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As Bignoniaceae são um importante componente das florestas tropicais, especialmente no Brasil, onde a família é mais diversa. Apesar disso, o conhecimento desta família ainda é fragmentado em diversas regiões do país, especialmente na região Ocidental do Brasil. Neste estudo, nós apresentamos um checklist atualizado das Bignoniaceae do estado de Mato Grosso (MT), Brasil. Esta lista é baseada em múltiplas visitas a herbários locais, análise de exsicatas disponíveis on-line e expedições de campo. Ao todo, documentamos 115 espécies da família para o Mato Grosso, incluindo a primeira ocorrência do gênero Godmania e 12 novas ocorrências de espécies de Bignoniaceae para o estado. Nossos resultados enfatizam a importância de expedições de campo e estudos detalhados de coleções depositadas em herbários locais para a documentação precisa da biodiversidade. Listas de espécies compreensivas são extremamente importantes para orientar os esforços futuros de amostragens e conservação da biodiversidade.

Background and aims – The genus Anemopaegma (Bignoniaceae) includes around 47 species and has its centre of diversity in Brazil. Here, we describe and illustrate a new species from French Guiana, Anemopaegma kawense, and compare it to the two most similar species, A. foetidum and A. granvillei. We further assess the conservation status of all three species.Material and methods – Morphological descriptions are based on herbarium specimens deposited at BM, BR, CAY, INPA, K, MO, P, SPF, and U, and, in the case of the newly described species, also on field observations. The conservation status assessments follow the IUCN Red List criteria.Key results – Anemopaegma kawense differs from both A. foetidum and A. granvillei by its densely villose twigs, longitudinally plicate leaflets with secondary veins not or hardly prominent below, and tertiary veins impressed below. It is further separated from A. foetidum by the leaflets that are villose below and the calyx that is entirely pubescent outside. On the other hand, A. kawense differs from A. granvillei by the densely lepidote outer surface of the corolla, shorter petiolules, leaflets with midrib impressed above, shorter bracts and bracteoles, inflorescence peduncle exceeding the rachis, and pedicels densely puberulous, not lepidote or only sparsely so at the apex. This species is endemic to the Kaw Mountain in north-eastern French Guiana, where it grows in low stunted forest on laterite; it is assessed as Endangered according to the IUCN criteria. New descriptions are provided for A. granvillei, which is newly reported from Suriname, and for A. foetidum, which is newly reported from French Guiana; these two species are assessed as Endangered and Least Concern, respectively. Lectotypes are designated for A. maguirei, which is here synonymised with A. foetidum, and for A. umbellatum, another synonym of that species. A key to the 12 species of Anemopaegma occurring in the Guianas is presented.

Fridericia is a large genus of neotropical lianas with a complicated taxonomy. The genus is monophyletic and well supported by molecular characters, but lacks distinctive morphological synapomorphies, complicating its recognition. Species of Fridericia are distributed among six well-supported clades. As part of a series of taxonomic revisions of each clade of Fridericia, we present a taxonomic revision of the "Neomacfadya" clade. This group is broadly distributed through the Neotropics and includes species with glandular fruits and long-tubular calyces that are usually laterally split. We recognize 11 species for which we provide an identification key, typifications, morphological descriptions, illustrations, phenology, maps, comments on distribution and habitats, as well as suggest the conservation status for all species. We lectotypify six names (Arrabidaea ateramnantha, A. craterophora subvar. glabrescens, A. craterophora subvar. velutina, Bignonia hispida, Scobinaria amethystina and S. japurensis). We correct the typification of A. lenticellosa Bureau & K. Schum. and B. arthrerion, provide a second-step lectotypification for B. pearcei and a neotypification for Paragonia schumanniana. We also correct information associated with the type of A. oligantha and synonymize this name in F. japurensis. We further reject A. craterophora var. obtusifolia and exclude one name previously treated in Fridericia (Tecoma moritziana). Citation: Kaehler M. & Lohmann L. G. 2022: Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the "Neomacfadya" clade. – Willdenowia 52: 247–271. Version of record first published online on 22 September 2022 ahead of inclusion in August 2022 issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Areas of endemism characterize geographical regions by their unique biotas, providing the basis for studies on the ecological and historical drivers of these biologically distinct units. Tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) are a highly diverse clade of lianas distributed throughout the Neotropics, representing an excellent model for studying the drivers of species diversity and distribution patterns in this region. We used a dataset representing 98% of the diversity of Bignonieae and 21 170 unique locality records to perform an analysis of endemicity using NDM/VNDM. We recovered areas of endemism distributed across the Neotropics, including a higher number of areas at coarser spatial scales. Although overlapping and nested patterns of endemism were common and the spatial congruence with the individual units of previous regionalization schemes was low, the patterns of endemism recovered were in general agreement with those documented for other taxa. Our findings are generally consistent with key Neotropical biogeographical hypotheses. These results highlight the importance of studying detailed distribution patterns of selected taxa for an improved understanding of Neotropical biogeography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Two Bignoniaceae stems with the distinctive anatomy of a liana are described from the Miocene of South America. They are the first fossil evidence of climbing habit in Bignoniaceae. Methods: The fossil lianas are siliceous permineralizations. Transverse, tangential, and radial thin sections of the woods were prepared for study using standard petrographic techniques and observed under both light and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The stems consist of wood and presumably bark (peripheral tissues). They exhibit phloem wedges, a cambial variant associated with the climbing habit in Bignoniaceae. The wood is diffuse‐porous; solitary and in radial multiples vessels; alternated intervessel pitting; ray‐vessel pitting with distinct borders; simple perforation plates; rays 1–3 seriate, composed of procumbent cells or body ray cells procumbent with one or two‐row of upright or square marginal cells; fibers septate and non‐septate, with simple to minutely bordered pits; axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal, vasicentric, septate; perforated ray cells; prismatic crystals in rays, and rays and fibers irregularly storied. The fossil stems are related to extant Dolichandra unguis‐cati (L.) Miers. Conclusions: The fossils represent a new taxon, Dolichandra pacei sp. nov., which confirms the presence of a neotropical Bignoniaceae liana from the Miocene and provides the first and oldest evidence of the climbing habit in the family. Paleobotanical studies in the Mariño Formation, with the record of Bignoniaceae and Verbenaceae, and phylogenetic and biogeographical studies have great importance to understand plant evolution and diversification in South American Andes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fridericia is a conspicuous genus of neotropical lianas, with 60 species distributed among seven lineages that are broadly distributed through the neotropics in both dry and wet environments. As part of ongoing taxonomic studies of the genus, we provide taxonomic revisions of two clades: (1) the "Acrodromous venation" clade and (2) the "Piriadacus" clade. The former is characterized by 1- or 2-foliolate leaves with acrodromous venation, tubular calyces and coriaceous fruits with slightly raised edges. The latter is recognized by the red, pink-reddish or orange, tubular corolla and exserted or sub-exserted anthers. We recognize two species in each lineage and provide identification keys, morphological descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps and comments on the distribution, phenology, conservation status and taxonomy. We propose the lectotypification of 13 names: Arrabidaea brachypoda var. acuminata, A. brachypoda var. attenuata, A. brachypoda var. firma, A. brachypoda var. induta, A. brachypoda var. rigida, A. platyphylla var. lasiorrhachis, A. platyphylla var. puberula, Bignonia brachypoda var. firmula, B. erubescens var. breviflora, B. erubescens var. subtruncata, B. regnelliana, Cuspidaria erubescens var. glabrescens and Petastoma simplicifolium. We further correct the typification of B. erubescens var. breviflora and B. erubescens var. subtruncata and propose two new synonyms for F. platyphylla (i.e. A. celastroides and B. violacea). Citation: Kaehler M. & Lohmann L. G. 2021: Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) I: the "Acrodromous venation" and "Piriadacus" clades. – Willdenowia 51: 181–194. Version of record first published online on 21 June 2021 ahead of inclusion in August 2021 issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present study is a taxonomic treatment of Bignoniaceae from the four municipalities of the coastal region of Piauí state (Cajueiro da Praia, Ilha Grande, Luís Correia, Parnaíba) in Northeast Brazil, based on morphological study of newly collected and existing herbarium material. The study recorded 26 species in 12 genera: Adenocalymma, Anemopaegma, Bignonia, Cuspidaria, Dolichandra, Fridericia, Handroanthus, Lundia, Neojobertia, Pleonotoma, Stizophyllum and Tanaecium. Apart from Handroanthus impetiginosus, which belongs to tribe Tecomeae, all other species belong to tribe Bignonieae. Five species (Adenocalymma apparicianum, A. pedunculatum, Anemopaegma heringeri, A. prostratum, Dolichandra hispida) are new records for the state of Piauí, 15 species are endemic to Brazil, and one has “Vulnerable” conservation status. The results emphasize the importance of taxonomic studies for knowledge of biodiversity and threats to native species, and reinforce the importance of conserving the region’s flora. Species descriptions, illustrations, identification keys and information on geographic distribution and habitat are provided.

Background and aims - The genus Anemopaegma (Bignoniaceae) includes around 47 species and has its centre of diversity in Brazil. Here, we describe and illustrate a new species from French Guiana, Anemopaegma kawense, and compare it to the two most similar species, A. foetidum and A. granvillei. We further assess the conservation status of all three species. Material and methods - Morphological descriptions are based on herbarium specimens deposited at BM, BR, CAY, INPA, K, MO, P, SPF, and U, and, in the case of the newly described species, also on field observations. The conservation status assessments follow the IUCN Red List criteria. Key results - Anemopaegma kawense differs from both A. foetidum and A. granvillei by its densely villose twigs, longitudinally plicate leaflets with secondary veins not or hardly prominent below, and tertiary veins impressed below. It is further separated from A. foetidum by the leaflets that are villose below and the calyx that is entirely pubescent outside. On the other hand, A. kawense differs from A. granvillei by the densely lepidote outer surface of the corolla, shorter petiolules, leaflets with midrib impressed above, shorter bracts and bracteoles, inflorescence peduncle exceeding the rachis, and pedicels densely puberulous, not lepidote or only sparsely so at the apex. This species is endemic to the Kaw Mountain in north-eastern French Guiana, where it grows in low stunted forest on laterite; it is assessed as Endangered according to the IUCN criteria. New descriptions are provided for A. granvillei, which is newly reported from Suriname, and for A. foetidum, which is newly reported from French Guiana; these two species are assessed as Endangered and Least Concern, respectively. Lectotypes are designated for A. maguirei, which is here synonymised with A. foetidum, and for A. umbellatum, another synonym of that species. A key to the 12 species of Anemopaegma occurring in the Guianas is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Premise: Lianas are intriguing forest components in the tropics worldwide. They are characterized by thin and flexible stems, which have been related to a unique stem anatomy. Here, we hypothesized that the anatomical diversity of lianas, varying in shapes, proportions, and dimensions of tissues and cell types, would result in different stem bending stiffnesses across species. To test this hypothesis, we chose four abundant liana species of central Amazonia belonging to the monophyletic tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) and compared their basal stems for their anatomical architectures and bending properties. Methods: Measurements of anatomical architecture and bending stiffness (structural Young's modulus) included light microscopy observations and three‐point bending tests, which were performed on basal stems of eight individuals from four Bignonieae species. All analyses, including comparisons among species and relationships between stem stiffness and anatomical architecture, were performed using linear models. Results: Although the anatomical architecture of each species consists of different qualitative and quantitative combinations of both tissues and cell types in basal stems, all species analyzed showed similarly lower bending stiffnesses. This similarity was shown to be directly related to high bark contribution to the second moment of area, vessel area and ray width. Conclusions: Similar values of stem bending stiffness were encountered in four liana species analyzed despite their variable anatomical architectures. This pattern provides new evidence of how different quantitative combinations of tissue and cell types in the basal stems of lianas can generate similarly low levels of stiffness in a group of closely related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylophragma (Tribe Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) includes seven species of lianas or scandent shrubs. The genus is characterized by leaves 1–5-foliolate with a simple tendril replacing the terminal leaflet, branched trichomes, calyx usually cuspidate, pink flowers, and ovary usually lepidote. The genus is distributed through dry forests from Mexico to Paraguay and Southern Brazil. We provide the first comprehensive taxonomic treatment for Xylophragma, including a detailed description of the genus, a key for all species, complete list of synonyms, descriptions and illustrations for all species, as well as information on the geographic distribution, habitat, phenology, conservation status, and taxonomic comments for all taxa. Overall, we analyzed more than 700 sheets deposited in 13 herbaria, including types for all accepted names and synonyms. We designate lectotypes for Arrabidaea clausseni, Arrabidaea elliptica, Arrabidaea macrophylla, Rojasiophyton tuberculatum, Saldanhaea myriantha var. pubescens, and a second step lectotype for Distictis rovirosana. Four new synonyms are proposed: A. claussenii as a synonym of X. corchoroides; S. pratensis and R. tuberculatum as synonyms of X. myrianthum; and X. unifoliolatum as a synonym of X. seemannianum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz is a medicinal plant commonly used in the southwest of China. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of O. indicum to investigate its phylogenetic relationship in Bignoniaceae. The cp genome of O. indicum is 162,123 bp in length with 37.8% overall GC content, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,416 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 12,811 bp, which are separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 31,448 bp. The cp genome contains 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that O. indicum clustered together with Tr. Bignonieae Dumort.

The plant family Bignoniaceae has a complicated history of supra‐specific level systematics. In the past decade, molecular phylogenetic studies have contributed substantially to an improved circumscription of clades at all taxonomic levels, especially at the generic and tribal levels. For instance, a molecular phylogeny of the tribe Bignonieae reconstructed a polyphyletic Arrabidaea, and proposed a new circumscription for members of the Arrabidaea & Allies clade. Within this new classification, most species previously included in Arrabidaea were distributed among four genera: Cuspidaria (19 spp.), Fridericia (67 spp.), Tanaecium (17 spp.), and Xylophragma (7 spp.). The taxonomy of Fridericia, the genus that received most species of Arrabidaea, remains complicated due to the high morphological variability and broad distribution of its species. Here, we used molecular data and a broad sampling of taxa within the Arrabidaea & Allies clade to reconstruct the phylogeny of Fridericia. We then studied the morphology of all species of Fridericia and identified morphological synapomorphies that characterize major clades that represent meaningful units for future taxonomic studies. Most genera included in the Arrabidaea & Allies clade were retrieved as monophyletic; however, two species of Fridericia were reconstructed within Cuspidaria, while three species of Fridericia were placed within Tanaecium. The molecular phylogenetic placements received additional support from morphology, and the necessary taxonomic changes are proposed. We combine three species of Fridericia into Tanaecium (T. dichotomum comb. nov., T. paradoxum comb. nov., T. parviflorum comb. nov.), two species into Xylophragma (X. claussenii comb. nov., X. corchoroides comb. nov.), two species into Cuspidaria (C. bracteolata comb. nov., C. monophylla comb. nov.), and one species of Adenocalymma into Fridericia (F. trichoclada comb. nov.). We also synonymize Fridericia whitei into Cuspidaria pulchra. We present a key for the seven main clades identified within the genus, as well as a detailed morphological description for Fridericia and its major lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bignoniaceae Juss. are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Most of their Neotropical species have a climbing habit, which makes the family one of the most ecologically important in the Americas. This study of pollen morphology from 23 Bignoniaceae species in Brazilian forest fragments aimed to investigate new pollen characteristics of the family by light and scanning electron microscopy, which can assist in delimitating Bignoniaceae species and taxonomy. Another aim of the study was to analyze the evolution of the family's pollen characteristics. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured and photographed. We describe the pollen grains based on qualitative data, and quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistics. Based on the qualitative data, an ancestral reconstruction of pollen morphology characteristics was performed for the taxa analyzed. We used the pollen data to understand the relationships established by previous phylogenies. The pollen grains are monads or tetrads, apolar or isopolar, and medium to large, with circular, subcircular to subtriangular amb; oblate to oblate-spheroidal; inaperturate, 6-colpate, (7)-8-(9)-colpate or 3-colporate with short or long colpi that are narrow, wide or very wide and with or without margo; lalongate endoapertures sometimes not evident; and psilate perforate, microreticulate or reticulate exine, homo- or heterobrochate, with simpli or duplicolumellate muri. This result confirms Bignoniaceae as a eurypalynous family, and it allows the identification of pollen morphological characteristics shared by genera and species studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glandular trichomes play a major role in the morphological characterization of the Bignoniaceae. Due to their great diversity of forms and functions, this study aimed to inventory the glandular trichomes present in the aerial vegetative axis of Amphilophium magnoliifolium, Martinella obovata and Stizophyllum riparium, analyze their structure and register the participation of ants in these plants. Fresh samples from the nodal region, petiole and from medium to apical regions of the leaflet blade were fixed and processed according to usual methods in light and scanning electron microscopies. The glandular trichomes found were: peltate, capitate, stipitate, and patelliform/cupular. Peltate trichomes are the most abundant ones and present the most uniform distribution. Patelliform/cupular trichomes occur at specific regions, such as prophylls, leaflet blade and nodal regions. Martinella obovata is the only species that presents capitate and stipitate trichomes, which are widely distributed along the entire aerial vegetative axis. Ants were found in all species, mainly at nodal regions. The occurrence of the capitate-type trichome is reported for the first time to the genus.

Background: The combined analysis of species ranges allows the detection of overall species richness patterns. As such, the reliability of richness maps is directly related to the accuracy of individual range estimates. Aims: We compared how species ranges and richness patterns are influenced according to the use of different methods (convex hull and alpha hull) and evaluated if differences in range estimates are related to the Wallacean shortfall. Methods: We used occurrence records of 386 species from the tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) to build richness maps by stacking species ranges, using the convex hull and alpha hull methods. We evaluated the behaviour of the richness estimates in relation to other variables (i.e., other richness measures, environmental and spatial variables). We correlated the differences in range estimates to proxies of Wallacean shortfall (i.e., species description date and variation of pseudo-ranges generated by jack-knife). Results: Convex hull estimated larger ranges than alpha hull. The Wallacean shortfall affected range estimates equally regardless of the hull method used. Both hull methods generated similar richness maps. Richness estimates showed similar correlation patterns in relation to other variables regardless of the hull method used. Conclusions: Despite the slight differences in range estimates, both hull methods can be used in equivalence to map species richness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Bignoniaceae is an important component of neotropical forests and a model for evolutionary and biogeographical studies. A previous combination of molecular markers and morphological traits improved the phylogeny of the group. Here we demonstrate the value of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to assemble the chloroplast genome of eight Anemopaegma species and solve taxonomic problems. METHODS: Three NGS platforms were used to sequence total DNA of Anemopaegma species. After genome assembly and annotation, we compared chloroplast genomes within Anemopaegma, with other Lamiales species, and the evolutionary rates of protein-coding genes using Tanaecium tetragonolobum as the outgroup. Phylogenetic analyses of Anemopaegma with different data sets were performed. KEY RESULTS: Chloroplast genomes of Anemopaegma species ranged from 167,413 bp in A. foetidum to 168,987 bp in A. acutifolium ("typical" form). They exhibited a characteristic quadripartite structure with a large single-copy region (75,070-75,761 bp), a small single-copy region (12,766-12,817 bp) and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) (39,480-40,481) encoding an identical set of 112 genes. An inversion of a fragment with ca. 8 kb, located in the IRs and containing the genes trnI-AAU, ycf2, and trnL-CAA, was observed in these chloroplast genomes when compared with those of other Lamiales. CONCLUSIONS: Anemopaegma species have the largest genomes within the Lamiales possibly due to the large amount of repetitive sequences and IR expansion. Variation was higher in coding regions than in noncoding regions, and some genes were identified as markers for differentiation between species. The use of the entire chloroplast genome gave better phylogenetic resolution of the taxonomic groups. We found that two forms of A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Bignoniaceae from Brazilian cerrado and caatinga is described and illustrated: Xylophragma tenue. The species is characterized by its slightly bullate leaves, lateral leaflets with asymmetrical base, loosely branched inflorescence, flowers with tubular calyx with a shortly 5-cuspidate and frequently bilabiate rim, infundibuliform corolla, and capsules flat, woody, smooth, and with raised margins. Comments on distribution, phylogenetic affinities, and comparisons with morphologically similar species are also presented. Resumo Uma nova espécie de Bignoniaceae ocorrente no cerrado e caatinga é descrita e ilustrada: Xylophragma tenue. A espécie é caracterizada pelas folhas levemente buladas, folíolos laterais com base fortemente assimétrica, inflorescência laxa, flores com cálice tubular e margem curto-5-cuspidada e frequentemente bilabiada, corola infundibuliforme e cápsulas planas, lenhosas, lisas e com margens elevadas. São fornecidos comentários sobre a distribuição geográfica, posicionamento filogenético e comparações com espécies morfologicamente próximas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphingiphila is a monospecific genus, endemic to the Bolivian and Paraguayan Chaco, a semi-arid lowland region. The circumscription of Sphingiphila has been controversial since the genus was first described. Sphingiphila tetramera is perhaps the most enigmatic taxon of Bignoniaceae due to the presence of very unusual morphological features, such as simple leaves, thorn-tipped branches, and tetramerous, actinomorphic flowers, making its tribal placement within the family uncertain. Here we combined molecular and wood anatomical data to determine the placement of Sphingiphila within the family. The analyses of a large ndhF dataset, which included members of all Bignoniaceae tribes, placed Sphingiphila within Bignonieae. A second, smallernn%Fand/epCdataset, which included only members of tribe Bignonieae, placed the genus within Tanaecium. Unlike most macro-morphological traits, Sphingiphila is not unusual within Bignoniaceae from a wood anatomical point of view. Sphingiphila shares the presence of narrow vessels and vasicentric to aliform confluent parenchyma with the rest o fthe family. In addition, Sphingiphila has several specific wood anatomical traits, such as vessels in a diagonal to tangential arrangement, small intervessel pits, and non-storied heterocellular rays with occasional perforated ray cells. These features suggest that the genus is best placed either in Tecomeae s.str. or Bignonieae, with a better placement in Bignonieae due to its abundant parenchyma, despite lacking the cambial variant synapomorphic for this group. Sphingiphila and Tanaecium form a clade that is strongly supported by molecular characters, including two indels that are molecular synapomorphies of this clade. In addition, careful morphological inspections show that S. tetramera shares with Tanaecium the subulate, bromeliad-like prophylls, the most evident synapomorphy of this genus apart from long, tubular, villose corollas, and a lepidote ovary. Given the molecular phylogenetic placement of S. tetramera and its macro-morphological and wood anatomical similarities with Tanaecium, we propose the new combination Tanaecium tetramerum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

*Background and Aims Phloem evolution has been explored in the literature across very broad scales, either for vascular plants as a whole or for major plant groups, such as the monocotyledons or the former dicotyledons. However, it has never been examined in a way that would elucidate evolutionary shifts leading to the diversification of phloem in single lineages. Therefore, the present study explores in detail the patterns of phloem evolution in the tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae). This group represents a particularly good model for phloem studies since it is known to have a very conspicuous and diverse phloem. *Methods A total of 19 phloem characters were coded in 56 species from all 21 genera currently recognized in the tribe Bignonieae, accounting for phloem wedge growth and for all the anatomical cell diversity encountered in the phloem. Phloem evolution was explored by reconstructing ancestral character states using maximum-likelihood assumptions with a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny for the group. Directionality and the effect of phylogenetic transformations in the current variation of quantitative traits and evolutionary correlations of selected discrete phloem traits were also tested under a maximum-likelihood approach. *Key Results Individual phloem features are quite diverse in the tribe, but generally conserved within smaller clades. Contrasting phloem patterns were found when comparing major groups, with certain lineages having the phloem marked by a background of phloem fibres where all other cells are embedded, tangentially arranged sieve tubes and sieve-tubecentric parenchyma. In contrast, other lineages exhibited a scarcely fibrous phloem, regularly stratified phloem, sieve tube elements in radial or diffuse arrangement, and diffuse parenchyma. We found signals of directional evolution in fibre abundance and number of sieve areas, which increased in the 'Fridericia and allies extended clade' and decreased in the 'Multiples of four extended clade', resulting in no signal of directionality when the whole Bignonieae was considered. In contrast, no indication of directional evolution was found for the axial parenchyma, either in single clades within Bignonieae or in the entire tribe. Positive correlation was found between sieve element length and both sieve plate type and the presence of a storied structure. Correlated evolution was also found between fibre abundance and several traits, such as sieve tube arrangement, sieve plate type, parenchyma arrangement, ray lignification and number of companion cells. *Conclusions The secondary phloem of Bignonieae is extremely diverse, with sister lineages exhibiting distinct phloem anatomies derived from contrasting patterns of evolution in fibre abundance. Fibre abundance in the tribe has diversified in correlation with sieve tube arrangement, sieve tube morphology, number of companion cells and parenchyma type. The results challenge long-standing hypotheses regarding general trends in cell abundance and morphological cell evolution within the phloem, and demonstrate the need to expand studies in phloem anatomy both at a narrow taxonomic scale and at a broad one, such as to families and orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circumscription of Bignoniaceae genera and tribes has undergone major changes following an increased understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the family. While DNA sequence data have repeatedly reconstructed major clades within the family, some of the clades recovered still lack diagnostic morpho-anatomical features, complicating their recognition. In this study we investigated the wood anatomy of all major lineages of Bignoniaceae (except Tourrettieae) in search for anatomical synapomorphies for clades. We sampled 158 species of Bignoniaceae, representing 67 out of the 82 genera currently recognized. Detailed descriptions of quantitative and qualitative wood anatomical features are presented for each clade and interpreted in the light of a molecular phylogeny for the family. Jacarandae are characterized by a paratracheal winged-aliform parenchyma, with the traditional subdivision of Jacaranda into sections Monolobos and Dilobos supported by the uniseriate and homocellular rays of Monolobos versus the wide and heterocellular rays of Dilobos. Tecomeae s.s. are characterized by scanty paratracheal parenchyma, septate fibers, and heterocellular rays, traits also found in Delostoma, a genus previously included in Tecomeae s.l., but recently shown to represent a separate lineage. Crescentiina includes two sub-clades, the Tabebuia alliance and the Paleotropical clade, which share abundant aliform parenchyma, short and mainly homocellular rays, less commonly with heterocellular rays with body procumbent and one row of marginal square cells. Members of the Tabebuia alliance and the Paleotropical clade can be distinguished from each other by the narrow vessels with a widespread storied structure found in members of the Tabebuia alliance, versus the vessels with medium to wide width and a non-storied structure found in members of the Paleotropical clade. Oroxyleae are characterized by a combination of simple and foraminate perforation plates and homocellular rays, while Catalpeae are characterized by scanty paratracheal parenchyma, abundant tyloses and vessel-ray pits simple to semi-bordered. Bignonieae differ from all other clades by a variant secondary growth and a typically lianoid wood anatomy. Overall, wood anatomical characters are not very labile within the family, being distributed across clades in a very predictive manner. Several anatomical characters represent good anatomical synapomorphies and provide further support to clades identified in molecular phylogenetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martinella has traditionally included two species, Martinella iquitoensis and Martinella obovata, that are characterized by the presence of interpetiolar ridges surrounding the stems and minute prophylls of the axillary buds. A third species, Martinella insignis, is here described as new, illustrated and compared to other species in the genus. Martinella insignis is the first record of the genus in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, and differs from other species of Martinella by the yellow corolla (vs. red to dark purple) and 5-lobed calices (vs. 2-4-lobed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenotypic integration is essential to the understanding of organismal evolution as a whole. In this study, a phylogenetic framework is used to assess phenotypic integration among the floral parts of a group of Neotropical lianas. Flowers consist of plant reproductive organs (carpels and stamens), usually surrounded by attractive whorls (petals and sepals). Thus, flower parts might be involved in different functions and developmental constraints, leading to conflicting selective forces. We found that Bignonieae flowers have very similar patterns of variance/covariance among traits and that such patterns are uncorrelated with the phylogenetic relationships between species. However, in spite of pattern stasis, our results also indicate that diversification of floral morphology in this group has occurred throughout the evolution of magnitudes of correlation among traits. Thus, we suggest that stabilizing selection has played an important role in phenotypic integration, resulting in the long-term stasis of covariance patterns underlying flower diversification during the ca. 50 Myr of evolution of Bignonieae. This is the first report of long-term stasis in the phenotypic integration of angiosperms, suggesting that patterns of floral morphology can be recognizable as specific attributes of distinct botanical families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood (secondary xylem) is responsible for water transport and has been well-studied anatomically, eco- logically, physiologically, and phylogenetically. Comparative methods can reveal patterns of evolution for xylem traits using knowledge from the phylogenetic history of the taxa and the branching pattern of phylogenies. Bignoniaceae (Lamiales) is a family of pantropical plants of various growth habits that includes trees, shrubs, and lianas, which display diverse wood anatomies and for which robust phylogenies are available. Here we review important aspects in classical wood anatomy and evolution and test hypotheses regarding patterns of wood evolution using the Bignoniaceae as a model. Altogether, 85% of the genera currently recognized in Bignoniaceae were sampled, and 30 characters were delimited and mapped onto a robust phylogeny of the family. Some patterns of wood evolution within the Bignoniaceae seem to have been shaped by ecophysiological and habit aspects in the family. For example, vessels increase in diameter in the lianoid lineages but decrease in trees and shrubs during evolution. Rays in trees have evolved from a mixture of homo- and heterocellular to exclusively homocellular and storied in some lineages, while in the lianas the opposite pattern was recorded. Other patterns are consistent with more general phylogenetic trends; for example, parenchyma increases in abundance from the most basal to the most derived nodes of the phylogeny. Other characters in the family that are delimited and discussed include growth rings, porosity, perforation plates, ray width, and height. This work provides evidence that wood evolution is rather labile and that the evolution of new habits and the occupation of new habitats greatly influence wood evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent taxonomic treatment of Adenocalymma resulted in nomenclatural changes associated with 47 names and 24 species. Seven emendations, 16 new synonyms, 29 typifications (24 of which are lectotypifications), 4 neotypifications, 1 epitypification, and 1 status change are proposed. Emendations are related primarily to the first description of the fruit of Adenocalymma dichilum, A. divaricatum, A. fruticosum, A. hypostictum, A. macrophyllum, A. salmoneum, and A. scabriusculum. A variety of Adenocalymma, A. marginatum var. apterospermum, has been raised to the rank of species (A. apterospermum). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circumscription of genera belonging to tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) has traditionally been complex, with only a few genera having stable circumscriptions in the various classification systems proposed for the tribe. The genus Lundia, for instance, is well characterized by a series of morphological synapomorphies and its circumscription has remained quite stable throughout its history. Despite the stable circumscription of Lundia, the circumscription of species within the genus has remained problematic. This study aims to reconstruct the phylogeny of Lundia in order to refine species circumscriptions, gain a better understanding of relationships between taxa, and identify potential morphological synapomorphies for species and major clades. We sampled 26 accessions representing 13 species of Lundia, and 5 outgroups, and reconstructed the phylogeny of the genus using a chloroplast (ndhF) and a nuclear marker (PepC). Data derived from sequences of the individual loci were analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian inference, and the combined molecular dataset was analyzed with Bayesian methods. The monophyly of Lundia nitidula, a species with a particularly complex circumscription, was tested using Shimodaira-Hasegawa (SH) test and the approximately unbiased test for phylogenetic tree selection (AU test). In addition, 40 morphological characters were mapped onto the tree that resulted from the analysis of the combined molecular dataset in order to identify morphological synapomorphies of individual species and major clades. Lundia and most species currently recognized within the genus were strongly supported as monophyletic in all analyses. One species, Lundia nitidula, was not resolved as monophyletic, but the monophyly of this species was not rejected by the AU and SH tests. Lundia sect. Eriolundia is resolved as paraphyletic in all analyses, while Lundia sect. Eulundia is monophyletic and supported by the same morphological characters traditionally used to circumscribe this section. The phylogeny of Lundia contributed important information for a better circumscription of species and served as basis the taxonomic revision of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The radiation of angiosperms is associated with shifts among pollination modes that are thought to have driven the diversification of floral forms. However, the exact sequence of evolutionary events led to such great diversity in floral traits is unknown for most plant groups. Here, we characterize the patterns of evolution of individual floral traits and overall floral morphologies in the tribe Bignonieae ( Bignoniaceae ). We identified 12 discrete traits that are associated with seven floral types previously described for the group and used a penalized likelihood tree of the tribe to reconstruct the ancestral states of those traits at all nodes of the phylogeny of Bignonicae. In addition, evolutionary correlations among traits were conducted using a maximum likelihood approach to test whether the evolution of individual floral traits followed the correlated patterns of evolution expected under the "pollination syndrome" concept. The ancestral Bignonieae flower presented an Anemopaegma – type morphology, which was followed by several parallel shifts in floral morphologies. Those shifts occurred through intermediate stages resulting in mixed floral morphologies as well as directly from the Anemopaegma – type morphology to other floral types. Positive and negative evolutionary correlations among traits fit patterns expected under the pollination syndrome perspective, suggesting that interactions between Bignonieae flowers and pollinators likely played important roles in the diversification of the group as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radiation of angiosperms is associated with shifts among pollination modes that are thought to have driven the diversification of floral forms. However, the exact sequence of evolutionary events led to such great diversity in floral traits is unknown for most plant groups. Here, we characterize the patterns of evolution of individual floral traits and overall floral morphologies in the tribe Bignonieae ( Bignoniaceae ). We identified 12 discrete traits that are associated with seven floral types previously described for the group and used a penalized likelihood tree of the tribe to reconstruct the ancestral states of those traits at all nodes of the phylogeny of Bignonicae. In addition, evolutionary correlations among traits were conducted using a maximum likelihood approach to test whether the evolution of individual floral traits followed the correlated patterns of evolution expected under the "pollination syndrome" concept. The ancestral Bignonieae flower presented an Anemopaegma – type morphology, which was followed by several parallel shifts in floral morphologies. Those shifts occurred through intermediate stages resulting in mixed floral morphologies as well as directly from the Anemopaegma – type morphology to other floral types. Positive and negative evolutionary correlations among traits fit patterns expected under the pollination syndrome perspective, suggesting that interactions between Bignonieae flowers and pollinators likely played important roles in the diversification of the group as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extinction risk has not been evaluated for 96% of all described plant species. Given that the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation proposes preliminary conservation assessments of all described plant species by 2010, herbarium specimens (i.e., primary occurrence data) are increasingly being used to infer threat components from estimates of geographic range size. Nevertheless, estimates of range size based on herbarium data may be inaccurate due to collection bias associated with interspecific variation in detectability. We used data on 377 species of Bignonieae to test the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between detectability and estimates of geographic range size derived from herbarium specimens. This relationship is expected if the proportion of the true geographic range size of a species that is documented by herbarium specimens is given by the product of the true geographic range size and the detectability of the species, assuming no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability. We developed 4 measures of detectability that can be estimated from herbarium data and examined the relationship between detectability and 2 types of estimates of geographic range size: area of occupancy and extent of occurrence. Our results from regressing estimates of extent of occurrence and area of occupancy on detectability across genera provided no support for this hypothesis. The same was true for regressions of estimated extent of occurrence on detectability across species within genera. Nevertheless, regressions of estimated area of occupancy on detectability across species within genera provided partial support for our hypothesis. We considered 3 possible explanations for this mixed outcome: violation of the assumption of no relationship between true geographic range size and detectability; the relationships between estimated geographic range size and detectability may be an artifact of a negative relationship between estimated area of occupancy and the sampling variance of detectability; detectability may have had 2 opposite effects on estimated species range sizes: one determines the proportion of the true range of a species documented by herbarium specimens and the other determines the distribution of true range size for the species actually observed with herbarium data. Our findings should help improve understanding of the potential biases incurred with the use of herbarium data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz is a medicinal plant commonly used in the southwest of China. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of O. indicum to investigate its phylogenetic relationship in Bignoniaceae. The cp genome of O. indicum is 162,123 bp in length with 37.8% overall GC content, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,416 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 12,811 bp, which are separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 31,448 bp. The cp genome contains 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that O. indicum clustered together with Tr. Bignonieae Dumort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) is a large and morphologically diverse clade of neotropical lianas. Despite being a conspicuous component of the neotropical flora, the systematics of the tribe has remained uncertain due to confusing patterns of morphological variation within the group. Chloroplast (ndhF) and nuclear (PepC) DNA sequences were used here to reconstruct the phylogeny of Bignonieae. Individual analyses of ndhF and PepC were highly similar to one another, yet localized differences in the placement of six species suggests some conflict between data sets. Combined analyses result in trees that are consistent with those from the individual analyses and provide greater support for the suggested relationships. This phylogeny provides important new insights into the systematics of the tribe. It identifies 21 strongly supported species groups, eight of which broadly correspond to currently recognized genera. In addition, each of these 21 species groups is supported by morphological synapomorphies. The consistency between morphological and molecular data suggests that the current phylogeny provides a solid framework for a formal revision of the generic-level classification and for addressing other aspects of the biology of Bignonieae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of the study: New primers were developed for Bignonieae to enable phylogenetic studies within this clade using herbarium samples. Methods and Results: Internal primers were designed based on available sequences of the plastid ndhF gene and the rpl32-trnL intergenic spacer region, and the nuclear gene PepC. The resulting primers were used to amplify DNA extracted from herbarium materials. High-quality data were obtained from herbarium samples up to 53 yr old. Conclusions: The standardized methodology allows the inclusion of herbarium materials as alternative sources of DNA for phylogenetic studies in Bignonieae.

Tanaecium Sw. emend L.G. Lohmann (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae, Lamiales) is a genus of Neotropical lianas comprising 21 species distributed from Mexico through Argentina. Despite the medicinal and economic importance of several species of the genus, little is still known about the phytochemistry and chemical composition of foliar cuticular waxes of members of Tanaecium. In this study, we extracted the lipophilic compounds of diverse specimens of seventeen species of Tanaecium and four species of the closely related genus Fridericia Mart. Derivatized compounds were identified by gas chromatography (CG) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and by comparison with standards. Relative abundances were estimated and investigated by statistical methods (multivariate and cluster analyses). Leaf cuticular waxes were composed by n-alkanes, fatty acids, primary alcohols, terpenoids, and steroids with n-alkanes C 29 , C 31 , and C 33 representing the major constituents in addition to octacosanol, β-sitosterol, ursolic, montanic, and palmitic acids. Multivariate analyses of surface compounds supported earlier morphological and molecular data, corroborating the recent placement of some species within Tanaecium and providing sufficient characters to clearly distinguish members of Tanaecium and Fridericia. [Display omitted] • The composition of leaf cuticular waxes of seventeen species of Tanaecium and four species of the closely related Fridericia is described for the first time. • Cuticular wax of Tanaecium species are mainly composed by n-alkanes (C 29 , C 31 , and C 33), octacosanol, β-sitosterol, ursolic, montanic, and palmitic acids. • Differences in the composition of lipophilic compounds of species of Fridericia and Tanaecium allow for a distinction between members of these genera. • The presence and composition of surface compounds in the species of Tanaecium corroborates the current circumscription of the genus. • Abstract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavones and glycosides of flavones and flavonols were obtained from leaves of five species of Bignoniaceae from the “cerrado”, a savanna ecosystem of Central and Southeast Brazil. A predominance of flavonol glycosides was observed in all samples investigated. Flavones were often found in species of tribe Tecomeae and rarely in Bignonieae. The species of the former yielded derivatives of 6-hydroxyluteolin. No 6-oxygenated compounds were found in species of Bignonieae. The results point to the flavonoid chemistry evolution of Bignoniaceae following a path of simplification. More complex chemical profiles characterize the more woody Tecomeae rather than the more advanced Bignonieae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]