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An eco-efficient protocol towards the synthesis of highly substituted bio-active pyrrolidine-2-one derivatives was demonstrated using β-cyclodextrin, a water-soluble supramolecular catalyst at room temperature under water–ethanol solvent medium.

An environmentally sustainable, green synthesis of thioamide through multi-component reaction (MCR) of aldehyde, amine and sulphur catalyzed by Humic acid in solvent-free condition at 100 oC. The key features of this protocol are use of humic acid, a greener, easily recyclable, easily available and almost unexplored catalyst and circumvention of noxious solvents that amplify the scope of the reaction. The proposed protocol also possesses tolerance to aromatic as well as aliphatic aldehydes and amines comprising variety electron donating and withdrawing functional groups.

In recent times, microwave-assisted chemistry has gained enormous attraction in organic synthesis owing to its versatile advantages such as avoidance of harsh reaction condition, increase of yield, elimination of by-product, shorter reaction time and removal of wastages. Besides, water as a reaction medium further includes more benefits as it eliminates all the drawbacks of toxic solvent, which may cause injuries for our mother earth. Furthermore, C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation reactions are very significant as most of the drug as well as bioactive compounds contain heterocycles or C-hetero bond, which is a key tool of chemistry. This article demonstrates the advancement on the topic of microwave assisted C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation reactions in aqueous medium.

β-Cyclodextrin, a green and widespread supramolecular catalyst, has been explored as a highly proficient promoter for the metal-free one-pot multi-component synthesis of a vast range of highly functionalized bioactive heterocyclic moiety, 2-amino-4,6-diphenylnicotinonitriles and 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one, from easily available precursor aldehydes. The main endeavor of these protocols is to explore this organic supramolecule in one-pot multi-component synthesis. Absence of metal catalyst or toxic acid and harsh reaction conditions, excellent functional group tolerance, inexpensive, greener and environmentally safe protocol are the key advantages of this work.

Solvents play an imperative task in chemical reactions. In recent years, green and sustainable chemistry has demanded the improvement of new synthetic protocols that shrink waste and environment hazardous compounds which is a major concern in all fields and also in industry. Most of the chemical processes during fine chemical synthesis in research laboratory or in chemical industry entail solution phase for making the reaction medium homogeneous and allowing more reacting molecular interactions, and therefore, organic solvents are usually the first option for that. Solvents are needed both in reaction as well as in separation or purification steps either by extraction or by recrystallization. The major disadvantages of some solvents involve their pyrophoric nature, poor recovery, and high volatility. Therefore, majority of such solvents are associated with their hazardous nature which cause numerous ill effects toward human health and environment. This chapter summarizes the importance of green solvents over conventional solvents toward organic synthetic approaches.

Recently, synthesis of the most common and important scaffold N-heterocyclic compounds has gained heightened attention, owing to the biological and pharmaceutical properties of these compounds. This chapter describes the importance and synthesis of the two most versatile and essential heterocyclic moieties, quinoxaline and pyrazine, using various copper-based catalysts. The authors explore the synthesis of these two moieties through a simple condensation reaction, coupling reaction, cascade reaction, domino reaction, and mostly via one-pot, multicomponent synthesis. This overview serves as a useful source of up-to-date information to those in this important field.

This is the first reported, unconventional, efficient strategy for the synthesis of quinoxaline from 2 to iodo benzoic acid and sodium azide in presence of organo Cu (II) catalyst. Herein, a very simple, versatile one pot multi-component protocol for the synthesis of biologically active compound, quinoxaline has been described via Schmidt reaction and the nucleophilic substitution reaction. The isolated compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR. Our reported organo catalyst was characterized by single crystal XRD, SEM.

A new and efficient protocol for the conversion of aldehyde into nitriles by modified Schmidt reaction. The reaction is carried out under solvent free condition using sodium azide as a source of nitrogen and catalysed by p-toluene sulphonic acid in presence of silica surface with no side product. This transformation gives good to excellent yield for numerous aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic nitriles using very simple reagent. This method has avoided the use of transition metal catalyst, toxic cyanide, hazardous solvent and offers a greener, simple and environment friendly procedure.