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Objective: This scoping review is an attempt to map the literature on the prevalence, diagnosis, treatment options and prognosis of labio-gingival grooves. Introduction: Labio-gingival groove is a congenital morphologic dental anomaly, in which an infolding of the inner enamel epithelium and Hertwig's epithelial root sheath create a groove extending varying depth into root. prevalence of 6.5% in at least one incisor and mostly in maxillary central incisors. Several authors have inferred that this pathology can be either developmental or due to trauma during early childhood. This defect is often missed in routine clinical examination often leading to misdiagnosis and wrong treatment. Inclusion criteria: A thorough search among the different databases would be carried out and include articles that are case reports and observational studies pertinent to the topic and exclude review articles on the same. Methods: JBI method for scoping review will be followed. Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar database will be searched with no time limits. Only articles in English language will be considered. This scoping review will consider experimental/quasi-experimental, analytical and descriptive study designs including case reports and case series. Editorials, text and opinion papers will also be considered. Search management will be performed using Covidence and data of included studies will be done using a data extraction template. Obtained data will be described under the headings: prevalence, diagnosis, management and any other theme of labio-gingival groove.

Cytokines are important regulators of pregnancy and parturition. Aberrant expression of proinflammatory cytokines during pregnancy contributes towards preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus. The regulation of cytokine expression in human cells is highly complex, involving interactions between environment, transcription factors, and feedback mechanisms. Recent developments in epigenetic research have made tremendous advancements in exploring histone modifications as a key epigenetic regulator of cytokine expression and the effect of their signaling molecules on various organ systems in the human body. Histone acetylation and subsequent deacetylation by histone deacetylases (HDACs) are major epigenetic regulators of protein expression in the human body. The expression of various proinflammatory cytokines, their role in normal and abnormal pregnancy, and their epigenetic regulation via HDACs will be discussed in this review.

Astragalus root (Huang Qi) and Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) are both considered medicinal foods and are frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine due to their anticancer and immunomodulating properties. Here, the scientific literatures describing evidence for the anticancer and immunogenic properties of Shiitake and Astragalus were reviewed. Based on our experimental data, the potential to develop medicinal food with combined bioactivities was assessed using Shiitake mushrooms grown over Astragalus beds in a proprietary manufacturing process, as a novel cancer prevention approach. Notably, our data suggest that this new manufacturing process can result in transfer and increased bioavailability of Astragalus polysaccharides with therapeutic potential into edible Shiitake. Further research efforts are required to validate the therapeutic potential of this new Hengshan Astragalus Shiitake medicinal food.

Astragalus root (Huang Qi) and Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) are both considered medicinal foods and are frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine due to their anticancer and immunomodulating properties. Here, the scientific literatures describing evidence for the anticancer and immunogenic properties of Shiitake and Astragalus were reviewed. Based on our experimental data, the potential to develop medicinal food with combined bioactivities was assessed using Shiitake mushrooms grown over Astragalus beds in a proprietary manufacturing process, as a novel cancer prevention approach. Notably, our data suggest that this new manufacturing process can result in transfer and increased bioavailability of Astragalus polysaccharides with therapeutic potential into edible Shiitake. Further research efforts are required to validate the therapeutic potential of this new Hengshan Astragalus Shiitake medicinal food.

The chemical and nutritional constituents of mushrooms can alter significantly when grown on different substrates. Based on this fact, an approach was made to cultivate a new type of mushroom, Hengshan Astragalus Shiitake, by growing Shiitake mushrooms on beds supplemented with the roots of an edible herbal plant, Astragalus membranaceus. In this study, three green extraction techniques, including microwave-enzyme assisted (MEA), ultrasound-enzyme assisted (UEA) and microwave-ultrasound-enzyme assisted (MUEA) extractions, were used to compare both the yield and antiproliferative activity of the polysaccharide-rich extracts (PREs) from HAS in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT 116). Both HAS-A and HAS-B extracts contain significantly higher amounts of polysaccharides when compared to the control (Shiitake extract), regardless of the extraction methods. The PREs from HAS-B have significantly higher anti-proliferative activity in HCT 116 compared to the control when using the UEA extraction method. Our findings demonstrate that HAS-B can become a novel functional food with anti-proliferative activities and the optimization of UEA extraction would help to develop new active extract-based health products.

Background: Membrane-organizing extension spike protein (Moesin) is a cytoskeletal protein expressed in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) which may play a role in the immune response in periodontal disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether Moesin can be used as a biomarker for periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients satisfying the required inclusion criteria were selected from those reporting to the out patient (OP) of the department of periodontics and divided into two groups: Group A – systemically healthy controls with no periodontitis and Group B – systemically healthy controls with chronic severe periodontitis. Periodontal parameters were recorded. GCF was collected, and Moesin levels in the two groups were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Scaling and root planing (SRP) was done in Group B patients who were reviewed, and samples were collected again after 4 weeks and analyzed. Results: At baseline, the mean GCF Moesin level in Group A was 666.95 ± 471.872 pg/ml, while in Group B, it was found to be 27435.35 ± 14179.77 pg/ml, which showed a high statistically significant difference on comparison. The mean GCF Moesin level in patients with chronic severe periodontitis was 27435.35 ± 14179.77 pg/ml at baseline, and on review 1 month after SRP, it was found to have undergone a statistically significant reduction to 27161.23 ± 14161.57 pg/ml (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that Moesin can serve as a potential biomarker for periodontal disease.

Neopterin is a novel predictor for coronary events especially in diabetic patients and also an indicator for the effectiveness of the periodontal treatment. In this study, we assessed whether salivary neopterin can be used as a potential biomarker in evaluating the risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. Forty subjects between 25 and 75 years of age and who matched the criteria were selected and divided into four groups. Their periodontal status was evaluated. Stimulated whole saliva and blood were collected for analysis of salivary neopterin and fibrinogen and HbA1c levels, respectively. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy was carried out. Patients were recalled after 3 months, and the same procedure was repeated. A reduction in all the parameters was seen after treatment in all the four groups. Salivary neopterin levels showed significant difference (p

Understanding how dietary nutrients modulate the gut microbiome is of great interest for the development of food products and eating patterns for combatting the global burden of non-communicable diseases. In this narrative review we assess scientific studies published from 2005 to 2019 that evaluated the effect of micro- and macro-nutrients on the composition of the gut microbiome using in vitro and in vivo models, and human clinical trials. The clinical evidence for micronutrients is less clear and generally lacking. However, preclinical evidence suggests that red wine- and tea-derived polyphenols and vitamin D can modulate potentially beneficial bacteria. Current research shows consistent clinical evidence that dietary fibers, including arabinoxylans, galacto-oligosaccharides, inulin, and oligofructose, promote a range of beneficial bacteria and suppress potentially detrimental species. The preclinical evidence suggests that both the quantity and type of fat modulate both beneficial and potentially detrimental microbes, as well as the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio in the gut. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that the type and amount of proteins in the diet has substantial and differential effects on the gut microbiota. Further clinical investigation of the effect of micronutrients and macronutrients on the microbiome and metabolome is warranted, along with understanding how this influences host health.

Fundamental to all wireless communications is modulation, the process of superimposing the carrier signal on the modulation signal. Most of the wireless transmissions today are digital with the limited spectrum available, the type of modulation is more critical than it has ever been. The main purpose of modulation is to squeeze them as much data into the least amount of spectrum possible. The term known as spectral efficiency measures how quickly data can be transmitted in an assigned bandwidth. Multiple techniques have popped to achieve and improve spectral efficiency. Thus ‘4- dimensional QFSK’ will help in reducing the required bandwidth for transmission compared to existing techniques to a greater extent without increasing the Probability of Error (P e ).

The requirements for Wireless Personal Area Network are less band-width, high speed, low probability of error and reduced multipath interference. In M-ary Phase Shift Keying, M-ary Amplitude Shift Keying and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Shift Keying, as N increases, the probability of error increases, even though bandwidth decreases. In M-ary Frequency shift keying as N increases, the probability of error decreases but bandwidth increases. In general, while working with the wireless systems using these techniques, various problems encountered are: multi-path fading, single carrier fading, time dispersion which leads to inter symbol interference, lower bit rate capacity, less power efficiency and less spectral efficiency. Hence there is a need to design a new modulation technique which fulfills all the requirements of Wireless Personal Area Network. We have implemented a spectrally and power efficient modulator of 3-Dimensional Polar Frequency Shift Keying modulation.

Background and Aim: Diabetes has emerged as a major healthcare problem in India. Diabetes and periodontitis interact in a bidirectional manner; therefore, there is a need to screen patients for diabetes in dental clinics. Development of an intraoral blood sampling technique would make screening easier for dental practitioners. Routine oral examination of patients with periodontal inflammation with or without diabetes produce ample bleeding which can be used in glucometers for screening diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the aim is to assess if gingival crevicular blood (GCB) is as efficient as capillary finger prick technique in estimating the glycemic status. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight participants with gingivitis or periodontitis with bleeding on probing from at least one site were chosen. Periodontal parameters such as Probing pocket depth and gingival index were measured using William's graduated periodontal probe. GCB and capillary finger prick blood (CFB) were collected for the estimation of blood glucose with the help of glucometer. Statistical Analysis: Performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient of GCB and CFB was 0.982 with a P < 0.001. Conclusion: It can be concluded that GCB can be used for the estimation of glycemic status.

Australian Rock lobster head by-products (LHBs) are underutilised, but they contain about 43.5% protein. An integrated process of ultrasonic intensification and chitosan co-precipitation was developed for the efficient protein recovery. This process efficiency is influenced by pH, the ratio of water/LHBs and chitosan concentration. Up to 99% lobster head proteins (LHPs) could be ultrasonically extracted within 5 min at a pH of 13 and water to LHBs ratio of 8 mL/g, of which 86.6% LHPs could be recovered by 250 mg/L chitosan co-precipitation. Nutritionally, 83.2% of LHPs are relatively intact proteins (molecular weights 50–150 kDa) enriched with umami, aromas and essential amino acids (EAAs – up to 38.9% - double the amount of adult requirements that is suggested by WHO/FAO), and low lysine/arginine ratio (1.0). The LHPs recovered have digestibility comparable to that of the egg protein and contain significantly lower toxic metals satisfying food safety standards, that makes this novel process and the extracted proteins very attractive for industrial applications.

Table S1. Example of relevant sentences from the pipeline for selected microbes. Supplemental Information 1 List of metabolites in each metabolite category. Supplemental Information 2 Description and motivation for â Baby Foodâ category. Supplemental Information 3 Literature queries for each topic. Supplemental Information 4 List of terms in each dictionaries. Supplemental Information 5 List of manually filtered foods, which excludes processed foods, alcohol and those foods that do not contain clearly defined products. Figure S1 Metabolic enrichment set analysis description. (PDF 1050 kb)

In existing digital modulation techniques, various problems are encountered like multipath fading, inter symbol interference due to spreading of signal, high bandwidth, larger transmit power. In order to overcome the above mentioned problems, this paper proposes a new digital modulation technique i.e. N-dimensional quadrature FSK. It consist of N-carriers, in which N/2 are cosine waves with frequencies f 1 , f 2 … F N/2 and N/2 are sine waves with frequencies f 1 , f 2 ,… f N/2 . This technique helps to keep the bandwidth constant even if ‘N’ increases. By increasing the number of carriers frequency selective fading is reduced and multipath fading is reduced by increasing the symbol duration.

While working with the wireless communication systems(especially Personal Data Network) using existing modulation techniques, various problems encountered are: multipath fading, time dispersion which leads to ISI, lower bit rate capacity, requirement of larger transmit power for high bit rate and less spectral efficiency. To overcome above problems, this paper proposes a new digital modulation technique: N-Dimensional polar FSK. The proposed technique is based on multi-carrier system which helps in reducing frequency selective fading. To reduce multipath interference, symbol duration should be increased by increasing number of bits/symbol. This new technique works excellent by resulting in a constant bandwidth and Euclidean distance as the number of bits/symbol increases, thus providing high spectral and power efficiency.

Objectives Gangliosides are structural and functional glycosphingolipids, considered to have important roles in neuronal development in fetal and neonatal development and in memory formation. In this report, we have investigated the ability of bovine milk-derived gangliosides GM3 and GD3 to cross the human placenta. Study design We have employed the ex-vivo model of dually-perfused isolated human placental lobules. Results There was significant uptake of both GD3 and GM3 from the maternal perfusate. There was significant increase of GM3 in the fetal side and a non-statistically significant trend for GD3 to increase on the fetal side. Conclusions Hence an apparent preference for GM3 release into fetal circulation. We suggest that gangliosides consumed by the mother enter her circulation, can be transferred across the placenta and may be available to the developing fetus for building neural connections.

This case report highlights the effective management of a maxillary lateral incisor with perio-endo lesion precipitated and complicated by the presence of a deep palatoradicular groove extending up to the root apex. Despite an apparently poor prognosis, the tooth was successfully managed by a collaborative endodontic and surgical periodontal therapy. The periodontal ligament attachment and periradicular healing were appreciated both clinically and radiographically at 3-month follow-up. How to cite this article Krishnan DR, Haridas N, Singh VPP, Balakrishnan B. Effective Management of a Perio-endo Lesion associated with Palatoradicular Groove. Cons Dent Endod J 2017;2(1):16-23.

Objective: To study transplacental transfer and biotransformation of genistein in the human placenta. Study design and outcomes: Human placentae obtained from healthy term singleton pregnancies were utilised in a dual re-circulating model of ex-vivo placental perfusion. Four placentae were perfused for 180 min following addition of genistein (10 ng/mL) to the maternal perfusate. Antipyrine and FITC dextran were used as positive and negative controls respectively to validate integrity of the circuits. Concentrations of genistein and its conjugates were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: The transfer percentage for antipyrine and genistein was 25.6 +/- 1.40% and 22.1 +/- 1.61% respectively and the transfer index for genistein was 0.90 +/- 0.04 after 180 min of perfusion. 12.0 +/- 2.40% of genistein in the fetal compartment and 7.36 +/- 4.73% of genistein in the maternal compartment were in the conjugated form. Conclusions: Genistein can transfer across the human placenta at environmentally relevant levels. Placental metabolizing enzymes conjugate a small fraction of genistein into the glucuronide/sulphate form, which is devoid of estrogenic action. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Context The thyroid hormone and retinol binding protein transthyretin (TTR) is synthesised by human trophoblasts. Polarised JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells grown in bicameral chambers secrete TTR predominantly apically but also basally and these cells and human trophoblasts also take up TTR suggesting that there may be a placental TTR shuttle that participates in materno-fetal transfer of thyroid hormones and retinol. Objectives and methods Our objective was to investigate TTR secretion into the maternal and fetal circuits of the ex vivo dually perfused placental lobule to confirm that placenta secretes TTR into the fetal circulation. We also investigated translocation of Alexa Fluor-594 labelled TTR from incubation medium into the fetal placental capillaries in early (14–15 weeks) and term placental villus explants. Results The perfused placental lobule secretes TTR into the maternal and fetal circuits. Secretion in both circuits is linear with time and is predominantly into the maternal circuit (mean maternal/fetal ratio 99.4 ± 25.6). The mean data fitted well to a three compartment mathematical model (maternal circuit, placenta and fetal circuit, constant secretion of TTR and return of maternal circuit TTR to the placental compartment). Explants from early (14–15 weeks) and late (38–40 weeks) placentas translocated fluorescently labelled TTR from medium to villus (fetal) capillaries. Conclusions Our results confirm that human placenta secretes TTR into maternal and fetal circulations and supports the hypothesis that placental TTR secreted into the maternal placental circulation can be taken up by trophoblasts and translocated to the fetal circulation, forming a TTR shuttle system. This may have important implications for materno-fetal transfer of thyroid hormones, retinol/retinol binding protein and xenobiotics (such as polychlorinated biphenyls) all of which bind to TTR.

4-nonylphenol (4-NP) is an estrogenic endocrine active chemical that is present in detergents and is known to contaminate food and drinking water. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether 4-NP crosses the human placenta and if so, to what extent. Human placentae obtained from healthy term singleton pregnancies were utilized in a dual ex-vivo re-circulating model of placental perfusion. Six placentae were perfused for 180 min following addition of 4-NP (30 ng/mL) to the maternal perfusate. Antipyrine and FITC dextran were used as positive and negative controls respectively to validate the integrity of the circuits. 4-NP was measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC-FD). After 180 min of perfusion the transfer percentages for antipyrine and 4-NP were 25.6 +/- 1.4% (mean +/- s.e.m, n = 6) and 22.75 +/- 3.76% respectively and the transfer index for 4-NP was 0.8. We conclude that the intact form of 4-NP at environmentally relevant concentrations can transfer across the human placenta albeit at a slow rate. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the investigation was to study placental transfer and conjugation of bisphenol A (BPA) across the human placenta. STUDY DESIGN: Human placentae obtained from healthy term singleton pregnancies were utilized in a dual recirculating model of ex vivo placental perfusion. Seven placentae were perfused with BPA (10 ng/mL) added to the maternal perfusate for 180 minutes. Antipyrine and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran were used as positive and negative controls, respectively, to validate integrity of the circuits. Concentrations of BPA and its conjugates were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The transfer percentage for antipyrine and BPA were 25.5 +/- 1.13% and 27.0 +/- 1.88%, respectively, and the transfer index for BPA was 1.1 +/- 0.09 after 180 minutes of perfusion. Only 3.2 +/- 1.6% of BPA in the fetal compartment was in the conjugated form. CONCLUSION: Bisphenol A at low environmentally relevant levels can transfer across the human placenta, mainly in active unconjugated form.