and back-side pressure. For the convenience of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process engineers, we proposed a simple method to help predict the polishing rate. With the experimental data, the presented equation seems workable.

American soil and water conservation policy.- Measuring the benefits of water quality improvement: recent U.S. practice.- Wash load, autosuspensions and hyperconcentrations.- An outline for planning development of river basins: a regional approach.- New research directions in agricultural hydrology and erosion.- Expert systems and river basin management.- Sediment yield variations as a function of incised channel evolution.- Synthesis of data on bed configurations in alluvial channels, and the effect of water temperature and suspended-load concentration.- Erosion control and reservoir deposition.- Flood forecasting and its reliability.- Remarks.- The importance of Yellow River safety and the urgency of research for its control.- Temporal and spatial distribution of heavy rain in the middle and lower reaches of the Huanghe river.- Some problems of flooding and its prevention in the lower Yellow River.- Simulation of flood propagation in channel of the Yellow River by convection-diffusion equation.- A general survey of problems in flood study on the lower reach of the Yellow River.- Fluvial processes of the lower Yellow River and estimation of flood conditions.- The temporal and spatial variation of erosion and sediment yield on the Loess Plateau.- Study of counter measures for the Yellow River regulation and flood prevention.- A story of soil loss and soil degradation on the Loess Plateau in China.- On the strategy of harnessing the Yellow River.- The prospects of flood control measures on the lower Yellow River.- Tentative ideas for controlling the aggradation of the lower Yellow River in the near and remote future.- The proper measures for flood management and water resources exploitation on the Yellow River.- Yellow River sediment problems and synopsis on the strategy of harnessing the river.- Discussion of the lifespan of the present channel of the lower Yellow River.- Study on and assessment of flood prevention measures on the lower Yellow River.- Flood characteristics and design flood for flood protection in lower Yellow River.- Flood forecasting and flood warning system in the lower Yellow River.- Ice floods on the lower reach of the Yellow River and measures for ice flood prevention.- Current utilization and future prospects of water resources of the Yellow River.- Sedimentation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and its basic laws.- Harnessing and development of the Loess Plateau in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.- Assessment of sediment reduction due to upland water and soil conservation works in the Yellow River.- Evolution of the course of the lower Yellow River in past history.- Review of measures for reducing sedimentation of the lower Yellow River.- Estimate of reduction in deposition in lower Yellow River by warping on floodplains.- Effects and significance of water and sediment regulation by reservoirs in the middle Yellow River.- Effects of river training works on flood control.- Improvement of the mouth of the Yellow River and sediment disposal.- Sediment problems in diverting water-to-water supply in the lower Yellow River.- Synopsis of the west-route project of south-to-north water transfer from the Yangtze to the Yellow River.- Postface.