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In this article, we present the concept of extended Seidel energy by employing a generalized extended matrix to study various molecular properties, including the Kovats retention index, boiling point, enthalpy of formation, entropy, acentric factor, and octanol-water partition coefficient. Our research broadens the scope of energy matrices in graph theory, with a particular emphasis on Sombor energy, reduced Sombor energy, average Sombor energy, Banhatti Sombor energy and reduced Banhatti Sombor energy. We examined the correlation of these graph-based energy descriptors with the thermodynamic properties of Benzenoid hydrocarbons (BHC), uncovering strong relationships between these indices and different molecular attributes. These results provide valuable insights into the predictive potential of graph energies in modeling the thermodynamic behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limeum indicum (LI), a plant from the Aizoaceae family, has garnered interest due to its potential health benefits. In this study, we explore the antidiabetic, antioxidant, antinociceptive, and anti‐inflammatory properties of a chemically characterized whole extract from LI. In vitro assays included DPPH and reducing power tests to assess antioxidant activity. For in vivo investigations, adult Wistar rats were used. Alloxan‐induced diabetic rats received oral doses of LI whole extract (ethanol (LI‐EE), DCM (LI‐DE), and n‐Hexane (LI‐HE)) or glimepiride for 21 days. Carrageenan‐induced inflammation and nociceptive effects were also evaluated. Molecular docking studies aided in identifying potential targets for the extract's bioactivity. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and fixed oils in the extract. Both DPPH and reducing power assays demonstrated substantial total phenolic and flavonoid content, indicative of strong antioxidant activity. The extracts dose‐dependently reduced blood glucose levels in alloxan‐induced diabetic rats and mitigated inflammation and nociception. Furthermore, the significant antidiabetic and anti‐inflammatory activities of n‐hexane extract, suggested to identify the potential components by employing molecular docking studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monomial ordering is the process of putting single polynomial terms, or monomials, in a certain order depending on predefined principles. It facilitates the systematic grouping and comparison of monomials, as well as the division and factorization of polynomials and other algebraic operations. Let R := 핂[xi,j|i ∈ [c],j ∈ ℕ], be a polynomial ring over arbitrary field 핂, where c is any fixed natural number. In this paper, we have defined different orderings like lexicographical, degree lexicographical and reverse degree lexicographical ordering on polynomial ring. We have discussed the infinitely many Inc-compatible term ordering on polynomial ring R with respect to two different weight vectors Wc and Wc,n′. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus infections are the primary causes of morbidity, and mortality, particularly in immuno-compromised individuals. S. aureus associated infections are acquired from community, as well as hospital settings, and difficult to treat because of the emerging resistance against available antibiotics. One of the key factors of its resistance is the biofilm formation, which can be targeted to treat S. aureus-induced infections. Currently, there is no drug available that function by targeting the biofilm. This unmet need demands the discovery of drug candidates against S. aureus biofilm. The present study was designed to evaluate coumarin derivatives 1–21 against S. aureus biofilm. The 96-well plate crystal violet assay was employed for the quantification of biofilm. Results showed that the coumarin derivatives 2–4, 10, and 17 possess potent antibiofilm activity, with MBIC values between 25–100 μg/mL. The results were further confirmed through atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron (SEM), and fluorescence microscopic studies. The quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed the downregulation of biofilm associated genes, icaA and icaD. These coumarin derivatives were also found to be non-cytotoxic to fibroblasts. This study, therefore, identifies the antibiofilm potential of coumarin derivatives that will pave the way for further research on these derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. The bulky and normal polymers are graphs of aromatic organic compounds. The main idea of this article is to elaborate the expected results of Zagreb connection, sombor and reduced sombor indices in bulky and normal polymers. The generalized expected results with the help of probability technique for all the chains like polyonino, pentachain, polyphenyl, cyclooctane cyclodecane and so on different chains for Alkanes have been determined which are connected with and without any bond (edge). The Sombor topological index is named after the city of Sombor in Serbia, where it was introduced by a group of researchers in the field of chemoinformatics and mathematical chemistry. At the end, we have find the meta, ortho and para polymers to define the average values of Zagreb connection, Sombor and reduced Sombor indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical graph is a graphical representation of the molecular structure of a chemical compound, showing the atoms of the compound and the bonds between them. Chemical graphs are used in many areas of chemistry, including organic chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science. The basic idea of this paper is to compute the expected results of multiplicative K Banhatti and multiplicative hyper K Banhatti indices of this category of organic compounds. The average value of the multiplicative K Banhatti and multiplicative hyper K Banhatti indices for the set of random poly-phenylene chains have been calculated. Moreover, we presented the comparison between the expected results of multiplicative K Banhatti and multiplicative hyper K Banhatti indices for polyphenyl and spiro chain, have been resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) is essential for plants and animals as it plays significant roles in several physiological and biological processes. Its deficiency in soil results in low Zn content food and is one of the major reasons for Zn malnutrition in humans. Biofortification of crops with zinc (Zn) is a viable approach to combat malnutrition, especially in developing countries. A hydroponic study was executed to study response and Zn partitioning in various lentil genotypes. Eight preselected lentil genotypes (Line-11504, Mansehra-89, Masoor-2006, Masoor-85, Line-10502, Markaz-09, Masoor-2004, and Shiraz-96) were grown in solution culture with two Zn levels (control and adequate Zn). Plants were sown in polythene lined iron trays with a two inch layer of prewashed riverbed sand. After 10 days of germination, seedlings were transplanted to a 25L capacity container with nutrient solution for 15 days, and afterward, these plants were divided into two groups, receiving either 2.0 mM Zn or no Zn levels. Three plants of each genotype were harvested at the vegetative growth stage (60 DAT) and the remaining three at physiological maturity (117 DAT). Plants were partitioned into roots, shoots, and grains at harvest. Significant variations in root and shoot dry matter production, grain output, partitioning of Zn in plant parts (root, shoot, and grain), grain phytate reduction, and Zn bioavailability were observed among genotypes. Lentil root accumulated more Zn (54 mg kg-1) with respect to shoot Zn (51 mg kg-1) under Zn supply. The Zn efficient genotypes (Line-11504 and Mansehra-89) produced more root and shoot dry weights at both harvests. There was a positive correlation between the relative growth rate of root and grain phytate concentration (r = 0.55) and [phytate]:[Zn] ratio (r = 0.67). Zn-efficient genotype Mansehra-89 had a maximum root shoot ratio (0.57) and higher grain Zn (60 mg kg-1) with a respectively reduced grain phytate (17 µg g-1) and thus, had more Zn bioavailability (3.01 mg d-1). The genotypic ability for Zn uptake and accumulation within different plant tissues may be incorporated into future crop breeding to improve the nutrition of undernourished consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance and tolerance are natural phenomena that arose due to evolutionary adaptation of microorganisms against various xenobiotic agents. These adaptation mechanisms make the current treatment options challenging as it is increasingly difficult to treat a broad range of infections, associated biofilm formation, intracellular and host adapted microbes, as well as persister cells and microbes in protected niches. Therefore, novel strategies are needed to identify the most promising drug targets to overcome the existing hurdles in the treatment of infectious diseases. Furthermore, discovery of novel drug candidates is also much needed, as few novel antimicrobial drugs have been introduced in the last two decades. In this review, we focus on the strategies that may help in the development of innovative small molecules which can interfere with microbial resistance mechanisms. We also highlight the recent advances in optimization of growth media which mimic host conditions and genome scale molecular analyses of microbial response against antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, we discuss the identification of antibiofilm molecules and their mechanisms of action in the light of the distinct physiology and metabolism of biofilm cells. This review thus provides the most recent advances in host mimicking growth media for effective drug discovery and development of antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is common on calcareous soils due to fixation with soil components and precipitation with other ions. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) may serve a better source of Zn for improved growth and biofortification in maize grains. Pot and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of ZnO nanoparticles in comparison with conventional Zn fertilizer (ZnSO4) on growth and grain Zn contents of maize. In both experiments, Zn application improved growth and physiological parameters of plants; however, maximum improvement was observed in treatments receiving ZnSO4 (soluble) or ZnO nanoparticles (insoluble source of Zn). Application of ZnO nanoparticles also improved Zn concentration in shoots as well as in grains in field experiment. In field experiment, Zn partitioning was also calculated and interestingly it is found that Zn concentration at maturity stages was reduced in stem and mature leaves. Maximum Zn concentration (~80 mg kg−1) was observed in young leaves at vegetative growth stage in treatments receiving ZnO nanoparticles. Foliar applied ZnO NPs showed maximum increase in grain Zn concentration (82%). It is concluded that ZnO NPs improved maize growth, yield and grain Zn contents. Being cheaper and efficient source, it can be used for Zn biofortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain phosphorus (P) and phytate contents are important for early growth and quality of wheat, respectively. We studied seed P and phytate contents of 57 wheat genotypes released during last 6 decades. The grain total P and phytate P concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 8.9 mg g−1 and 1.6 to 4.7 mg g−1, respectively. Grain P was higher in genotypes released in current or last decade than pre-green revolution period and it correlated well with grain phytate contents. Indicating that breeders worked only for increased grain P and did not consider the phytate contents. Twenty-five genotypes were selected based on differences in grain P and phytate contents to observe the P use efficiency under field conditions. Genotypes differed significantly for grain P and yield at both 0 and 60 kg ha−1 P levels. In conclusion, phytate fraction in grains of recent wheat genotypes was more as compared to old genotypes and genotype Inqlab-91 and Chakwal-86 had maximum grain total P. Moreover, number of productive tillers, spikelet per spike, grain weight, harvest index and grain P concentration and uptake were found responsible for P tolerance under P deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Asymptomatic nature of hypertension (HTN) has made it a silent killer. The better understanding of the underlying causes or factors can be beneficial in reducing the mortality and morbidity rate. Thus, the present study aims to determine the risk factors associated with HTN among adults and elderly patients visiting outpatient departments (OPDs) and the knowledge of patients about their health status. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Outpatient departments (OPDs) of four tertiary care hospitals (Nishtar hospital, Khawaja Farid Social Security hospital, Railway hospital and Bakhtawar Amin Memorial hospital) of Multan, Pakistan. Period: 1st May 2017 and 31st October 2017. Patients and Methods: 364 patients (≥18 years-≥60 years of age) in OPDs of four tertiary care hospitals of Multan, Pakistan. Data regarding demographic details, medical history and blood pressure measurements were collected on a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) and Microsoft Excel (MS Office 2010). Result: Overall 38.7% of the participants were suffering from HTN. Most of them were 40-59 years of age and had body mass index (BMI) >23 kg/m². Bivariate analysis (p-value <0.005) showed a significant association of age, marital status, gender, weight, and physical activity with HTN. Conclusion: The major determinants of HTN include increase in age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, diabetes mellitus (DM) and lack of health concerns. Although patients are knowledgeable of their poor health status but make little or no efforts in controlling and preventing HTN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]