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Aim: To determine the changes in Ca2+ release before and after the application of Riva Star, AgNO3 and to analyse the changes in surface roughness of the samples. Methods: The Riva Star, AgNO3 were used to measure their effects on the demineralisation processes of the windowed human enamel in 50ml pH4.0 acetic solution under 370C. The sound human enamel samples were sliced and varnished using nail polish and 5mm2 was left on the surface of enamel sample in order to make windowed-type enamel. The demineralised enamel samples were treated by these agents after 4hours of demineralisation, and later put back into the same acetic acid solutions for further 4hours of demineralisation to detect the changes. Results: The results demonstrated that Riva Star (SDF/KI) treatment exerted the inhibition ability in demineralisation remarkably. However, when the silver nitrate was applied alone, it slightly accelerated the demineralisation firstly and then followed a straight line. The treatment of silver nitrate alone also caused black staining. Reducing agent such as potassium iodide following the treatment of silver nitrate can inhibit the demineralisation instantly without causing the initial acceleration in demineralisation and the final black staining. Conclusions: Riva Star (SDF/KI) is an effective demineralisation inhibition agent for up to 48 hours following the topical application. The potassium iodide application following the treatment of silver nitrate can not only accelerate the inhibition performance, but also effectively avoid black staining. Keywords: Silver ions, Demineralization, Caries, Riva Star, SDF, Surface roughness

Background: Professionalism has been recognised as an essential component of dental practise since the twenty-first century. Various researchers have published definitions of professionalism, but the perception of dental students and graduates regarding professionalism in Pakistan has been limited. Objective: The main objective was to explore the awareness and importance of professionalism among the undergraduate dental students in Pakistan. Method: This cross-sectional research was carried out among the third and final year dental students from August to December 2021. Written consent was attained from all the study participants. Data was collected and statistically analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version 21. The Chi-square test is conducted to assess the association between the variables. Results: From a total of 201 participants, 95 males (47.3%) and 106 females (52.7%) were involved. Among these, there were 93 (46.3%) 3rd year and 108 (53.6%) 4th year dental students. In response to being asked to listen actively to patients, the majority of the males (72/6%) and females (91.5%) agreed. Similarly, for recognising the needs of patients, 84% of males and 91.5% of females agreed (p value 0.000). Regarding finding it difficult to meet patient requirements, 84% of males agreed while 43.2% of females disagreed (p value 0.000). The majority of the participants who kept records were males (73.6%) and females (90.4%). Conclusion: The study concluded that dental students had adequate knowledge and attitude regarding dental professionalism. The students not only listened attentively to the patients but were also punctual and showed compassion and care towards the patients. Keywords: Dental students. Professionalism, Pakistan, Cross sectional study, Ethics

Aim: The purpose of this cross-sectional descriptive study was to ascertain children's dental clinic choices in order to alleviate anxiety during dental operations. This study employed a survey approach. Methods: A questionnaire was developed to identify a child's choice for a dental facility in order to ease anxiety associated with dental procedures. The research enrolled 92 children aged 7–10 years. The kids were arbitrarily chosen following their initial dental appointment at a private dental institution. Data were analysed using SPSS. The Chi-squared test was used to compare responses to questionnaire questions across age and gender categories. P 0.05 was deemed significant statistically. Results: The demographic data of 92 kids shows that 34% Boys prefer male dentists, whereas 28% girls prefer female dentists. Majority of females opting for lab coats at 23%. Also, 11% of boys and 11% of girls preferred a dentist in surgical gowns. 86% of the kids who were asked like having cartoons on their doctor's office walls. Among them, 50 (54.3%) of the boys liked clinics with cartoon paintings the best. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study will help the dental team build a comfortable dental environment for children, lowering anxiety and enhancing overall treatment quality. Keywords: Child Anxiety, Dentist Attire, child cooperation, dental office cartoon walls

Aim: To determine the denture cleaning routine and habits in complete denture wearers according to cleaning frequency, patient age and life of dentures. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a self-administered questionnaire was designed to learn about patient’s attitudes toward denture cleanliness in the Prosthodontics department. A detailed questionnaire was applied for total 130 patients visiting the Department of Prosthodontics in the Rehmat memorial postgraduate hospital Abbottabad for follow-up care. Data was recorded and analysed by using SPSS version 15.0 for results. Results: Total 130 participants including 90 males (69.3%) and 40 females (30.7%). 48.6% of participants clean their dentures every day, 32.9% once a week, and 18.5 % only occasionally. The highest percentage is seen in Group 1, which is 41.2%. Approximately 77% of Group 2 participants clean their dentures at least once a week, including both daily and once-a-week denture wearers. 71 individuals had been wearing dentures for 3-5 years. 41.2% of them clean their dentures every day, while 58.6 percent clean them twice a week. 6-8 years denture wearers do not clean them on a regular basis. Most patients 42% use only water, while 30% use a combination of water and a toothbrush. Around 20% of participants used soap and water, but only 8% of denture wearers utilised cleansing tablets in addition to water. There was significant difference among all groups (P=0.001). Conclusion: In this study it has been observed that full denture patients have trouble cleansing their dentures. A lack of regular cleaning practises and decreased use of cleaning solutions is the primary cause of poor denture hygiene among the seniors. Dentists should educate patients regarding optimal denture maintenance and materials used for cleaning verbally and in written form. Keywords: Denture Complete Denture hygiene, cleansing Habits, Denture cleaning solution.