Search

Egyptians of the predynastic era had a good decimal number system for counting and addition. Although, up to some times, they had problem in counting beyond a million, by the dawn of their history, Narmer, the founder of the first Egyptian dynasty had accountants that could record 400,000 cows and 1,422,000 goats of a war booty. Except for some ambiguities in the case of Mayan number system, specialists in the history of mathematics can guess that how the counting system of the various civilizations evolved into one of the number systems in base 10, 20, 60, etc. There is a puzzle in the mixture of the Egyptian decimal and binary number systems which we are going to discuss and present a justification for it. The novelty of the present paper is the study of the evolution of the binary number system from the predynastic Egypt down to the Leibniz era who, by the benefit of Khwarazmi's "Indian Arithmetics," completed this evolution by representing integers in $0-1$ forms and performing the hybrid decimal/binary Egyptian arithmetic operations purely inside the $0-1$ system. The second author is pleased to dedicate his share of this paper to Esfandiar Eslami showing his love and appreciation for decades of his friendship and collaboration (since 1967) and, of course, the young coauthor joins the joy of this dedication to her former professor.

Copyright of Journal of Mahani Mathematical Research Center is the property of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Department of Pure Mathematics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In reading Zadie Smith's White Teeth (2000) this essay proposes a definition of total war that illuminates the close connection between the rhetoric of war and the rhetoric of imperialism. Building on the recent scholarly accounts of how "totality" is never truly possible, this essay sees total war not as a descriptor of reality but rather as a rhetorical strategy that categorizes entire populations as ally or enemy—a binary that both emerges from and remains in tension with the binaries structuring imperialism (white/nonwhite, civilized/savage). Total war, that is, defines colonial subjects as allies with their colonizers against white, European enemies. White Teeth explores these contradictions, this essay argues, by revisiting the binary rhetoric of the Second World War. And in challenging the relationship between imperial and wartime categories, Smith's novel resists the tendencies of both imperial and anti-imperial forms of history to represent the past in terms of just such totalizing categories. As historical fiction, White Teeth counters this totalizing tendency and, dwelling instead in ambiguity and uncertainty, suggests that a truly decolonial history depends not on reversing imperial categories but on rejecting them altogether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ecological Environment Code, as a significant legal instrument for the evolution of ecological civilization, possesses both substantive and formal dimensions. First, it aims to serve the national ecological civilization strategy. Second, it elucidates potential pathways for legal interpretation, development of legal rules, and promotion of judicial governance, restraining arbitrary behavior and disorder while facilitating systemic cohesion. The compilation of the Ecological Environment Code unfolds through the main threads of substantive and formal logic. By prioritizing conservation, protection, and restoring the natural environment, resource management, pollution prevention, and ecological protection are coordinated, integrating legislation on ecological protection with management of natural resources and pollution prevention to achieve both "harm avoidance" and "beneficial trends." Employing the formal logical main thread of the structure of the relationship between power and rights, we present four types of norms: ex post facto remedy, hazard prevention, risk prevention, and independent value selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although definitions of rural vary across educational research projects and from country to country, an enduring theme has been the framing of rural as a disadvantage or problem that sits alongside a view of the urban as normative. In questioning the urban/rural binary and the deficit discourses that are associated with it, the authors present four short data excerpts and their thinking about how they represent rural education in their research. They conclude that the telling of positive stories about rural education is a move towards changing the discourses that circulate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Cyberspace Studies (JCSS) is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to analyze the types of literacy, according to the typology presented by Brian Street, autonomous and ideological, based on the epistemologies of binary and ternary logic. According to Bassarab Nicolescu, binary logic, a product of modern scientific thought, implies one-dimensional and exclusive thinking, which leads to a homogenization of knowledge. Conversely, ternary logic, originating from a new paradigm, the emergent paradigm, seeks to recover the diversity of perceptions, converging towards the valorization of heterogeneous thinking, enabling the construction of multidimensional and inclusive knowledge. Different epistemological principles imply different approaches and, consequently, different methodological procedures, particularly addressed in this article regarding the teaching of reading and writing from the perspective of literacy conception. Based on this analysis, we consider the understanding of the principles that underlie binary and ternary logics fundamental so that educators, imbued with the teaching of reading and writing skills, can develop methodological practices that are grounded and coherent with their learning objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay seeks to make a case for deconstruction as a kind of critical intervention for responding to and dealing with the opportunities and challenges of the 21st century and beyond. Toward this end, it proceeds in three steps or movements. (1) The first part will deconstruct deconstruction, deliberately employing what will be revealed as an inaccurate vernacular understanding of the term in order to extract a more precise and technical characterization of the concept. (2) The second part will investigate the constitutive elements of deconstruction, focusing attention on its two-step procedure, which has been deliberately designed to be a kind of distortion of Hegelian dialectics. (3) Finally, the third part will examine the opportunities and the challenges of the theory and practice of deconstruction indicating how and why it can be considered a critical intervention, albeit one that is not without its own potential problems and vulnerabilities.

Participatory budgeting (PB) is a novel way to understand the ways in which local projects are funded. Citizens engage in direct participation at every level of the project from designing, evaluating, modifying, and eventually disbursing funds. In short, PB is a fair and practical way for citizens to participate in direct democracy, rather than passive engagement through voting and waiting for elected officials to render a decision. In addition, due to its commitment to community-based philosophy, PB represents a radical move toward social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Showing complicate issues in science, like the strange facts and realities pertaining to the quantum world, this paper explains why it is so difficult to understand and to solve those complicate issues. This paper also stresses the important fact, that in order to understand these strange realities pertaining to the quantum phenomena but also in order to solve other complicate problems of science such as the climate change issues, one should give up the traditional way of thinking of the science and should also renounce the false idea of the rationalism, stating that the entire reality can be known and understood by using scientific reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple-valued logic (MVL) circuits propose a number of possible improvements to current VLSI circuit designs. For example, serious difficulties with limitations on the number of connections between an integrated circuit and the outside world (pinout concern) and also the number of links within the circuit encountered in some VLSI circuit synthesis could be greatly reduced if signals in the circuit could assume four or more states instead of only two. This research work shows a quaternary logic-based latch, a level-sensitive flop, and an edge-sensitive flop. In most of the cases it is seen that a sequential digital circuit produces two outputs which are complementary to each other. But in most of the designs, there is no need of having both the outputs of the flip-flops, so one of the quaternary outputs can be removed from the circuit, resulting in a decrease in area and static power. In quaternary circuits, several power sources or a single power supply source are employed. Those that have several sources of supply use less energy. In multiple-valued logic we need the design to have multiple logic levels, like in quaternary logic, GND is used for logic '0', 1/3Vdd is used for logic '1', 2/3Vdd is for logic '2', and Vdd is for logic '3'. The multi-Vdd design method is incompatible with the purpose of reducing the inter-chip and intra-chip connections. In order to resolve this, a capacitive divider network is used while designing. The QFF is demonstrated with the necessary simulation results using LTSpice tool and the simulations are performed using 32nm technology file. Finally, a quaternary shift register is built to demonstrate the applicability and appropriate operation of the proposed QFF in larger sequential circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author focuses on trans-identities within the broader field of trans-subjectivities while arguing that subjectivity should be considered within the conceptual framework of a heterogeneous and plural subject. The analyst's eagerness to classify gender and sex or typify pathology in a Manichean manner is an inevitable consequence of binary thought. This provokes undesired countertransference effects and creates obstacles to listening in the analytic session. The following contribution reexamines several notions to offer a renewed perspective on the concept of the subject, the Oedipus complex, the desire for a child, the categories of difference and diversity, and the blind spots of binary logic, among others. This reconsideration may in turn elucidate our comprehension of gender and sexual diversities. In this context, the author stresses the need to approach trans-identities and trans-subjectivities with a nonbinary logic based on a rhizomatous way of thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay seeks to make a case for deconstruction as a kind of critical intervention for responding to and dealing with the opportunities and challenges of the 21st century and beyond. Toward this end, it proceeds in three steps or movements. (1) The first part will deconstruct deconstruction, deliberately employing what will be revealed as an inaccurate vernacular understanding of the term in order to extract a more precise and technical characterization of the concept. (2) The second part will investigate the constitutive elements of deconstruction, focusing attention on its two-step procedure, which has been deliberately designed to be a kind of distortion of Hegelian dialectics. (3) Finally, the third part will examine the opportunities and the challenges of the theory and practice of deconstruction indicating how and why it can be considered a critical intervention, albeit one that is not without its own potential problems and vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is concerned with the systematization and generalization of the previous knowledge and theoretical achievements in the field of metamodernism as a cultural phenomenon of the 21st century. The interaction of metamodernism with such cultural trends as modernism, postmodernism, and post-postmodernism is determined. The general postulates manifesting the emergence of the new philosophical, aesthetical and cultural trend is defined. After the majority of scholars of postmodernism had emphasized its decline, it became imperative to coin a new terminological name for it to precisely describe the new order in art. Thus, the term "metamodernism" became widely spread as the name of the form of modern culture that had followed the postmodern and therefore needs detailed study and description, which constitutes the vitality of the research. This article aims to research the functions and the assignments as well as to analyze the constituents of metamodernism and the functioning specificity thereof. The methodology consists of the use of general and specific techniques, in particular analysis which makes it possible to research the modern stage of the metamodernist discourse, synthesis due to which manifestation of the new cultural trend is systematized, the descriptive method and abstraction of the preconditions of cognition, such as perception, imagination, understanding, and specifications which make it possible to describe the peculiarities and the interaction of the cultural trends under research with each other, partial prognostication which makes it possible to define the prospects of further research. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the article has systematized understanding of the metamodern as a cultural trend of the 21st century that followed postmodernism and is being actively used to describe the nowadays' structure of feelings oscillating between the typical modernist coherence and the exclusively postmodernist aloofness. It has also described the functioning conditions thereof due to the emergence of the virtual space. Conclusions. Metamodernism is considered to have emerged and developed due to the emergence of virtual reality since it exists primarily in the virtual space of our lives, which has become available only since the emergence of social networking websites. Simultaneously with writing the manifesto and sketching the boundaries of the new cultural paradigm of 2011, the social network Facebook became open for registration. The network almost lightning-fast gained momentum and popularity, becoming the center of cultural, political, and social life for many users from the whole world, which evidences the spread of the metamodern exactly due to the virtual space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relation between logic and computer games can be investigated in two fields: 1. applying logic in design and generating computer games. 2. Applying logic in perceiving and using computer games. According to our media analytical approach, we focused on second field of relation between logic and computer games which is oriented to communicative and media analysis of computer games. Although Logical axioms almost are hidden behind of audiovisual, procedural and narrative attractiveness of computer games, they have essential importance in case of how user perceive and conspire world of a given game. Binary logic in computer games almost appear in structural contradictive duals which are schemed in triple textual layers of computer games. Accordingly, we utilize theoretical framework of semiology and structural linguistics in order to analyzing these structural contradictive duals. Hence, along with make use of collective case study approach to textual analysis, we draw on “stratificational semiotics” methodological foundation to segregating textual layers in computer games. To achieving the goal of preparing deeper understanding of applying binary logic in order to realizing media function of computer games, especially serious games, different types of applying binary logic systems were studied and categorized through analyzing structural contradictive duals in triple textual layers (Signal, Narrative and Procedural) of four serious games (Global Conflicts: Palestine, McDonald’s videogame, Amnesty the game, Peacemaker). In result, we categorize three types of applying binary logic in the four case studies.

Within the framework of the information philosophy, the historical-philosophical approach and the synergetic paradigm, the phenomenon of “digital reality” is considered; its definition as a kind and stage of development of information reality is given. The genesis of this concept and its connection with the thousand-year Pythagorean tradition in European philosophy and culture based on the logic and dialectic of the number as a metaphysical entity is traced. The conclusion is made about the key significance of this philosophical tradition (in connection with Neoplatonism) as a special system of thought that determined the modern worldview and scientific paradigms, and contributed to the formation of a social model of a post-industrial interactive society generating a new type of phenomenal reality in the format of digital information technologies, institutes and platforms of electronic communications. In addition, the article considers the prerequisites for the birth of new forms of cognition and creativity, the “unpacking” of the content of the semantic continuum in the post-non-classical type of rationality, and the synergy of humanitarian and computer technologies.

In recent years, due to the high ability of the multi‐valued logic design in nanotechnology, the interest in the design of it has been renewed. Using multi‐valued logic can lead to reduction of interconnections in the chip. This study presents two novel designs of a ternary memory cell using carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs) with only one supply voltage. In the previous works, a ternary latch has been used to store the ternary value, which has a considerably more static power and lower static noise margin in comparison to a binary latch. The proposed memory cells are based on decoding the ternary value to the binary one and saving in two binary latches; in this way, the storage power is sharply decreased and the static noise margin of the proposed ternary memory cell is also increased considerably to get close to that of a binary memory cell. The results of the simulation, using the HSPICE software and the Stanford 32 nm CNFET library with the voltage of 0.9 V, demonstrated that the proposed ternary memory cell achieved significant power saving and static noise margin improvement, as compared to the previous works with the same transistor count, which was expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the design of digital logic gates and circuits in ternary logic is presented. The ternary logic is observed to be a better alternative to the traditional binary logic because it offers faster computations, smaller chip area, and lesser interconnects. Thus, it allows designing the low‐complex, high‐speed, and energy‐efficient circuits in future digital design. A novel technique is proposed to design the ternary logic gates using multi‐threshold graphene nanoribbon field‐effect transistors (GNRFETs). The GNRFET threshold voltage is controlled by the width of the graphene nanoribbon, which is defined by the dimer lines number. Three different inverters are designed namely standard, positive, and negative inverters along with the basic and universal logic gates. Additionally, the ternary half adder and full adder are proposed that further helps to design the complex arithmetic circuits. All the proposed ternary logic circuits have been extensively simulated in SPICE for functional verification and performance analysis. The performance of the proposed ternary logic circuits is compared with the existing designs presented in the literature. The comparison results show that the propagation delay and circuit area of GNRFET‐based circuits are reduced with an average of 41.3 and 64%, respectively, than the existing ternary circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every logic style has certain advantages for a specific application. Therefore, it is essential to introduce and investigate different logic styles. Differential cascode voltage switch logic (DCVSL) with the inherent redundancy is known to be an ideal logic style for error detection applications. This study combines ternary static DCVSL (SDCVSL) with dynamic logic (DL) to realise ternary dynamic DCVSL (DDCVSL) by means of a single power source. At first, it is shown that why the same static‐to‐dynamic conversion method in binary logic fails to operate correctly in ternary logic. Then, two solutions are given. Static power dissipation and switching activity are particularly dealt with in the second proposed ternary DDCVSL to reduce power consumption. The new designs are simulated and tested by using HSPICE simulator and 32 nm Stanford carbon nanotube field effect transistor model. Simulation results and comparisons with a vast range of conventional and state‐of‐the‐art competitors show prominence and great potential for the new ternary circuit methodology. For example, the authors second proposed ternary DDCVSL AND/NAND has 19.7, 37.4, and 60.5% higher performance than some famous static ternary logic styles such as CMOS‐like, SDCVSL, and pseudo N‐type, respectively, in terms of energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of decision-support and intelligent agent systems necessitates mathematical descriptions of uncertainty and fuzziness in order to model vagueness. This paper seeks to present an outline of Peirce's triadic logic as a practical new way to model vagueness in the context of artificial intelligence (AI). Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) was an American scientist–philosopher and a great logician whose triadic logic is a culmination of the study of semiotics and the mathematical study of anti-Cantorean model of continuity and infinitesimals. After presenting Peircean semiotics within AI perspective, a mathematical formulation of a Peircean triadic set is given in relationship with classical and fuzzy sets. Using basic logical operators, all possible respective implication operators, bi-equivalence operators, valid rules of inference, and associative, distributive and commutative logical properties are derived and verified through the truth function approach. In order to suggest practical directions, aggregation operators for Peirce's triadic logic have been formulated. A mathematical formulation of a medical diagnostic problem and ER diagram of a library management system using Peirce's triadic relation show potential for further applications of the proposed triadic set and triadic logic. Alongside, a classical AI game—The Wumpus World—is implemented to show practical efficacy in comparison with binary implementation. Besides giving some preliminary formulations for trichotomous set theory and definition of finite automaton, development of hybrid architectures for intelligent agents and evolutionary computations are discussed as potential practical avenues for Peirce's triadic logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss construction of the Exclusive OR (XOR) gate for information coded in camphor particles. Camphor particles can spontaneously move on water surface. The binary information coding is considered: the presence of a camphor particle at a given point of space and at a specific time is interpreted as the logic TRUE variable, the absence is regarded as the logic FALSE. We have demonstrated, both in experiments and in numerical simulations, that information coded as described above can be processed by dynamically changing geometry of the channel where camphor pills move. The coupling between pill location and channel geometry is achieved by a movable element of the channel that adjusts its position according to the local value of the surface tension. In the case of XOR gate the information processing function is performed by a swinging wing that opens or closes channels in a T-shaped junction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]