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The City Museum Sisak has obtained a hoard of imitations of the drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium allegedly found in the nearby Odra Sisačka in the early 1980s. The coins are most likely subaerati, poorly executed with no legends on the reverses (save for the abbreviated city name DYP) and two legends on the obverses (one nonsensical). Curiously, their die axes are aligned and oriented to 12h, and they were produced by four different die combinations. The distribution of both the original coins of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium and their imitations suggests that this hoard was almost certainly produced, and most likely also deposited, in the areas further to the east. The hoard is only the second example of a collective find consisting exclusively of imitations of the drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium (alongside the Romanian Troianul hoard), and the metrological analysis and comparative study alongside other similar hoards from Romania and Hungary has provided the means of dating the hoard in the early second half of the 1st c. BC.

The important Iron Age settlement of Segest(ic)a (southwestern Pannonia) was captured by Octavian in 35 BC. Sometime during the late 1st c. BC and/or the early 1st c. AD a Roman legionary camp was established in the now Roman Siscia, which remained an important military centre up to the early Claudian period. At the same time, a civilian settlement has gradually developed on the same site, but its relation to the legionary camp remains largely undocumented in the archaeological record. The present paper analyses the coin finds from Sisak issued during Augustus’ reign and attempts to reconstruct the coin supply and coin loss during the Augustan period in Siscia. It is immediately recognized that these two categories of numismatic record should not be treated as identical to the point that it remains an open question to what extent, if any, were the former involved in the latter. The answer to this question was sought for in stratified deposits lately documented in controlled archaeological excavations in the area occupied by the modern Sisak, even though these are not particularly numerous and are often inconclusive. This has conditioned the provisional nature of the interpretations and conclusions reached in this essay (including the important question of the precise localisation of the legionary camp), which is thus meant to be a modest contribution constrained, as always, by the present state of research.

The paper offers an overview of the latest research on the so-called Greek-Illyrian coinage of the eastern Adriatic. More precisely, it focuses on the part of the region encompassed by the modern Republic of Croatia, i.e. the central Adriatic region. The coins in question were issued by the Greek poleis Pharos, Issa, Heraclea and Korkyra and by the Illyrian ruler Ballaios from the first half of the 4th to the 2nd c. BC, mostly in bronze but rarely also in silver. During this period, a distinctive regional monetary system can be reconstructed, one that played an important role in both local and regional economic history of the central Adriatic region., Rad donosi najnovije spoznaje o tzv. grčko-ilirskim kovanicama istočne jadranske obale, preciznije, onog dijela obale koji se danas nalazi u Republici Hrvatskoj, odnosno srednjodalmatinske regije. Riječ je o kovanicama grčkih gradova Fara, Ise, Herakleje i Korkire te o kovanicama ilirskog vladara Baleja. Te su kovanice izdavane od prve polovice 4. st. pr. Kr. pa sve do 2. st. pr. Kr., uglavnom u bronci, ali ponekad, rijetko, i u srebru. U tom razdoblju možemo rekonstruirati postojanje regionalnog monetarnog sustava, koji je imao važnu ulogu u lokalnim i regionalnim ekonomskim odnosima na navedenom prostoru.

Following the recent upsurge of interest in ancient geography and astronomy, together with the ever-present fascination with myth, this book offers a fresh study of what is commonly but erroneously known as ‘solar myth’. This subject- matter is at present at the margins of scholarly interest, mainly due to the now outdated comprehensive theories of myth that used solar phenomena as an interpretative key by which they proposed to explain the greatest number of traditional narratives conveniently called myths. In comparison with these dated approaches, this book offers a more rigorous methodology and more selective interpretation applicable to a group of particular myths, those referencing solar phenomena. The class of ‘solar’ myths discussed in this book is thus formed out of traditional narratives that either explicitly include references to solar movement or the recognition of such references does not require strained interpretations.

The paper reassesses the coin-types from the Ribnjačka hoard.

The Illyrian king Mytilos is mentioned in Pompeius Trogus’ Philippic History, while his name, accompanied by a royal title, also appears on coins. The coins in question are the earliest Dyrrhachian bronzes with the head of Heracles on the obverse and the hero’s attributes and the inscription ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΥΤΙΛΟΥ on the reverse. A total of five coins bearing the king’s name are known, including the specimen in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. However, the results of the recent conservation-restoration and analytical research of the Zagreb coin have shown that it is actually a replica and not an original coin, as hitherto believed. A hypothesis postulating the Archaic date and attributing the KOPKYPAIΩN-issues to the Knidian colony on Korčula is analysed and dismissed in the appendix., Ilirski kralj Mitil poznat je iz Filipovih povijesti Pompeja Troga, a njegovo se ime, uz kraljevsku titulaturu, pojavljuje i na kovanicama. Riječ je o najranijem tipu dirahijskog brončanog novca, s prikazom Heraklove glave na aversu i njegovih atributa na reversu, uz natpis ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΥΤΙΛΟΥ. Iz literature je poznato pet primjeraka kovanica s njegovim imenom, uključujući i primjerak koji se čuva u Arheološkome muzeju u Zagrebu, no recentna konzervatorsko-restauratorska i analitička istraživanja pokazala su da se u slučaju zagrebačkog primjerka radi o replici, a ne originalu, kako se dosad mislilo. U dodatku se analizira i odbacuje teza po kojoj se kovanice tipa KOPKYPAIΩN datiraju u arhajsko razdoblje i pripisuju knidskoj koloniji na Korčuli.

Numizmatički odjel Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu, među više od četvrt milijuna predmeta, čuva i numizmatičku zbirku konfisciranu od strane režima kvislinške NDH tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata. Numizmatičkom analizom dijela zbirke koji obuhvaća antički novac utvrđeno je da zbirka najvjerojatnije potječe iz područja istočnog dijela Savsko-Dravsko-Dunavskog međurječja, koje danas pripada Republici Hrvatskoj. Istovremeno, arhivsko istraživanje rezultiralo je pronalažanjem podataka i donošenjem zaključaka koji se podudaraju s onima dobivenima numizmatičkom analizom. Moguće su dvije verzije rekonstrukcije okolnosti oduzimanja zbirke: prema vjerojatnijoj varijanti, ona je zaplijenjena u Iseljeničkom i useljeničkom logoru Slavonska Požega tijekom ljeta 1941. godine, no postoji i mogućnost da je oteta nekom lokalnom požeškom kolekcionaru židovske vjere i/ili etničke pripadnosti u gradskoj ispostavi Ustaškog pokreta.

Rad razotkriva znanstveni opskurantizam arheologa Darka Periše.

It appears that Apollo’s identification with the physical sun is predominantly understood in modern scholarship as a philosophical interpretation of a traditional religious belief. More precisely, it is often understood as an application of physical allegoresis on the tenets of traditional religion and thus attributed to a later stratum of Greek thought. A new evaluation of ancient evidence presented here reveals that the Apollo-sun identification was present in Greek ethnographic context from the earliest period and cannot be reduced to a philosophical reinterpretation of traditional myth and religion. At the same time, the authors interested in the interpretation of traditional religion in terms of natural philosophy were especially prone to use the Apollo-sun identification in their works, since it was able to provide substantial support for their hermeneutic approach.

Procjena sadržaja organskog ugljika (TOC) je jedna od osnovnih metoda određivanja potencijalno matičnih stijena i determinacije preostalog matičnog kapaciteta. Uglavnom se određuje na uzorcima jezgre no obzirom da su jezgre skupe i nisu uvijek dostupne, predložene su različite metode određivanja sadržaja TOC-a na temelju osnovnih karotažnih mjerenja. U ovom radu je testirana primjena Passeyeve metode i metode umjetnih neuronskih mreža za procjenu sadržaja organskog ugljika. Metode su testirane na dvjema bušotinama koje se nalaze u istočnom dijelu Dravske depresije., Estimation of Total Organic Carbon content (TOC) is basic method used for identification of potential source rocks and determination of source rock generative potential. TOC is mainly determined on core samples, but because obtaining core from borehole is expensive and cores are not available for every borehole, there are few suggested methods of determination of TOC values using only wireline logs. In this thesis two different methods of TOC determination were tested – Passeys method and artificial neural network method. Methods are tested on two boreholes in east Drava depression.

Prvi svjetski rat se osim na kopnu, vodio i na morima. Zemlje koje su sudjelovale u bitkama su bile podjeljene u dvije skupine: sile Antante i Centralne sile. Antantu su činile Velika Britanija, Francuska, Rusija, SAD i od 1915. godine Italija. Na suprotnoj strani su se nalazile Njemačka, Austro-ugarska, Turska i Bugarska. Glavne lokacije na kojima su se odvijale bitke su bile na Atlantskom oceanu, Sredozemnom moru, Crnom moru i Baltičkom moru. Odnos snaga pred početak rata je bio debelo na strani saveznika. Od svih bitaka koje su se u ratu dogodile, jedino je podmornički rat donio nekakve koristi Centralnim silama. Podmornice na Atlantiku su uspjevale potopiti veliki broj što vojnih, što civilnih plovila koja su plovila prema Velikoj Britaniji. One na Jadranskom moru su uspjevale održati ravnotežu, a jedino na Baltičkom i Crnom moru nisu donijele skoro nikakve rezultate. Na kraju je rat na morima odlučen njemačkom rastegnutosti na svim morima i ekonomskom te vojnom premoći zemalja sila Antante. Trenutak kada je kraj rata postao samo pitanje vremena je bio ulazak SAD-a u rat krajem 1917. godine. Ostatak rata proveden je u konstantnoj defanzivi Centralnih sila te njihovom konačnom slomu krajem 1918. godine. The first world war, except on land, was led on the seas. The countries that participated in the battles were divided into two groups - the forces of Antante and the Central Power forces. Antant was made up of Great Britain, France, Russia, USA and from 1915 Italy. On the opposite side were Germany, Austria-Hungaryan empire, Turkey and Bulgaria. The main locations in which the battles took place were on the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. The balance of power between the forces before the beginning of the war was on the side of the allies. Of all the battles that took place in the war, only the submarine war brought some benefits to the Central Forces. The submarines on the Atlantic managed to submerge a large number of military or civilian vessels that were sailing to Britain. Those on the Adriatic Sea managed to maintain a war balance, and only in the Baltic and the Black Sea did not yield almost any results. In the end, the war on the seas was determined by German outstretchness on all seas and the economic and military power of the countries of the Antante force. The moment when the end of the war became just a matter of time was the entry of the United States into war in late 1917. The rest of the war was spent in a constant defensivness of the Central Forces and their final defeat at the end of 1918.

On 30 May, the 25th anniversary of the introduction of the ‘kuna’ (the name translates as European pine marten, Martes martes) as the currency of the Republic of Croatia, the exhibition ‘KUNA – 25 years of the monetary unit of the Republic of Croatia’ opened at the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. The Museum’s large numismatic collection – consisting of more than 270 000 coins, medals, banknotes etc. – also serves as a national numismatic collection, while the exhibition itself was organised in collaboration with the Croatian National Bank. The author of the exhibition and the accompanying catalogue is Tomislav Bilić, the head of the Museum’s Numismatic department. All variants of Croatian currency coins and banknotes are displayed at the exhibition, as well as the tenders for banknotes and coins conducted in 1992 and 1993, respectively. After proclaiming independence in 1991, Croatia introduced an interim currency, called ‘hrvatski dinar’ (Croatian dinar), which was replaced in 1994 with the ‘kuna’. The designated name for the currency under which the paper money tender was called was actually ‘kruna’ (crown), since the ‘kuna’ was the name of the currency of the Croatian fascist puppet- state during WWII. Eventually, the name was changed to ‘kuna’, and the coins tender was called under that name. The author of the coins is Kuzma Kovačić, a prominent sculptor, while the authors of banknotes are Miroslav Šutej, also a prominent painter and graphic artist, and Vilko Žiljak, an expert in computer graphics.

Following the acceptance of the earth’s sphericity its surface was divided into two hemispheres and four habitable landmasses, one of which was named ‘the antipodes’. The bipartition into hemispheres was accomplished either by the equator or a meridian. The latter division was most often conceived in terms of the alternation of daylight and night and resulted in the creation of a ‘lower hemisphere’. It is impossible to identify the inventor of the quadripartite division, but the name of Crates of Mallos was as a rule associated with this scheme throughout antiquity and the medieval period. Both divisions were often imperfectly understood by the authors who presented these concepts, which generated certain ambiguities in the understanding of the geographical features designated by the terms ‘lower hemisphere’ and ‘antipodes’. Some Greek and Roman authors speculated on the possibility of reaching the overseas landmasses, which was empirically verified by the explorers of the Age of Discoveries. The antipodean region with a daylight-night alternation contrary to that in the oikoumenê was sometimes conceived in eschatological terms. Alternatively, the localisation of the traditional world of the dead accessible by sailing was reconceptualised in terms of the new geographical and cosmological insights formulated by the application of the geometry of the sphere to the earth globe.

Gradnja željezničke mreže u Primorskoj Hrvatskoj započela je tijekom 19. st. Premda su 19. i 20. st. obilježena brojnim političkim promjenama gradnja željezničke mreže nastavljena je do 60-ih godina 20. st. kada gradnja novih pruga staje. U Primorskoj Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 1997. do 2017. godine zamjetan je konstantan pad broja putnika. Dok je 1997. godine u Zadarskoj županiji bilo oko 100 000 putnika 2017. kao posljedica ukidanja željezničkih putničkih linija putnički promet željeznicom gotovo je u potpunosti ugašen. Utjecaj željeznice na oblikovanje prostora Primorske Hrvatske moguće je pratiti od druge polovine 20. st. kada željeznica u većoj mjeri utječe na oblikovanje urbanog tkiva primorskih gradova poput Splita, Rijeke i Zadra. Premda su spomenuti procesi oblikovanja slabijeg intenziteta, ipak su prisutni. Najočitiji primjeri su povezanost rudnika i željeznice. Promatrajući promet željeznicom, najveći problem koji u Primorskoj Hrvatskoj je slaba međusobna povezanost centara naseljenosti. Željezničke linije su rascjepkane i povezuju samo izdvojene dijelove regije. Tijekom vremena željeznička mreža u Primorskoj Hrvatskoj građena je parcijalno i ovisno o potrebama gospodarstva te se može zaključiti da je bila u pozitivnoj korelaciji s razvojem industrije. Danas je situacija znatno izmijenjena te je željeznica gotovo u potpunosti izgubila svoje prijašnje značenje. Construction of the railway network in coastal Croatia began in the 19th century. Although the 19th and 20th centuries were marked by numerous political changes, the construction of the railway network continued until the 1960s when the construction of new rails stopped. In the period from 1997 to 2017 in coastal Croatia there is a constant decrease in the number of passengers. While in 1997 there were about 100,000 passengers in the Zadar County, in 2017 as a result of the abolition of railway passenger lines, passenger traffic by rail was almost completely shut down. The influence of the railway on the formation of areas in coastal Croatia can be traced back to the second half of the 20th century, when the railway affects the formation of the urban fabric of coastal cities such as Split, Rijeka and Zadar. Although the processes of forming was weaker by intensity it was still present. The most obvious examples are the connection of mines and railways. Looking at the railway traffic, the biggest problem in the coastal Croatia is the weak connection of the population centers. Railway lines are fragmented and link only segregated parts of the region. During the past, the railway network in coastal Croatia was built partially and depending on the needs of the economy and it can be concluded that it was in a positive correlation with the development of the industry. Today, the situation has changed considerably and the railroad has almost completely lost its former meaning.

The paper will in the first place analyse in detail all pre-Imperial individual coin finds (that is, coins issued in or before 31 B.C.) recovered from the area of modern north-west Croatia, more or less corresponding to the area of the later province of Pannonia Savia. In the same time, the corresponding hoards, composed of the same types of coins, found in this region will also be discussed. The rich site of Segestica/Siscia, modern Sisak, has yielded the largest number of finds, but other lesser-known sites have also contributed to the general picture of coin circulation in the area, and the emphasis of this study will be precisely on those finds. The vast majority of coins are stray finds (i.e., fall under Reece’s coin supply category),1 while only a few specimens were recovered during archaeological excavations (i.e., fall under Reece’s coin loss category).2 The largest number of specimens are Roman Republican coins, as a result of their large concentration in Sisak, but Celtic (Iron Age) coinage is also represented in significant numbers, especially that of the Taurisci. The newly published data, however scanty, allows a revision of some current conclusions with respect to the distribution of certain coin types, as well as a balanced discussion on the coin circulation in this region in the given period.

Two almost identical descriptions of an unusual nautical voyage are found in Apollonius’ Argonautica and in Plutarch’s Life of Timoleon. Even though the contexts of these two episodes are different, their syntagmatic structure is surprisingly similar. This is due to their derivation from a common literary topos, which might be called ‘the topos of following heavenly fire’. This literary construction was derived from contemporary navigational practices, which included the use of stars in navigating the open sea. Even though it cannot be positively concluded that the particular navigational method underlying this topos is latitude sailing, some elements of this technique entered into its formation.

The head on the obverse of Norican and Tauriscan coins is often casually identified as Apollo’s, mainly based on the god’s appearance on suggested prototypes for these coins. The issuing authorities most probably recognized the identity of the god portrayed on the coins they imitated, but they interpreted him as their 'national' god Belenos/Belinos. The identification of Apollo with this native deity is widespread throughout the Celtic world, with the most persuasive evidence coming from Noricum and the region of Aquileia. It is no wonder that the local Celtic minting authorities chose to portray their ‘'national’' god on their coinage, since his worship is attested to in dedicatory inscriptions, sanctuaries, literary testimonies and, perhaps, plastic arts.

Ovaj rad pokušava približiti pojam pametnog grada, definirajući ga kroz skup različitih gledišta i perspektiva koje se pojavljuju vezano uz pojam, ističući razlike među njima. Također, rad prikazuje njegove glavne značajke i ključne dijelove, navodeći brojne pokazatelje prema kojima se može procijeniti njegov učinak. U nastavku prvog dijela može se vidjeti koja je njihova uloga u današnjem vremenu i društvu, na koje načine se mogu ostvariti kao održiva opcija za budućnost, te kako započeti sa projektom pametnog grada i njime pravilno upravljati. Drugi dio rada pruža uvid u naprednu mrežu pametnog grada Malage, njene ciljeve i načine na koje je izvedena. Ističe se važnost tog projekta, koji promiče učinkovita i održiva rješenja u području energetske distribucije, i koji može poslužiti kao primjer dobre prakse ostalim gradovima u svijetu.

ovim završnim radom je napravljena interpretacija podataka dobivenih geoelektričnim sondiranjem na južnim padinama Ivanščice kod Belecgrada. Istraživanje je napravljeno u sklopu hidrogeoloških istraživanja i cilj mu je bio odrediti litološke odnose na istraživanom području. Metodom geoelektričnog sondiranja je izmjereno deset geoelektričnih sondi Schlumbergerovim elektrodnim rasporedom. Dobiveni podaci su interpretirani, te su na temelju interpretiranih podataka nacrtana tri geoelektrična profila. Određene su naslage gline, pješčenjaka, šljunka te karbonatne naslage.

Crates of Mallos’ theory of quadripartite earth consisting of four habitable land-masses separated by equatorial and meridional oceans does not appear in Latin literature from the mid-first century B.C. to the last decade of the third century A.D. Subsequently it attained immense popularity and was well-known in both late antiquity and mediaeval period. Is it possible to recognise iconographic testimonies to Crates’ system on some Roman coins and contemporaneous art forms that would bridge the gap in the transmission of Crates’ theory during this period in the Latin West? The analysis of quartered globes that occasionally appear on Roman coins and other media from 46 B.C. to A.D. 383, accompanied by the study of the ideological context in which they occur and the position of Crates’ theory in this context, suggests it is unconvincing to claim that these depictions illustrate the quadripartite earth of Crates’ system.

Katalog numizmatičke izložbe o 1914. godini u Arheološkom muzeju u Zagrebu.

Tijekom proljeća 2013. godine u Arheološkom muzeju u Zagrebu bili su izloženi natječajni modeli pristigli na pozivni natječaj za idejno likovno rješenje kovanog novca novčane jedinice Republike Hrvatske. Natječaj je proveden krajem ožujka i početkom travnja 1993. godine, pa je Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu, u suradnji s Hrvatskom narodnom bankom, prigodom 20. obljetnice natječaja pristigle modele po prvi puta predstavio javnosti. Tom prigodom otisnut je i katalog izložbe (Bilić, Mirnik i Nađ 2013) u kojem su svi modeli kataloški obrađeni, a uvodni tekst donosi informacije o samoj provedbi natječaja te o određenim popratnim okolnostima. No, neke informacije, najuže povezane uz sami natječaj, iz raznih razloga u katalogu izložbe nisu objavljene. U ovom tekstu ukratko ću se osvrnuti upravo na te činjenice, iako će nužno biti ponoviti i dio informacija već objavljen u rečenom katalogu.

Some 118 Pre-Imperial coins (issued before or in 31 B.C.) were found in the area of modern Sisak. The vast majority are stray finds, while only several specimens were recovered during archaeological excavations. Also, a large number of coins, in one way or another, come from the Kupa. The largest number of specimens are Roman Republican coins, but Celtic coinage is also represented in significant numbers. The richness and diversity of finds testifies to the strategic and economic importance of Segestica in the Pre-Imperial period.

The paper examines a tentative hypothesis according to which the so-called horns of consecration found at the Eneolithic site of Vučedol in eastern Croatia offer support for the existence of horizon solar observations in the Vučedol culture. The support, if any, could only come from the context of the find, rather than from the comparative material adduced in the paper. In the first place, the Minoan ‘horns of consecration’ are usually derived from certain Egyptian hieroglyphs, especially the akhet-sign. It was further argued that they were actually used as a crude instrument in solstitial observations, but their symbolical function is also emphasized. Yet the iconographic sources do not substantiate their connection with the sun, let alone the solstices. Concerning the akhet-sign in the context of Egyptian culture, the evidence similarly does not seem to support its association with the solstices. Several such associations have been proposed, both referring to linguistic and iconographic sources, as well as landscape arrangements and much later religious-calendaric considerations. However, none of them seems convincing. The same can be said for Mesopotamia, where a similar symbol is found and analysed in iconographic and literary sources. In conclusion, it is maintained that the postulated context of the finds is the only supportive evidence for any solar connotation of the ‘horns of consecration’ in the Vučedol culture. Therefore it cannot convincingly be argued that this object actually played any part in the horizon solar observations at Vučedol.