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Background: Tobacco smoking is an independent risk factor for periodontal disease which increases periodontal pocketing, attachment loss, as well as bone loss leading to varied severity and bone destruction in the form of horizontal and vertical patterns. Aim: The aim of the present study is to determine and measure the types and severity of bone destruction in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with tobacco smoking habit using intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiographs and transgingival probing. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 male participants with CP were included in the study. Group A comprised 30 heavy cigarette smokers and Group B comprised 30 nonsmokers. Clinical parameters such as plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. Amount and pattern of bone loss were assessed using IOPA and transgingival probing. Results: The mean values of PI, PPD, and CAL were 2.50 ± 0.28 mm, 9.33 ± 1.42 mm, and 10.2 ± 1.62 mm, respectively, for cigarette smokers, which were found to be higher and statistically significant as compared to nonsmokers. Cigarette smokers showed more bone destruction than nonsmokers in respect to maxillary molars 4.42 ± 1.31 mm and incisors 3.90 ± 1.10 mm as compared to nonsmokers. Types of bone destruction were more of vertical patterns (93.3%) in cigarette smokers. Conclusions: Tobacco smoking was associated with severe attachment loss. Tobacco smoking not only affects soft tissues but also hard tissues such as bone. Palatal sides of maxillary molars showed significantly higher bone loss and also had more percentage of vertical patterns of bone loss compared to nonsmokers. IOPA and transgingival probing may be used as noninvasive methods for the determination of types and severity of bone destruction in CP patients with or without tobacco smoking habit.

Nonlinear quantum metrology schemes can lead to faster than Heisenberg limited scalings for the measurement uncertainty. We study a Michelson interferometer embedded in a Kerr medium [Luis and Rivas, Phys. Rev. A 92, 022104 (2015)] that leads to non-linear, intensity dependent phase shifts corresponding to relative changes in the lengths of its two arms. The quantum Cramer-Rao bound on the minimum achievable measurement uncertainties is worked out and the requirements, in practice, to saturate the bound are investigated. The choice of input state of light into the interferometer and the read out strategy at the output end are discussed. The ideal, non-classical states of light that must be used to saturate the bound are found to be highly susceptible to photon loss noise. We identify optimal states at each noise level that are both resilient to noise and capable of giving the enhanced sensitivities and discuss practical implementations of the interferometry scheme using such states., This is the published version. This paper has 9 pages and 5 figures

The monthly solar wind speed and density observed near 1 AU in IMF sectors of opposite magnetic polarity are studied during the minimum of sunspot cycles 23 and 24. During sunspot minima, the IMF is pointing away from the sun (Away sector) in the north of the Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS) and pointing towards the sun (Toward sector) in the south of HCS during odd sunspot cycles and the same process is reversed during the even cycles. During this period, the solar wind plasma parameters (number density and speed) show a systematic month to month variation with solar wind number density decreases and velocity increases from equator to poles (heliomagnetic latitudinal organization) only in ‘Away’ IMF sectors compared to ‘Toward’ IMF sectors. This feature is particularly more evident for low speed solar wind and happens in a helio-hemisphere with a larger polar coronal hole. The association of the above phenomena with north–south asymmetry in coronal and solar wind flow characteristics will be discussed.

Introduction: The Aloe vera has pharmacological actions which include antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and immune- boosting properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate anti inflammatory property of aloe vera mouthwash on gingivitis. Materials and methods: This study used 50 patients who came to a private clinic in Kerala, India, divided into 25 subjects in the test group and 25 subjects in the control group. Results: The difference is seen in the mean value of index in the subjects of scaling with the Aloe vera mouthwash of 0.97210.19543, higher than the mean on subjects without Aloe vera mouthwash of 0.76320.18754 (p

Aim To treat mucogingival problems palatal masticatory mucosa is used as a donor material. This study aimed to determine the thickness of donor palatal mucosa and associations of age and gender in Indian subjects aged 14 to 60 years by direct clinical technique. Materials and methods Forty systemically and periodontally healthy Indian subjects (20 males; 20 females; age range of 14 to 60 years) enrolled in this study. Under local anesthesia bone sounding technique was performed at 15 defined and predetermined points. The Wilcoxon test was used to determine the difference in mucosal thickness between the age groups and between genders. Significance of the difference between individuals of different body mass index (BMI) was assessed by independent t-test. Results With mean thickness of 2.0 to 3.7 mm, the younger age group demonstrated significantly thinner donor mucosa (mean 2.8 ± 0.3 mm) than the older age group (mean 3.1 ± 0.3 mm). Within the same age group though statistically not significant; males had thicker mucosa than females. From the canine to second premolar areas and in the sites furthest from the gingival margin mucosa thickness increased. When correlated with subject's BMI, in all probed sites males demonstrated significantly a thicker mucosa than females. Within each group subjects with high BMI demonstrated thicker donor mucosa. Conclusion Current study showed that in both adult and young individuals, premolar and canine areas can be the right site for harvesting donor tissue. Even in young subjects subepithelial connective tissue (CT) graft can be harvested in adequate volume. Donor tissue thickness can be influenced by factors like genetics and race, which need to be further evaluated. Clinical significance Premolar and canine areas serve as appropriate choice to harvest palatal masticatory mucosa. Even in young patients the volume of donor tissue available is sufficient enough to consider the subepithelial CT graft procedure. Donor tissue thickness can be influenced by factors like genetics and race, which need to be further evaluated. How to cite this article Anuradha BR, Shankar BS, John B, Prasad KARV, Gopinadh A, Devi KNN. Assessment of Palatal Masticatory Mucosa: A Cross-sectional Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):536-543.