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2. Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV-I) Antibodies in Africa

Author

Saxinger, W., Blattner, W. A., Levine, P. H., Clark, J., Biggar, R., Hoh, M., Moghissi, J., Jacobs, P., Wilson, L., Jacobson, R., Crookes, R., Strong, M., Ansari, A. A., Dean, A. G., Nkrumah, F. K., Mourali, N., and Gallo, R. C.

Published
1984

6. A population‐based study of the prevalence and risk factors of low‐grade Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in children aged 0–15 years old in northern Tanzania

Author

Peprah, S., primary, Dhudha, H., additional, Ally, H., additional, Masalu, N., additional, Kawira, E., additional, Chao, C. N., additional, Genga, I. O., additional, Mumia, M., additional, Were, P. A., additional, Kinyera, T., additional, Otim, I., additional, Legason, I. D., additional, Biggar, R. J., additional, Bhatia, K., additional, Goedert, J. J., additional, Pfeiffer, R. M., additional, and Mbulaiteye, S. M., additional

Published
2019
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12. Time from HIV-1 seroconversion to AIDS and death before widespread use of highly-active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative re-analysis. Collaborative Group on AIDS Incubation and HIV Survival including the CASCADE EU Concerted Action. Concerted Action on SeroConversion to AIDS and Death in Europe

Author

Babiker, A, Darby, S, De Angelis, D, Kwart, D, Porter, K, Beral, V, Darbyshire, J, Day, N, Gill, N, Coutinho, R, Prins, M, van Benthem, B, Dabis, F, Marimoutou, C, Ruiz, I, Tusell, J, Altisent, C, Evatt, B, Jaffe, H, Kirk, O, Pedersen, C, Rosenberg, P, Goedert, J, and Biggar, R

Abstract

BACKGROUND: We used data from Europe, North America, and Australia to assess the effect of exposure category on the AIDS incubation period and HIV-1 survival and whether the effect of age at seroconversion varies with exposure category and with time since seroconversion. METHODS: 38 studies of HIV-1-infected individuals whose dates of seroconversion could be reliably estimated were included in the analysis. Individual data on 13030 HIV-1-infected individuals from 15 countries were collated, checked, and analysed centrally. We calculated estimates of mortality and AIDS incidence rates and estimated the proportions of individuals surviving and developing AIDS at each year after seroconversion from the numbers of observed deaths or cases of AIDS and the corresponding person-years at risk. Analyses were adjusted for age at seroconversion, time since seroconversion, and other factors as appropriate. FINDINGS: Mortality and AIDS incidence increased strongly with time since seroconversion and age at seroconversion. Median survival varied from 12.5 years (95% CI 12.1-12.9) for those aged 15-24 years at seroconversion to 7.9 years (7.4-8.5) for those aged 45-54 years at seroconversion, whereas for development of AIDS the corresponding values were 11.0 years (10.7-11.7) and 7.7 years (7.1-8.6). There was no appreciable effect of exposure category on survival. For AIDS incidence, the exposure category effect that we noted was explained by the high incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in those infected through sex between men. We estimated that among people aged 25-29 years at seroconversion 90% (89-91) and 60% (57-62) survived to 5 years and 10 years, respectively, after seroconversion, whereas 13% (12-15) and 46% (44-49), respectively, developed AIDS (excluding Kaposi's sarcoma). INTERPRETATION: Before widespread use of highly-active antiretroviral therapy (before 1996), time since seroconversion and age at seroconversion were the major determinants of survival and development of AIDS in Europe, North America, and Australia.

Published
2016
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16. Correlates of Human Herpesvirus-8 DNA detection among adults in Italy without Kaposi sarcoma

Author

Brown, E. E., Whitby, D., Vitale, F., Fei, P. C., Del Carpio, C., Marshall, V., Alberg, A. J., Serraino, D., Messina, A., Gafa, L., Goedert, J. J., Romano, N., Ajello, F., Bonura, F., Perna, A. M., Viviano, E., Tramuto, F., Villafrate, M. R., Di Benedetto, M. A., Tamburini, M., Montella, M., Crispo, A., De Sicato, S., De Marco, M. R., Ascierto, P., Piselli, P., Rezza, G., Valdarchi, C., Corona, R. M., Giuliani, M., Castilletti, C., Lauria, C., Laura, C., Stella, S., Massimino, M., Kroner, B., Biggar, R. J., Rabkin, C. S., BROWN EE, WHITBY D, VITALE F, CORDIALI FEI P, DEL CARPIO C, MARSHALL V, ALBERG AJ, SERRAINO D, MESSINA A, GAFA L, GOEDERT JJ, THE CLASSICAL KAPOSI SARCOMA WORKING GROUP, and Tramuto, F.

Subjects
Male, Epidemiology, medicine.medical_treatment, Comorbidity, Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale E Applicata, medicine.disease_cause, Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, 80 and over, Leukocytes, Gammaherpesvirinae, Medicine, HHV8, Viral, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, biology, virus diseases, Immunosuppression, General Medicine, Herpesviridae Infections, Middle Aged, Viral Load, Italy, Herpesvirus 8, Human, Female, Antibody, Kaposi sarcoma herpesviru, Viral load, Human, Adult, Viral DNA, Population, Mononuclear, KSHV, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, Herpesviridae, Age Distribution, Antigen, Humans, Herpesvirus 8, Sex Distribution, education, Aged, business.industry, Hemodynamics, DNA, biology.organism_classification, Blood Cell Count, Socioeconomic Factors, Immunology, DNA, Viral, biology.protein, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, business
Abstract

Background: The presence of Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV8) DNA is predictive of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) among patients with HIV-associated or iatrogenic immunosuppression. However, correlates of HHV8-DNA detection in the general population remain undefined. Methods: We assessed correlates of HHV8-DNA detection among Italian adults without KS who had antibodies against HHV8-latent nuclear antigen by immunofluorescence assay. HHV8-K6 DNA sequences were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using TaqMan CR. Results: Of the 158 subjects 26 (16.5%) had detectable HHV8-DNA [median copies/million cells, 53; (13-2128)]. Adjusted for age, sex, and laboratory, HHV8-DNA was detected more frequently in participants with >7 total residents in the childhood home [OR = 3.7 (1.5-9.1)], >2 younger siblings [OR = 2.6 (1.1-6.5)], and current cardiovascular [OR = 3.6 (1.3-9.7)] or renal [OR = 3.1 (1.2-8.0)] disease. Excluding the participants using immune modulating drugs, HHV8-DNA was more frequent among those with low red blood cells (RBC) [92 μm3/red cell; OR = 2.8 (1.0-7.8)], and mild thrombocytopenia [

Published
2005

17. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an EBV-associated tumour not significantly influenced by HIV-induced immunosuppression. The AIDS/Cancer Working Group

Author

Melbye, M., Coté, T. R., West, D., Kessler, L., and Biggar, R. J.

Subjects
Adult, Male, Risk, Immune Tolerance, Humans, HIV Infections, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms, Middle Aged, Research Article
Abstract

We used a link between cancer (859,398 reports) and AIDS (50,050 reports) registries in the United States to study whether nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) was increased in the population with AIDS. There was no indication of a significantly increased risk up to or after the AIDS diagnosis, which argues against progressively failing immunity being important in the development of this malignancy.

Published
1996

19. Fetal microchimerism in breast and colon cancer

Author

Kamper-Jørgensen, M, Biggar, R J, Stamper, Casey L, Hjalgrim, H., Tjønneland, A, Olsen, A, Andersen, A N, Rostgaard, K, Kroman, N, Gadi, Vijayakrishna K, Kamper-Jørgensen, M, Biggar, R J, Stamper, Casey L, Hjalgrim, H., Tjønneland, A, Olsen, A, Andersen, A N, Rostgaard, K, Kroman, N, and Gadi, Vijayakrishna K

Abstract

1574 Background: Cells acquired by a woman from her baby that durably persist in her blood and tissues is known as fetal microchimerism (FMc). In women with breast cancer, frequency and quantity of FMc in blood and breast tissue is reduced compared to healthy women. Whether the absence of fetal microchimerism predicts risk for developing breast cancer is unknown. FMc was evaluated in buffy coat cells from presumed healthy women who later developed breast cancer or colon cancer, a cancer in which prior pregnancy appears protective but has different associations with endocrine risk factors.METHODS: Women studied were participants in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health study. They were recruited from December 1993 to May 1997, aged 50-65 at the time of recruitment (interview, demographic and risk-factor questionnaire, and phlebotomy), and prospectively monitored for health outcomes including cancer. DNA from repository buffy coat specimens was tested for male FMc with quantitative PCR targeting the DYS14gene on the Y chromosome. For this analysis, 89 women who developed breast cancer and 67 women who developed colon cancer were evaluable for FMc. Results were compared to 272 women who remained cancer free.RESULTS: Compared to cancer-free women, FMc was detected less frequently in breast cancer patients (40.5% vs. 69.9%, age-adjusted OR==0.38, 95%CI of 0.25-0.58). The inverse association of FMc with breast cancer was consistent across cancer specific factors (receptor status, primary size, nodal involvement, TNM stage, and histology). Compared to cancer-free women, FMc was positively associated with developing colon cancer (89.6%, age-adjusted OR==3.05, 95%CI of 1.39-6.69). There was both a trend of increasing frequency of FMc temporally closer to diagnosis, <4 years versus > 8years since phlebotomy (p==0.02) and of increasing concentrations of FMc (p<0.01) with developing colon cancer, but neither trend was detected for breast cancer (p==0.75 a

Published
2011

20. Predictors and impact of losses to follow-up in an HIV-1 perinatal transmission cohort in Malawi

Author

Ioannidis, J. P., Taha, T. E., Kumwenda, N., Broadhead, R., Mtimavalye, L., Miotti, P., Yellin, F., Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D. G., and Biggar, R. J.

Subjects
Male, children of less educated parents had similar birth weight (P = 0.50) and were, Malawi/epidemiology, risk of perinatal transmission among HIV-positive infants. Thus, with regard to, Gestational Age, HIV-1/genetics/immunology, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology/virology, lost children were farmers. Besides, infant birth weight, twins vs. singletons, Predictive Value of Tests, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, (36.9%) with undetermined status, 144 (6.7%) with missing status, and about 653, was no evidence that the losses were unbalanced between arms in relation to the, DNA, Viral/analysis, Prevalence, Humans, HIV- infected cohort of delivering women in urban Malawi were studied. The women, and maternal education were affiliated with significant variation in the observed, enrolled in an intervention trial including vaginal cleansing with chlorhexidine, Retrospective Studies, at the time of delivery. Findings showed that of the 2156 infants born to HIV, the intervention trial, the LFU were approximately equal in both groups. There, likely less to return. This was probably due to the fact that the fathers of the, HIV Infections/epidemiology/*transmission/virology, (30.3%) were never brought back for follow-up. The odds of HIV positivity, Infant, Newborn, Infant, probability of additional transmission from breast-feeding. Late-coming and lost, infected mothers, about 1359 (63.1%) had been diagnosed with HIV infection, 797, HIV Antibodies/analysis, decreased in the determination of infectious status (P = 0.03) despite the, Female, Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control, predictors of transmission, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Large simple trials which aim to study therapeutic interventions and epidemiological associations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, including perinatal transmission, in Africa may have substantial rates of loss to follow-up. A better understanding of the characteristics and the impact of women and children lost to follow-up is needed. METHODS: We studied predictors and the impact of losses to follow-up of infants born in a large cohort of delivering women in urban Malawi. The cohort was established as part of a trial of vaginal cleansing with chlorhexidine during delivery to prevent mother-to-infant transmission of HIV. RESULTS: The HIV infection status could not be determined for 797 (36.9%) of 2156 infants born to HIV-infected mothers; 144 (6.7%) with missing status because of various sample problems and 653 (30.3%) because they never returned to the clinic. Notably, the observed rates of perinatal transmission were significantly lower in infants who returned later for determination of their infection status (odds ratio = 0.94 per month, P = 0.03), even though these infants must have had an additional risk of infection from breastfeeding. In multivariate models, infants of lower birthweight (P = 0.003) and, marginally, singletons (P = 0.09) were less likely to return for follow-up. The parents of infants lost to follow-up tended to be less educated (P < 0.001) and more likely to be in farming occupations, although one educated group, teachers and students, were also significantly less likely to return. Of these variables, infant birthweight, twins versus singletons, and maternal education were also associated with significant variation in the observed risk of perinatal transmission among infants of known HIV status. CONCLUSIONS: Several predictors of loss to follow-up were identified in this large HIV perinatal cohort. Losses to follow-up can impact the observed transmission rate and the risk associations in different studies. Int J Epidemiol

Published
1999

23. Fetal microchimerism in breast and colon cancer.

Author

Kamper-Jørgensen, M., primary, Biggar, R. J., additional, Stamper, C. L., additional, Hjalgrim, H., additional, Tjønneland, A., additional, Olsen, A., additional, Andersen, A. N., additional, Rostgaard, K., additional, Kroman, N., additional, and Gadi, V. K., additional

Published
2011
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28. THE AUTHORS REPLY

Author

Hjuler, T., primary, Poulsen, G., additional, Wohlfahrt, J., additional, Kaltoft, M., additional, Biggar, R. J., additional, and Melbye, M., additional

Published
2008
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36. Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) in countries of Southeast Asia compared to the USA, the Caribbean and Africa

Author

Ablashi, D, primary, Chatlynne, L, additional, Cooper, H, additional, Thomas, D, additional, Yadav, M, additional, Norhanom, A W, additional, Chandana, A K, additional, Churdboonchart, V, additional, Kulpradist, S A R, additional, Patnaik, M, additional, Liegmann, K, additional, Masood, R, additional, Reitz, M, additional, Cleghorn, F, additional, Manns, A, additional, Levine, P H, additional, Rabkin, C, additional, Biggar, R, additional, Jensen, F, additional, Gill, P, additional, Jack, N, additional, Edwards, J, additional, Whitman, J, additional, and Boshoff, C, additional

Published
1999
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