Search

We present the discovery of a second radio flare from the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2020vwl via long-term monitoring radio observations. Late-time radio flares from TDEs are being discovered more commonly, with many TDEs showing radio emission 1000s of days after the stellar disruption, but the mechanism that powers these late-time flares is uncertain. Here we present radio spectral observations of the first and second radio flares observed from the TDE AT2020vwl. Through detailed radio spectral monitoring, we find evidence for two distinct outflow ejection episodes, or a period of renewed energy injection into the pre-existing outflow. We deduce that the second radio flare is powered by an outflow that is initially slower than the first flare, but carries more energy and accelerates over time. Through modelling the long-term optical and UV emission from the TDE as arising from an accretion disc, we infer that the second radio outflow launch or energy injection episode occurred approximately at the time of peak accretion rate. The fast decay of the second flare precludes environmental changes as an explanation, while the velocity of the outflow is at all times too low to be explained by an off-axis relativistic jet. Future observations that search for any link between the accretion disc properties and late time radio flares from TDEs will aid in understanding what powers the radio outflows in TDEs, and confirm if multiple outflow ejections or energy injection episodes are common., Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures, submitted to ApJ. Comments welcome

Context. Sensitive radio continuum data could remove the difference between the number of known supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Galaxy compared to that expected, but due to confusion in the Galactic plane, faint SNRs can be challenging to distinguish from brighter HII regions and filamentary radio emission. Aims. We wish to exploit new SARAO MeerKAT 1.3 GHz Galactic Plane Survey (SMGPS) radio continuum data, which covers $251\deg \le l \le 358\deg$ and $2\deg \le l \le 61\deg$ at $|b|\le 1.5\deg$, to search for SNR candidates in the Milky Way disk. Methods. We also use MIR data from the Spitzer GLIMPSE, Spitzer MIPSGAL, and WISE surveys to help identify SNR candidates. The identified SNR candidate are sources of extended radio continuum emission that lack MIR counterparts, are not known as HII regions in the WISE Catalog of Galactic HII Regions, and are not known previously as SNRs Results. We locate 237 new Galactic SNR candidates in the SMGPS data. We also identify and confirm the expected radio morphology for 201 objects listed in the literature as being SNRs and 130 previously-identified SNR candidates. The known and candidate SNRs have similar spatial distributions and angular sizes. Conclusions. The SMGPS data allowed us to identify a large population of SNR candidates that can be confirmed as true SNRs using radio polarization measurements or by deriving radio spectral indices. If the 237 candidates are confirmed as true SNRs, it would approximately double the number of known Galactic SNRs in the survey area, alleviating much of the difference between the known and expected populations., Comment: Accepted by A&A. Images and FITS files of each source can be found here: https://doi.org/10.48479/0n8c-5q84

We present the results from an extensive follow-up campaign of the Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) ASASSN-15oi spanning $\delta t \sim 10 - 3000$ d, offering an unprecedented window into the multiwavelength properties of a TDE during its first $\approx 8$ years of evolution. ASASSN-15oi is one of the few TDEs with strong detections at X-ray, optical/UV, and radio wavelengths and featured two delayed radio flares at $\delta t \sim 180$ d and $\delta t \sim 1400$ d. Our observations at $> 1400$ d reveal an absence of thermal X-rays, a late-time variability in the non-thermal X-ray emission, and sharp declines in the non-thermal X-ray and radio emission at $\delta t \sim 2800$ d and $\sim 3000$ d, respectively. The UV emission shows no significant evolution at $>400$ d and remains above the pre-TDE level. We show that a cooling envelope model can explain the thermal emission consistently across all epochs. We also find that a scenario involving episodic ejection of material due to stream-stream collisions is conducive to explaining the first radio flare. Given the peculiar spectral and temporal evolution of the late-time emission, however, constraining the origins of the second radio flare and the non-thermal X-rays remains challenging. Our study underscores the critical role of long-term, multiwavelength follow-up., Comment: 36 pages, 13 Figures, 8 Tables. Submitted to ApJ

We present the SARAO MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey (SMGPS), a 1.3 GHz continuum survey of almost half of the Galactic Plane (251\deg $\le l \le$ 358\deg and 2\deg $\le l \le$ 61\deg at $|b| \le 1.5\deg $). SMGPS is the largest, most sensitive and highest angular resolution 1 GHz survey of the Plane yet carried out, with an angular resolution of 8" and a broadband RMS sensitivity of $\sim$10--20 $\mu$ Jy/beam. Here we describe the first publicly available data release from SMGPS which comprises data cubes of frequency-resolved images over 908--1656 MHz, power law fits to the images, and broadband zeroth moment integrated intensity images. A thorough assessment of the data quality and guidance for future usage of the data products are given. Finally, we discuss the tremendous potential of SMGPS by showcasing highlights of the Galactic and extragalactic science that it permits. These highlights include the discovery of a new population of non-thermal radio filaments; identification of new candidate supernova remnants, pulsar wind nebulae and planetary nebulae; improved radio/mid-IR classification of rare Luminous Blue Variables and discovery of associated extended radio nebulae; new radio stars identified by Bayesian cross-matching techniques; the realisation that many of the largest radio-quiet WISE HII region candidates are not true HII regions; and a large sample of previously undiscovered background HI galaxies in the Zone of Avoidance., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. The data release is live and links can be found in the Data Availability Statement in the paper

The Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) is a cornerstone of general relativity and predicts the existence of gravitational redshift. We report on new results of measuring this shift with RadioAstron (RA), a space VLBI spacecraft launched into an evolving high eccentricity orbit around Earth with geocentric distances reaching 353,000 km. The spacecraft and ground tracking stations at Pushchino, Russia, and Green Bank, USA, were each equipped with a hydrogen maser frequency standard allowing a possible violation of the predicted gravitational redshift, in the form of a violation parameter $\varepsilon$, to be measured. By alternating between RadioAstron's frequency referencing modes during dedicated sessions between 2015 and 2017, the recorded downlink frequencies can essentially be corrected for the non-relativistic Doppler shift. We report on an analysis using the Doppler-tracking frequency measurements made during these sessions and find $\varepsilon = (2.1 \pm 3.3)\times10^{-4}$. We also discuss prospects for measuring $\varepsilon$ with a significantly smaller uncertainty using instead the time-domain recordings of the spacecraft signals and envision how $10^{-7}$ might be possible for a future space VLBI mission., Comment: Nelson V Nunes et al 2023 Class. Quantum Grav. in press https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ace609

We present the results from a multi-year radio campaign of the superluminous supernova (SLSN) 2017ens, which yielded the earliest radio detection of a SLSN to date at the age of $\sim$3.3 years after explosion. SN2017ens was not detected at radio frequencies in the first $\sim$300\,d of evolution but reached $L_{\nu}\approx 10^{28}\,\rm{erg\,s^{-1}\,cm^{-2}}$ at $\nu\sim 6$ GHz, $\sim1250$ days post-explosion. Interpreting the radio observations in the context of synchrotron radiation from the supernova shock interaction with the circumstellar medium (CSM), we infer an effective mass-loss rate of $\approx 10^{-4}\,\rm{M_{\odot}yr^{-1}}$ at $r\sim 10^{17}$ cm from the explosion's site, for a wind speed of $v_w=50-60\,\rm{km\,s^{-1}}$ measured from optical spectra. These findings are consistent with the spectroscopic metamorphosis of SN2017ens from hydrogen-poor to hydrogen-rich $\sim190$ d after explosion reported by Chen et al., 2018. SN2017ens is thus an addition to the sample of hydrogen-poor massive progenitors that explode shortly after having lost their hydrogen envelope. The inferred circumstellar densities, implying a CSM mass up to $\sim0.5\,\rm{M_{\odot}}$, and low velocity of the ejection point at binary interactions (in the form of common envelope evolution and subsequent envelope ejection) playing a role in shaping the evolution of the stellar progenitors of SLSNe in the $\lesssim 500$ yr preceding core collapse., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

A tidal disruption event (TDE) occurs when a star is destroyed by a supermassive black hole. Broadband radio spectral observations of TDEs trace the emission from any outflows or jets that are ejected from the vicinity of the supermassive black hole. However, radio detections of TDEs are rare, with less than 20 published to date, and only 11 with multi-epoch broadband coverage. Here we present the radio detection of the TDE AT2020vwl and our subsequent radio monitoring campaign of the outflow that was produced, spanning 1.5 years post-optical flare. We tracked the outflow evolution as it expanded between $10^{16}$ cm to $10^{17}$ cm from the supermassive black hole, deducing it was non-relativistic and launched quasi-simultaneously with the initial optical detection through modelling the evolving synchrotron spectra of the event. We deduce that the outflow is likely to have been launched by material ejected from stream-stream collisions (more likely), the unbound debris stream, or an accretion-induced wind or jet from the supermassive black hole (less likely). AT2020vwl joins a growing number of TDEs with well-characterised prompt radio emission, with future timely radio observations of TDEs required to fully understand the mechanism that produces this type of radio emission in TDEs., Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) occur when a star is destroyed by a supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy, temporarily increasing the accretion rate onto the black hole and producing a bright flare across the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio observations of TDEs trace outflows and jets that may be produced. Radio detections of the outflows from TDEs are uncommon, with only about one third of TDEs discovered to date having published radio detections. Here we present over two years of comprehensive, multi-radio frequency monitoring observations of the tidal disruption event AT2019azh taken with the Very Large Array (VLA) and MeerKAT radio telescopes from approximately 10 days pre-optical peak to 810 days post-optical peak. AT2019azh shows unusual radio emission for a thermal TDE, as it brightened very slowly over two years, and showed fluctuations in the synchrotron energy index of the optically thin synchrotron emission from 450 days post-disruption. Based on the radio properties, we deduce that the outflow in this event is likely non-relativistic and could be explained by a spherical outflow arising from self-stream intersections, or a mildly collimated outflow from accretion onto the supermassive black hole. This data-set provides a significant contribution to the observational database of outflows from TDEs, including the earliest radio detection of a non-relativistic TDE to date, relative to the optical discovery., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to MNRAS. Comments welcome!

MeerKAT's large number of antennas, spanning 8 km with a densely packed 1 km core, create a powerful instrument for wide-area surveys, with high sensitivity over a wide range of angular scales. The MeerKAT Galaxy Cluster Legacy Survey (MGCLS) is a programme of long-track MeerKAT L-band (900-1670 MHz) observations of 115 galaxy clusters, observed for $\sim$6-10 hours each in full polarisation. The first legacy product data release (DR1), made available with this paper, includes the MeerKAT visibilities, basic image cubes at $\sim$8" resolution, and enhanced spectral and polarisation image cubes at $\sim$8" and 15" resolutions. Typical sensitivities for the full-resolution MGCLS image products are $\sim$3-5 {\mu}Jy/beam. The basic cubes are full-field and span 4 deg^2. The enhanced products consist of the inner 1.44 deg^2 field of view, corrected for the primary beam. The survey is fully sensitive to structures up to $\sim$10' scales and the wide bandwidth allows spectral and Faraday rotation mapping. HI mapping at 209 kHz resolution can be done at $0

We present new radio and optical data, including very long baseline interferometry, as well as archival data analysis, for the luminous decades-long radio transient FIRST J141918.9+394036. The radio data reveal a synchrotron self-absorption peak around 0.3 GHz and a radius of around 1.3 mas (0.5 pc) 26 years post-discovery, indicating a blastwave energy $\sim5 \times 10^{50}$ erg. The optical spectrum shows a broad [OIII]$\lambda$4959,5007 emission-line that may indicate collisional-excitation in the host galaxy, but its association with the transient cannot be ruled out. The properties of the host galaxy are suggestive of a massive stellar progenitor that formed at low metallicity. Based on the radio light curve, blastwave velocity, energetics, nature of the host galaxy and transient rates we find that the properties of FIRST J1419+39 are most consistent with long gamma-ray burst (LGRB) afterglows. Other classes of (optically-discovered) stellar explosions as well as neutron star mergers are disfavored, and invoking any exotic scenario may not be necessary. It is therefore likely that FIRST J1419+39 is an off-axis LGRB afterglow (as suggested by Law et al. and Marcote et al.), and under this premise the inverse beaming fraction is found to be $f_b^{-1}\simeq280^{+700}_{-200}$, corresponding to an average jet half-opening angle $<\theta_j>\simeq5^{+4}_{-2}$ degrees (68% confidence), consistent with previous estimates. From the volumetric rate we predict that surveys with the VLA, ASKAP and MeerKAT will find a handful of FIRST J1419+39-like events over the coming years., Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables. Accepted in ApJ

We present a population of 19 radio-luminous supernovae (SNe) with emission reaching $L_{\nu}{\sim}10^{26}-10^{29}\,\rm{erg\,s^{-1}Hz^{-1}}$ in the first epoch of the Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS) at $2-4$GHz. Our sample includes one long Gamma-Ray Burst, SN 2017iuk/GRB171205A, and 18 core-collapse SNe detected at $\approx (1-60)$years after explosion. No thermonuclear explosion shows evidence for bright radio emission, and hydrogen-poor progenitors dominate the sub-sample of core-collapse events with spectroscopic classification at the time of explosion (79\%). We interpret these findings into the context of the expected radio emission from the forward shock interaction with the circumstellar medium (CSM). We conclude that these observations require a departure from the single wind-like density profile (i.e., $\rho_{\rm{CSM}}\propto r^{-2}$) that is expected around massive stars and/or a departure from a spherical Newtonian shock. Viable alternatives include the shock interaction with a detached, dense shell of CSM formed by a large effective progenitor mass-loss rate $\dot M \sim (10^{-4}-10^{-1})$ M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ (for an assumed wind velocity of $1000\,\rm{km\,s^{-1}}$); emission from an off-axis relativistic jet entering our line of sight; or the emergence of emission from a newly-born pulsar-wind nebula. The relativistic SN 2012ap that is detected 5.7 and 8.5 years after explosion with $L_{\nu}{\sim}10^{28}$ erg s$^{-1}$ Hz$^{-1}$ might constitute the first detections of an off-axis jet+cocoon system in a massive star. However, none of the VLASS-SNe with archival data points are consistent with our model off-axis jet light curves. Future multi-wavelength observations will distinguish among these scenarios.Our VLASS source catalogs, which were used to perform the VLASS cross matching, are publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4895112., Comment: Published on December 21, 2021 Comments are welcome 17 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

We present high cadence multi-frequency radio observations of the long Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) 190829A, which was detected at photon energies above 100 GeV by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). Observations with the Meer Karoo Array Telescope (MeerKAT, 1.3 GHz), and Arcminute Microkelvin Imager - Large Array (AMI-LA, 15.5 GHz) began one day post-burst and lasted nearly 200 days. We used complementary data from Swift X-Ray Telescope (XRT), which ran to 100 days post-burst. We detected a likely forward shock component with both MeerKAT and XRT up to over 100 days post-burst. Conversely, the AMI-LA light curve appears to be dominated by reverse shock emission until around 70 days post-burst when the afterglow flux drops below the level of the host galaxy. We also present previously unpublished observations of the other H.E.S.S.-detected GRB, GRB 180720B from AMI-LA, which shows likely forward shock emission that fades in less than 10 days. We present a comparison between the radio emission from the three GRBs with detected very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission and a sensitivity-limited radio afterglow sample. GRB 190829A has the lowest isotropic radio luminosity of any GRB in our sample, but the distribution of luminosities is otherwise consistent, as expected, with the VHE GRBs being drawn from the same parent distribution as the other radio-detected long GRBs., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present X-ray and radio observations of the Fast Blue Optical Transient (FBOT) CRTS-CSS161010 J045834-081803 (CSS161010 hereafter) at t=69-531 days. CSS161010 shows luminous X-ray ($L_x\sim5\times 10^{39}\,\rm{erg\,s^{-1}}$) and radio ($L_{\nu}\sim10^{29}\,\rm{erg\,s^{-1}Hz^{-1}}$) emission. The radio emission peaked at ~100 days post transient explosion and rapidly decayed. We interpret these observations in the context of synchrotron emission from an expanding blastwave. CSS161010 launched a mildly relativistic outflow with velocity $\Gamma\beta c\ge0.55c$ at ~100 days. This is faster than the non-relativistic AT2018cow ($\Gamma\beta c\sim0.1c$) and closer to ZTF18abvkwla ($\Gamma\beta c\ge0.3c$ at 63 days). The inferred initial kinetic energy of CSS161010 ($E_k\gtrsim10^{51}$ erg) is comparable to that of long Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs), but the ejecta mass that is coupled to the mildly relativistic outflow is significantly larger ($\sim0.01-0.1\,\rm{M_{\odot}}$). This is consistent with the lack of observed gamma-rays. The luminous X-rays were produced by a different emission component to the synchrotron radio emission. CSS161010 is located at ~150 Mpc in a dwarf galaxy with stellar mass $M_{*}\sim10^{7}\,\rm{M_{\odot}}$ and specific star formation rate $sSFR\sim 0.3\,\rm{Gyr^{-1}}$. This mass is among the lowest inferred for host-galaxies of explosive transients from massive stars. Our observations of CSS161010 are consistent with an engine-driven aspherical explosion from a rare evolutionary path of a H-rich stellar progenitor, but we cannot rule out a stellar tidal disruption event on a centrally-located intermediate mass black hole. Regardless of the physical mechanism, CSS161010 establishes the existence of a new class of rare (rate $<0.4\%$ of the local core-collapse supernova rate) H-rich transients that can launch mildly relativistic outflows., Comment: Accepted to ApJL

We have modelled the near-infrared to radio images of the Crab Nebula with a Bayesian SED model to simultaneously fit its synchrotron, interstellar and supernova dust emission. We infer an interstellar dust extinction map with an average $A_{\text{V}}$=1.08$\pm$0.38 mag, consistent with a small contribution (<22%) to the Crab's overall infrared emission. The Crab's supernova dust mass is estimated to be between 0.032 and 0.049 M$_{\odot}$ (for amorphous carbon grains) with an average dust temperature $T_{\text{dust}}$=41$\pm$3K, corresponding to a dust condensation efficiency of 8-12%. This revised dust mass is up to an order of magnitude lower than some previous estimates, which can be attributed to our different interstellar dust corrections, lower SPIRE flux densities, and higher dust temperature than were used in previous studies. The dust within the Crab is predominantly found in dense filaments south of the pulsar, with an average V-band dust extinction of $A_{\text{V}}$=0.20-0.39 mag, consistent with recent optical dust extinction studies. The modelled synchrotron power-law spectrum is consistent with a radio spectral index $\alpha_{\text{radio}}$=0.297$\pm$0.009 and an infrared spectral index $\alpha_{\text{IR}}$=0.429$\pm$0.021. We have identified a millimetre excess emission in the Crab's central regions, and argue that it most likely results from two distinct populations of synchrotron emitting particles. We conclude that the Crab's efficient dust condensation (8-12%) provides further evidence for a scenario where supernovae can provide substantial contributions to the interstellar dust budgets in galaxies., Comment: 33 pages, 17 figures, Manuscript accepted for publication in MNRAS. Accepted on 31/05/2019. Deposited on 31/05/2019

We report on our efforts to test the Einstein Equivalence Principle by measuring the gravitational redshift with the VLBI spacecraft RadioAstron, in an eccentric orbit around Earth with geocentric distances as small as $\sim$ 7,000 km and up to 350,000 km. The spacecraft and its ground stations are each equipped with stable hydrogen maser frequency standards, and measurements of the redshifted downlink carrier frequencies were obtained at both 8.4 and 15 GHz between 2012 and 2017. Over the course of the $\sim$ 9 d orbit, the gravitational redshift between the spacecraft and the ground stations varies between $6.8 \times 10^{-10}$ and $0.6 \times 10^{-10}$. Since the clock offset between the masers is difficult to estimate independently of the gravitational redshift, only the variation of the gravitational redshift is considered for this analysis. We obtain a preliminary estimate of the fractional deviation of the gravitational redshift from prediction of $\epsilon = -0.016 \pm 0.003_{\rm stat} \pm 0.030_{\rm syst}$ with the systematic uncertainty likely being dominated by unmodelled effects including the error in accounting for the non-relativistic Doppler shift. This result is consistent with zero within the uncertainties. For the first time, the gravitational redshift has been probed over such large distances in the vicinity of Earth. About three orders of magnitude more accurate estimates may be possible with RadioAstron using existing data from dedicated interleaved observations combining uplink and downlink modes of operation., Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Advances in Space Research. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1710.10074

We present the first extensive radio to gamma-ray observations of a fast-rising blue optical transient (FBOT), AT2018cow, over its first ~100 days. AT2018cow rose over a few days to a peak luminosity $L_{pk}\sim4\times 10^{44}$ erg/s exceeding those of superluminous supernovae (SNe), before declining as $\propto t^{-2}$. Initial spectra at $\lesssim 15$ days were mostly featureless and indicated large expansion velocities v~0.1c and temperatures reaching 30000 K. Later spectra revealed a persistent optically-thick photosphere and the emergence of H and He emission features with v~sim 4000 km/s with no evidence for ejecta cooling. Our broad-band monitoring revealed a hard X-ray spectral component at $E\ge 10$ keV, in addition to luminous and highly variable soft X-rays, with properties unprecedented among astronomical transients. An abrupt change in the X-ray decay rate and variability appears to accompany the change in optical spectral properties. AT2018cow showed bright radio emission consistent with the interaction of a blastwave with $v_{sh}$~0.1c with a dense environment ($\dot M\sim10^{-3}-10^{-4}\,M_{\odot}yr^{-1}$ for $v_w=1000$ km\s). While these properties exclude Ni-powered transients, our multi-wavelength analysis instead indicates that AT2018cow harbored a "central engine", either a compact object (magnetar or black hole) or an embedded internal shock produced by interaction with a compact, dense circumstellar medium. The engine released $\sim10^{50}-10^{51.5}$ erg over $\sim10^3-10^5$ s and resides within low-mass fast-moving material with equatorial-polar density asymmetry ($M_{ej,fast}\lesssim0.3\,\rm{M_{\odot}}$). Successful SNe from low-mass H-rich stars (like electron-capture SNe) or failed explosions from blue supergiants satisfy these constraints. Intermediate-mass black-holes are disfavored by the large environmental density probed by the radio observations., Comment: 26 pages + tables. Submitted

ThunderKAT is the image-plane transients programme for MeerKAT. The goal as outlined in 2010, and still today, is to find, identify and understand high-energy astrophysical processes via their radio emission (often in concert with observations at other wavelengths). Through a comprehensive and complementary programme of surveying and monitoring Galactic synchrotron transients (across a range of compact accretors and a range of other explosive phenomena) and exploring distinct populations of extragalactic synchrotron transients (microquasars, supernovae and possibly yet unknown transient phenomena) - both from direct surveys and commensal observations - we will revolutionise our understanding of the dynamic and explosive transient radio sky. As well as performing targeted programmes of our own, we have made agreements with the other MeerKAT large survey projects (LSPs) that we will also search their data for transients. This commensal use of the other surveys, which remains one of our key programme goals in 2016, means that the combined MeerKAT LSPs will produce by far the largest GHz-frequency radio transient programme to date., Comment: To be published in "MeerKAT Science: On the Pathway to the SKA". Proceedings of Science. Workshop held 25-27 May, 2016 Stellenbosch, South Africa

The energy source powering the extreme optical luminosity of hydrogen-stripped Superluminous Supernovae (SLSNe-I) is not known, but recent studies have highlighted the case for a central engine. Radio and/or X-ray observations are best placed to track the fastest ejecta and probe the presence of outflows from a central engine. We compile all the published radio observations of SLSNe-I to date and present three new observations of two new SLSNe-I. None were detected. Through modeling the radio emission, we constrain the sub-parsec environments and possible outflows in SLSNe-I. In this sample we rule out on-axis collimated relativistic jets of the kind detected in Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). We constrain off-axis jets with opening angles of 5\arcdeg\ (30\arcdeg) to energies of $\rm{E_k<4\times10^{50}\,erg}$ ($\rm{E_k<10^{50}\,erg}$) in environments shaped by progenitors with mass-loss rates of $\dot{M}<10^{-4}\,M_{\odot}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ ($\dot{M}<10^{-5}\,M_{\odot}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$) for all off-axis angles, assuming fiducial values $\epsilon_e=0.1$ and $\epsilon_B=0.01$. The deepest limits rule out emission of the kind seen in faint un-collimated GRBs (with the exception of GRB\,060218), and from relativistic supernovae. Finally, for the closest SLSN-I SN 2017egm we constrained the energy of an uncollimated non-relativistic outflow like those observed in normal SNe to $E_{\rm k}\lesssim10^{48}$ erg., Comment: Accepted by ApJ, 14 pages, 6 figures

We present an approach to testing the gravitational redshift effect using the RadioAstron satellite. The experiment is based on a modification of the Gravity Probe A scheme of nonrelativistic Doppler compensation and benefits from the highly eccentric orbit and ultra-stable atomic hydrogen maser frequency standard of the RadioAstron satellite. Using the presented techniques we expect to reach an accuracy of the gravitational redshift test of order $10^{-5}$, a magnitude better than that of Gravity Probe A. Data processing is ongoing, our preliminary results agree with the validity of the Einstein Equivalence Principle., Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters A

We present a detailed analysis of the morphological properties of the Crab Nebula across the electromagnetic spectrum based on new and previous high-quality data from radio to X-rays. In the radio range we obtained an image of the entire nebula at 3 GHz with subarcsecond angular resolution using the VLA (NRAO) and an image at 100 GHz of the central region using the ALMA array. Simultaneously with the VLA observations we performed HST WFPC3 near infrared and Chandra X-ray observations of the central region of the nebula. In addition we produced a new UV image of the Crab nebula at 291 nm by co-adding 75 individual exposures of the Optical-UV Monitor on board XMM-Newton. The high-angular resolution and high-dynamic range radio image at 3 GHz allowed us to improve the detection and characterization of peculiar morphological features including arches with foot brightening and intercrossed loop-like structures, likely originating in plasma confined to magnetic field lines. Based on the new radio image, we carried out a detailed multiwavelength correlation. In the central area, the comparison of the almost simultaneous images confirms that the wisps in the three spectral ranges do not generally coincide in location, the radio emission being the most discordant, which is suggestive of the existence of two different synchrotron components. The X-ray pulsar jet does not have a radio counterpart. Instead, another jet-like feature is seen in radio, though with different curvature and starting point., Comment: 29 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

A test of a cornerstone of general relativity, the gravitational redshift effect, is currently being conducted with the RadioAstron spacecraft, which is on a highly eccentric orbit around Earth. Using ground radio telescopes to record the spacecraft signal, synchronized to its ultra-stable on-board H-maser, we can probe the varying flow of time on board with unprecedented accuracy. The observations performed so far, currently being analyzed, have already allowed us to measure the effect with a relative accuracy of $4\times10^{-4}$. We expect to reach $2.5\times10^{-5}$ with additional observations in 2016, an improvement of almost a magnitude over the 40-year old result of the GP-A mission., Comment: Submitted to the 14th Marcel Grossmann Meeting Proceedings

We present multi-wavelength observations of SN2014C during the first 500 days. These observations represent the first solid detection of a young extragalactic stripped-envelope SN out to high-energy X-rays. SN2014C was the explosion of an H-stripped progenitor star with ordinary explosion parameters. However, over the time scale of ~1yr, SN2014C experienced a complete metamorphosis and evolved from an ordinary H-poor supernova of type Ib into a strongly interacting, H-rich supernova of type IIn. Signatures of the SN shock interacting with a dense medium are observed across the spectrum. Coordinated observations with Swift, Chandra and NuSTAR have captured the evolution in detail and revealed the presence of a massive shell of ~1 Msun of hydrogen-rich material at ~6d16 cm from the explosion site. We estimate that the shell was ejected by the progenitor star in the decades to centuries before core collapse. This result poses significant challenges to current theories of massive star evolution, as it requires a physical mechanism responsible for the ejection of the deepest hydrogen layer of H-poor SN progenitors synchronized with the onset of stellar collapse. Theoretical investigations point at binary interactions and/or instabilities during the last stages of nuclear burning in massive stars as potential triggers of the time-dependent mass loss. We constrain these scenarios utilizing the sample of 183 SNe Ib/c with public radio observations. Our analysis identifies SN2014C-like signatures in ~10% of SNe with constraining radio data. This fraction is somewhat larger but reasonably consistent with the expectation from the theory of recent envelope ejection due to binary evolution IF the ejected material can survive in the close environment for 1000-10000 yrs. Alternatively, nuclear burning instabilities extending all the way to the core C-burning phase might also play a critical role., Comment: Submitted

We present optical observations of supernova SN 2014C, which underwent an unprecedented slow metamorphosis from H-poor type Ib to H-rich type IIn over the course of one year. The observed spectroscopic evolution is consistent with the supernova having exploded in a cavity before encountering a massive shell of the progenitor star's stripped hydrogen envelope. Possible origins for the circumstellar shell include a brief Wolf-Rayet fast wind phase that overtook a slower red supergiant wind, eruptive ejection, or confinement of circumstellar material by external influences of neighboring stars. An extended high velocity Halpha absorption feature seen in near-maximum light spectra implies that the progenitor star was not completely stripped of hydrogen at the time of core collapse. Archival pre-explosion Subaru Telescope Suprime-Cam and Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 images of the region obtained in 2009 show a coincident source that is most likely a compact massive star cluster in NGC 7331 that hosted the progenitor system. By comparing the emission properties of the source with stellar population models that incorporate interacting binary stars we estimate the age of the host cluster to be 30 - 300 Myr, and favor ages closer to 30 Myr in light of relatively strong Halpha emission. SN 2014C is the best-observed member of a class of core-collapse supernovae that fill the gap between events that interact strongly with dense, nearby environments immediately after explosion and those that never show signs of interaction. Better understanding of the frequency and nature of this intermediate population can contribute valuable information about the poorly understood final stages of stellar evolution., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted to ApJ

We review the radio very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the guide star, IM Peg, and three compact extragalactic reference sources, 3C 454.3, B2250+194, and B2252+172, made in support of the NASA/Stanford gyroscope relativity mission, GP-B. The main goal of the observations was the determination of the proper motion of IM Peg relative to the distant universe. VLBI observations made between 1997 and 2005 yield a proper motion of IM Peg of -20.83 $\pm$ 0.09 mas yr$^{-1}$ in RA and -27.27 $\pm$ 0.09 mas yr$^{-1}$ in dec, in a celestial reference frame of extragalactic radio galaxies and quasars virtually identical to the International Celestial Reference Frame 2 (ICRF2). They also yield a parallax for IM Peg of 10.37 $\pm$ 0.07 mas, corresponding to a distance of 96.4 $\pm$ 0.7 pc. The uncertainties are standard errors with statistical and estimated systematic contributions added in quadrature. These results met the pre-launch requirements of the GP-B mission to not discernibly degrade the estimates of the geodetic and frame-dragging effects. The paper also reports on a 1$\sigma$ upper limit on the magnitude of the components of the proper motion of the 'core' of 3C 454.3 relative to the ICRF2 of 46 and 56 $\mu$as yr$^{-1}$ in RA and dec, respectively, and presents densely sampled ellipses of the parallax and the orbit of the giant of the binary system. It further gives a sequence of images of the flickering radio emission relative to the disk of the giant. For a 'movie of a star,' see http://www.yorku.ca/bartel/impeg.mpg ., Comment: Invited review accepted for publication in a Special Issue of Classical and Quantum Gravity, 27 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables

A unique test of general relativity is possible with the space radio telescope RadioAstron. The ultra-stable on-board hydrogen maser frequency standard and the highly eccentric orbit make RadioAstron an ideal instrument for probing the gravitational redshift effect. Large gravitational potential variation, occurring on the time scale of $\sim$24 hr, causes large variation of the on-board H-maser clock rate, which can be detected via comparison with frequency standards installed at various ground radio astronomical observatories. The experiment requires specific on-board hardware operating modes and support from ground radio telescopes capable of tracking the spacecraft continuously and equipped with 8.4 or 15 GHz receivers. Our preliminary estimates show that $\sim$30 hr of the space radio telescope's observational time are required to reach $\sim 2\times10^{-5}$ accuracy in the test, which would constitute a factor of 10 improvement over the currently achieved best result., Comment: Proceedings of the Journ\'ees 2014 "Syst\`emes de r\'ef\'erence spatio-temporels": Recent developments and prospects in ground-based and space astrometry, Pulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg, Russia, 22-24 September 2014

We report on third epoch VLBI observations of the radio-bright supernova SN 2011dh located in the nearby (7.8 Mpc) galaxy M51. The observations took place at $t=453$ d after the explosion and at a frequency of 8.4 GHz. We obtained a fairly well resolved image of the shell of SN 2011dh, making it one of only six recent supernovae for which resolved images of the ejecta are available. SN 2011dh has a relatively clear shell morphology, being almost circular in outline, although there may be some asymmetry in brightness around the ridge. By fitting a spherical shell model directly to the visibility measurements we determine the angular radius of SN 2011dh's radio emission to be $636 \pm 29$ $\mu$as. At a distance of 7.8 Mpc, this angular radius corresponds to a linear radius of $(7.4 \pm 0.3) \times 10^{16}$ cm and an average expansion velocity since the explosion of $19000^{+2800}_{-2400}$ kms$^{-1}$. We combine our VLBI measurements of SN 2011dh's radius with values determined from the radio spectral energy distribution under the assumption of a synchrotron-self-absorbed spectrum, and find all the radii are consistent with a power-law evolution, with $R \sim t^{0.97\pm0.01}$, implying almost free expansion over the period $t=4$ d to 453 d., Comment: Accepted in MNRAS

The advent of international wideband communication by optical fibre has produced a revolution in communications and the use of the internet. Many African countries are now connected to undersea fibre linking them to other African countries and to other continents. Previously international communication was by microwave links through geostationary satellites. These are becoming redundant in some countries as optical fibre takes over, as this provides 1000 times the bandwidth of the satellite links. In the 1970's and 1980's some two dozen large (30 m diameter class) antennas were built in various African countries to provide the satellite links. Twenty six are currently known in 19 countries. As these antennas become redundant, the possibility exists to convert them for radio astronomy at a cost of roughly one tenth that of a new antenna of similar size. HartRAO, SKA Africa and the South African Department of Science and Technology (DST) have started exploring this possibility with some of the African countries., Comment: 6 pages, proceedings of the South African Institute of Physics 56th Annual Conference, published electronicallyu at http://www.saip.org.za/index.php/news-and-events/saip-annual-conferences/152-saip2012-proceedings

Herbig-Haro objects are regions of shocked gas and dust which are produced when collimated outflows from a protostar interact with the surrounding dense gas. They have many similarities to supernova remnants which are interacting with molecular clouds. 1720-MHz OH masers have been identified towards a number of interacting supernova remnants. Observations and models indicate that these masers are shock excited and are produced behind C-type shocks. If conditions behind the shock fronts of Herbig-Haro objects are similarly able to support 1720-MHz OH masers they could be a useful diagnostic tool for star formation. We therefore searched for 1720-MHz OH maser emission towards a sample of 97 Herbig-Haro objects using the Green Bank radio telescope. We detected 1720-MHz OH lines in emission in 17 of them, but neither their spectral signature nor follow-up observations with the Very Large Array showed any conclusive evidence of maser emission. We conclude that the emission detected from our single-dish observations must be extended and most likely originates from thermal or quasi-thermal excitation processes. We also investigated the properties of Herbig-Haro shocks more closely and conclude that despite the overall similarities to supernova remnants, the conditions required for maser emission, in particular, a sufficient velocity-coherent column density, are not likely to occur in Herbig-Haro objects., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We report on a VLA survey for late-time radio emission from 59 supernovae (SNe) of Type I b/c, which have been associated with long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). An "off-axis" GRB burst (i.e. whose relativistic jet points away from us) is expected to have late-time radio emission even in the absence of significant prompt gamma-ray emission. From our sample, we detected only SN 2003gk with an 8.4-GHz flux density of $2260 \pm 130 \,\mu$Jy. Our subsequent VLBI observations of SN 2003gk, at an age of $\sim$8 yr, allowed us to determine its radius to be $(2.4 \pm 0.4) \times 10^{17}$ cm, or $94 \pm 15$ light days. This radius rules out relativistic expansion as expected for an off-axis GRB jet, and instead suggests an expansion speed of $\sim 10\:000$ km s$^{-1}$ typical for non-relativistic core-collapse supernovae. We attribute the late-onset radio emission to interaction of the ejecta with a dense shell caused by episodic mass-loss from the progenitor. In addition, we present new calculations for the expected radio lightcurves from GRB jets at various angles to the line of sight, and compare these to our observed limits on the flux densities of the remainder of our SN sample. From this comparison we can say that only a fraction of broadlined Type I b/c SNe have a radio-bright jet similar to those seen for GRB afterglows at cosmological distances. However, we also find that for a reasonable range of parameters, as might be representative of the actual population of GRB events rather than the detected bright ones, the radio emission from the GRB jets can be quite faint, and that at present, radio observations do not place strong constraints on off-axis GRB jets., Comment: 12 Pages, 6 figures; accepted for publication in MNRAS

We report on sensitive phase-referenced and gated 1.4-GHz VLBI radio observations of the pulsar PSR J0205+6449 in the young pulsar-wind nebula 3C 58, made in 2007 and 2010. We employed a novel technique where the ~105-m Green Bank telescope is used simultaneously to obtain single-dish data used to determine the pulsar's period as well as to obtain the VLBI data, allowing the VLBI correlation to be gated synchronously with the pulse to increase the signal-to-noise. The high timing noise of this young pulsar precludes the determination of the proper motion from the pulsar timing. We derive the position of the pulsar accurate at the milliarcsecond level, which is consistent with a re-determined position from the Chandra X-ray observations. We reject the original tentative optical identification of the pulsar by Shearer and Neustroev (2008), but rather identify a different optical counterpart on their images, with R-band magnitude ~24. We also determine an accurate proper motion for PSR J0205+6449 of (2.3 +- 0.3) mas/yr, corresponding to a projected velocity of only (35 +- 6) km/s for a distance of 3.2 kpc, at p.a. -38 deg. This projected velocity is quite low compared to the velocity dispersion of known pulsars of ~200 km/s. Our measured proper motion does not suggest any particular kinematic age for the pulsar., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures; accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present continued multi-frequency radio observations of the relativistic tidal disruption event Sw1644+57 extending to dt~600 d. The data were obtained with the JVLA and AMI Large Array. We combine these data with public Swift/XRT and Chandra X-ray observations over the same time-frame to show that the jet has undergone a dramatic transition starting at ~500 d, with a sharp decline in the X-ray flux by about a factor of 170 on a timescale of dt/t<0.2. The rapid decline rules out a forward shock origin (direct or reprocessing) for the X-ray emission at <500 d, and instead points to internal dissipation in the inner jet. On the other hand, our radio data uniquely demonstrate that the low X-ray flux measured by Chandra at ~610 d is consistent with emission from the forward shock. Furthermore, the Chandra data are inconsistent with thermal emission from the accretion disk itself since the expected temperature of 30-60 eV and inner radius of 2-10 R_s cannot accommodate the observed flux level or the detected emission at >1 keV. We associate the rapid decline with a turn off of the relativistic jet when the mass accretion rate dropped below Mdot_Edd~0.006 Msun/yr (for a 3x10^6 Msun black hole and order unity efficiency) indicating that the peak accretion rate was about 330 Mdot_Edd, and the total accreted mass by 500 d is about 0.15 Msun. From the radio data we further find significant flattening in the integrated energy of the forward shock at >250 d with E_j,iso~2x10^54 erg (E_j~10^52$ erg for a jet opening angle, theta_j=0.1) following a rise by about a factor of 15 at 30-250 d. Projecting forward, we predict that the emission in the radio and X-ray bands will evolve in tandem with similar decline rates., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, submitted to ApJ

We present X-ray, UV/optical, and radio observations of the stripped-envelope, core-collapse supernova (SN) 2011ei, one of the least luminous SNe IIb or Ib observed to date. Our observations begin with a discovery within 1 day of explosion and span several months afterward. Early optical spectra exhibit broad, Type II-like hydrogen Balmer profiles that subside rapidly and are replaced by Type Ib-like He-rich features on the timescale of one week. High-cadence monitoring of this transition suggests that absorption attributable to a high velocity (> 12,000 km/s) H-rich shell is not rare in Type Ib events. Radio observations imply a shock velocity of v = 0.13c and a progenitor star mass-loss rate of 1.4 x 10^{-5} Msun yr^{-1} (assuming wind velocity v_w=10^3 km/s). This is consistent with independent constraints from deep X-ray observations with Swift-XRT and Chandra. Overall, the multi-wavelength properties of SN 2011ei are consistent with the explosion of a lower-mass (3-4 Msun), compact (R* <= 1x10^{11} cm), He core star. The star retained a thin hydrogen envelope at the time of explosion, and was embedded in an inhomogeneous circumstellar wind suggestive of modest episodic mass-loss. We conclude that SN 2011ei's rapid spectral metamorphosis is indicative of time-dependent classifications that bias estimates of explosion rates for Type IIb and Ib objects, and that important information about a progenitor star's evolutionary state and mass-loss immediately prior to SN explosion can be inferred from timely multi-wavelength observations., Comment: 20 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

We present measurements of the total radio flux density as well as very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) images of the star, IM Pegasi, which was used as the guide star for the NASA/Stanford relativity mission Gravity Probe B. We obtained flux densities and images from 35 sessions of observations at 8.4 GHz (wavelength = 3.6 cm) between 1997 January and 2005 July. The observations were accurately phase-referenced to several extragalactic reference sources, and we present the images in a star-centered frame, aligned by the position of the star as derived from our fits to its orbital motion, parallax, and proper motion. Both the flux density and the morphology of IM Peg are variable. For most sessions, the emission region has a single-peaked structure, but 25% of the time, we observed a two-peaked (and on one occasion perhaps a three-peaked) structure. On average, the emission region is elongated by 1.4 +- 0.4 mas (FWHM), with the average direction of elongation being close to that of the sky projection of the orbit normal. The average length of the emission region is approximately equal to the diameter of the primary star. No significant correlation with the orbital phase is found for either the flux density or the direction of elongation, and no preference for any particular longitude on the star is shown by the emission region., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

We present a physical interpretation for the locations of the sources of radio emission in IM Pegasi (IM Peg, HR 8703), the guide star for the NASA/Stanford relativity mission Gravity Probe B. This emission is seen in each of our 35 epochs of 8.4-GHz VLBI observations taken from 1997 to 2005. We found that the mean position of the radio emission is at or near the projected center of the primary to within about 27% of its radius, identifying this active star as the radio emitter. The positions of the radio brightness peaks are scattered across the disk of the primary and slightly beyond, preferentially along an axis with position angle, p.a. = (-38 +- 8) deg, which is closely aligned with the sky projections of the orbit normal (p.a. = -49.5 +- 8.6 deg) and the expected spin axis of the primary. Comparison with simulations suggests that brightness peaks are 3.6 (+0.4,-0.7) times more likely to occur (per unit surface area) near the pole regions of the primary (|latitude| >= 70 deg) than near the equator (|latitude| <= 20 deg), and to also occur close to the surface with ~2/3 of them at altitudes not higher than 25% of the radius of the primary., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

We used 8.4 GHz VLBI images obtained at up to 35 epochs between 1997 and 2005 to examine the radio structures of the main reference source, 3C 454.3, and two secondary reference sources, B2250+194 and B2252+172, for the guide star for the NASA/Stanford relativity mission Gravity Probe B (GP-B). For one epoch in 2004 May, we also obtained images at 5.0 and 15.4 GHz. The 35 8.4 GHz images for quasar 3C 454.3 confirm a complex, evolving, core-jet structure. We identified at each epoch a component, C1, near the easternmost edge of the core region. Simulations of the core region showed that C1 is located, on average, 0.18 +- 0.06 mas west of the unresolved "core" identified in 43 GHz images. We also identified in 3C 454.3 at 8.4 GHz several additional components which moved away from C1 with proper motions ranging in magnitude between 0.9c and 5c. The detailed motions of the components exhibit two distinct bends in the jet axis located ~3 and ~5.5 mas west of C1. The spectra between 5.0 and 15.4 GHz for the "moving" components are steeper than that for C1. The 8.4 GHz images of B2250+194 and B2252+172, in contrast to those of 3C 454.3, reveal compact structures. The spectrum between 5.0 and 15.4 GHz for B2250+194 is inverted while that for B2252+172 is flat. Based on its position near the easternmost edge of the 8.4 GHz radio structure, close spatial association with the 43 GHz core, and relatively flat spectrum, we believe 3C 454.3 component C1 to be the best choice for the ultimate reference point for the GP-B guide star. The compact structures and inverted to flat spectra of B2250+194 and B2252+172 make these objects valuable secondary reference sources, Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Seris

We present the principal astrometric results of the very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) program undertaken in support of the Gravity Probe B (GP-B) relativity mission. VLBI observations of the GP-B guide star, the RS CVn binary IM Pegasi (HR 8703), yielded positions at 35 epochs between 1997 and 2005. We discuss the statistical assumptions behind these results and our methods for estimating the systematic errors. We find the proper motion of IM Peg in an extragalactic reference frame closely related to the International Celestial Reference Frame 2 (ICRF2) to be -20.83 +- 0.03 +- 0.09 mas/yr in right ascension and -27.27 +- 0.03 +- 0.09 mas/yr in declination. For each component the first uncertainty is the statistical standard error and the second is the total standard error (SE) including plausible systematic errors. We also obtain a parallax of 10.37 +- 0.07 mas (distance: 96.4 +- 0.7 pc), for which there is no evidence of any significant contribution of systematic error. Our parameter estimates for the ~25-day-period orbital motion of the stellar radio emission have SEs corresponding to ~0.10 mas on the sky in each coordinate. The total SE of our estimate of IM Peg's proper motion is ~30% smaller than the accuracy goal set by the GP-B project before launch: 0.14 mas/yr for each coordinate of IM Peg's proper motion. Our results ensure that the uncertainty in IM Peg's proper motion makes only a very small contribution to the uncertainty of the GP-B relativity tests., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

We made VLBI observations at 8.4 GHz between 1997 and 2005 to estimate the coordinates of the "core" component of the superluminal quasar, 3C 454.3, the ultimate reference point in the distant universe for the NASA/Stanford Gyroscope Relativity Mission, Gravity Probe B. These coordinates are determined relative to those of the brightness peaks of two other compact extragalactic sources, B2250+194 and B2252+172, nearby on the sky, and within a celestial reference frame (CRF), defined by a large suite of compact extragalactic radio sources, and nearly identical to the International Celestial Reference Frame 2 (ICRF2). We find that B2250+194 and B2252+172 are stationary relative to each other, and also in the CRF, to within 1-sigma upper limits of 15 and 30 micro-arcsec/yr in RA and decl., respectively. The core of 3C 454.3 appears to jitter in its position along the jet direction over ~0.2 mas, likely due to activity close to the putative supermassive black hole nearby, but on average is stationary in the CRF within 1-sigma upper limits on its proper motion of 39 micro-arcsec/yr (1.0c) and 30 micro-arcsec/yr (0.8c) in RA and decl., respectively, for the period 2002 - 2005. Our corresponding limit over the longer interval, 1998 - 2005, of more importance to GP-B, is 46 and 56 micro-arcsec/yr in RA and decl., respectively. Some of 3C 454.3's jet components show significantly superluminal motion with speeds of up to ~200 micro-arcsec/yr or 5c in the CRF. The core of 3C 454.3 thus provides for Gravity Probe B a sufficiently stable reference in the distant universe., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

We describe the NASA/Stanford gyroscope relativity mission, Gravity Probe B (GP-B), and provide an overview of the following series of six astrometric and astrophysical papers that report on our radio observations and analyses made in support of this mission. The main goal of this 8.5 year program of differential VLBI astrometry was to determine the proper motion of the guide star of the GP-B mission, the RS CVn binary IM Pegasi (IM Peg; HR 8703). This proper motion is determined with respect to compact, extragalactic reference sources. The results are: -20.833 +- 0.090 mas/yr and -27.267 +- 0.095 mas/yr for, respectively, the right ascension and declination, in local Cartesian coordinates, of IM Peg's proper motion, and 10.370 +- 0.074 mas (i.e., 96.43 +- 0.69 pc) for its parallax (and distance). Each quoted uncertainty is meant to represent an ~70% confidence interval that includes the estimated contribution from systematic error. These results are accurate enough not to discernibly degrade the GP-B estimates of its gyroscopes' relativistic precessions: the frame-dragging and geodetic effects., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

When VLBI observations are used to determine the position or motion of a radio source relative to reference sources nearby on the sky, the astrometric information is usually obtained via: (i) phase-referenced maps; or (ii) parametric model fits to measured fringe phases or multiband delays. In this paper we describe a "merged" analysis technique which combines some of the most important advantages of these other two approaches. In particular, our merged technique combines the superior model-correction capabilities of parametric model fits with the ability of phase-referenced maps to yield astrometric measurements of sources that are too weak to be used in parametric model fits. We compare the results from this merged technique with the results from phase-referenced maps and from parametric model fits in the analysis of astrometric VLBI observations of the radio-bright star IM Pegasi (HR 8703) and the radio source B2252+172 nearby on the sky. In these studies we use central-core components of radio sources 3C 454.3 and B2250+194 as our positional references. We obtain astrometric results for IM Peg with our merged technique even when the source is too weak to be used in parametric model fits, and we find that our merged technique yields superior astrometric results to the phase-referenced mapping technique. We used our merged technique to estimate the proper motion and other astrometric parameters of IM Peg in support of the NASA/Stanford Gravity Probe B mission., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

We report on Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA) observations of the Type IIb supernova 2011dh, performed over the first 100 days of its evolution and spanning 1-40 GHz in frequency. The radio emission is well-described by the self-similar propagation of a spherical shockwave, generated as the supernova ejecta interact with the local circumstellar environment. Modeling this emission with a standard synchrotron self-absorption (SSA) model gives an average expansion velocity of v \approx 0.1c, supporting the classification of the progenitor as a compact star (R_* \approx 10^11 cm). We find that the circumstellar density is consistent with a {\rho} \propto r^-2 profile. We determine that the progenitor shed mass at a constant rate of \approx 3 \times 10^-5 M_\odot / yr, assuming a wind velocity of 1000 km / s (values appropriate for a Wolf-Rayet star), or \approx 7 \times 10^-7 M_\odot / yr assuming 20 km / s (appropriate for a yellow supergiant [YSG] star). Both values of the mass-loss rate assume a converted fraction of kinetic to magnetic energy density of {\epsilon}_B = 0.1. Although optical imaging shows the presence of a YSG, the rapid optical evolution and fast expansion argue that the progenitor is a more compact star - perhaps a companion to the YSG. Furthermore, the excellent agreement of the radio properties of SN 2011dh with the SSA model implies that any YSG companion is likely in a wide, non-interacting orbit., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures; accepted to ApJL

We report on phase-referenced VLBI radio observations of the Type IIb supernova 2011dh, at times t = 83 days and 179 days after the explosion and at frequencies, respectively, of 22.2 and 8.4 GHz. We detected SN 2011dh at both epochs. At the first epoch only an upper limit on SN 2011dh's angular size was obtained, but at the second epoch, we determine the angular radius SN 2011dh's radio emission to be 0.25 +- 0.08 mas by fitting a spherical shell model directly to the visibility measurements. At a distance of 8.4 Mpc this angular radius corresponds to a time-averaged (since t=0) expansion velocity of the forward shock of 21000 +- 7000 km/s. Our measured values of the radius of the emission region are in excellent agreement with those derived from fitting synchrotron self-absorbed models to the radio spectral energy distribution, providing strong confirmation for the latter method of estimating the radius. We find that SN 2011dh's radius evolves in a power-law fashion, with R proportional to t^(0.92 +- 0.10)., Comment: 8 pages; accepted to Astrophysical Journal

We present continued radio observations of the tidal disruption event SwiftJ164449.3+573451 extending to \sim216 days after discovery. The data are part of a long-term program to monitor the expansion and energy scale of the relativistic outflow, and to trace the parsec-scale environment around a previously-dormant supermassive black hole (SMBH). The new observations reveal a significant change in the radio evolution starting at \sim1 month, with a brightening at all frequencies that requires an increase in the energy by about an order of magnitude, and an overall density profile around the SMBH of rho \propto r^{-3/2} (0.1-1.2 pc) with a significant flattening at r\sim0.4-0.6 pc. The increase in energy cannot be explained with continuous injection from an L \propto t^{-5/3} tail, which is observed in the X-rays. Instead, we conclude that the relativistic jet was launched with a wide range of Lorentz factors, obeying E(>Gamma) \propto Gamma^{-2.5}. The similar ratio of duration to dynamical timescale for Sw1644+57 and GRBs suggests that this result may be applicable to GRBs as well. The radial density profile may be indicative of Bondi accretion, with the inferred flattening at r\sim0.5 pc in good agreement with the Bondi radius for a \sim10^6 M_sun black hole. The density at \sim0.5 pc is about a factor of 30 times lower than inferred for the Milky Way galactic center, potentially due to a smaller number of mass-shedding massive stars. From our latest observations (\sim216 d) we find that the jet energy is E_{iso}\sim5x10^{53} erg (E_j\sim2.4x10^{51} erg for theta_j=0.1), the radius is r\sim1.2 pc, the Lorentz factor is Gamma\sim2.2, the ambient density is n\sim0.2 cm^{-3}, and the projected size is r_{proj}\sim25 microarcsec. Assuming no future changes in the observed evolution we predict that the radio emission from Sw1644+57 should be detectable with the EVLA for several decades, and will be resolvable with VLBI in a few years., Comment: Submitted to ApJ; 22 pages, 2 tables, 9 figures

We report the discovery and detailed monitoring of X-ray emission associated with the Type IIb SN 2011dh using data from the Swift and Chandra satellites, placing it among the best studied X-ray supernovae to date. We further present millimeter and radio data obtained with the SMA, CARMA, and EVLA during the first three weeks after explosion. Combining these observations with early optical photometry, we show that the panchromatic dataset is well-described by non-thermal synchrotron emission (radio/mm) with inverse Compton scattering (X-ray) of a thermal population of optical photons. In this scenario, the shock partition fractions deviate from equipartition by a factor, (e_e/e_B) ~ 30. We derive the properties of the shockwave and the circumstellar environment and find a shock velocity, v~0.1c, and a progenitor mass loss rate of ~6e-5 M_sun/yr. These properties are consistent with the sub-class of Type IIb SNe characterized by compact progenitors (Type cIIb) and dissimilar from those with extended progenitors (Type eIIb). Furthermore, we consider the early optical emission in the context of a cooling envelope model to estimate a progenitor radius of ~1e+11 cm, in line with the expectations for a Type cIIb SN. Together, these diagnostics are difficult to reconcile with the extended radius of the putative yellow supergiant progenitor star identified in archival HST observations, unless the stellar density profile is unusual. Finally, we searched for the high energy shock breakout pulse using X-ray and gamma-ray observations obtained during the purported explosion date range. Based on the compact radius of the progenitor, we estimate that the breakout pulse was detectable with current instruments but likely missed due to their limited temporal/spatial coverage. [Abridged], Comment: (27 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, final version to appear in ApJ)

Active galactic nuclei (AGN), powered by long-term accretion onto central supermassive black holes, produce relativistic jets with lifetimes of greater than one million yr that preclude observations at birth. Transient accretion onto a supermassive black hole, for example through the tidal disruption of a stray star, may therefore offer a unique opportunity to observe and study the birth of a relativistic jet. On 2011 March 25, the Swift {\gamma}-ray satellite discovered an unusual transient source (Swift J164449.3+573451) potentially representing such an event. Here we present the discovery of a luminous radio transient associated with Swift J164449.3+573451, and an extensive set of observations spanning centimeter to millimeter wavelengths and covering the first month of evolution. These observations lead to a positional coincidence with the nucleus of an inactive galaxy, and provide direct evidence for a newly-formed relativistic outflow, launched by transient accretion onto a million solar mass black hole. While a relativistic outflow was not predicted in this scenario, we show that the tidal disruption of a star naturally explains the high-energy properties, radio luminosity, and the inferred rate of such events. The weaker beaming in the radio compared to {\gamma}-rays/X-rays, suggests that radio searches may uncover similar events out to redshifts of z ~ 6., Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables

We present a detailed multi-epoch analysis of 31 potential southern hemisphere radio calibrators that were originally observed as part of a program to maintain the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF). At radio wavelengths, the primary calibrators are Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), powerful radio emitters which exist at the centre of most galaxies. These are known to vary at all wavelengths at which they have been observed. By determining the amount of radio source structure and variability of these AGN, we determine their suitability as phase calibrators for long baseline radio interferometry at 2.3 GHz. For this purpose, we have used a set of complementary metrics to classify these 31 southern sources into five categories pertaining to their suitability as VLBI calibrators. We find that all of the sources in our sample would be good interferometric calibrators and almost ninety per cent would be very good calibrators., Comment: 9 pages, 7 Figures, accepted MNRAS

We present the most recent VLBI images of SN 1993J, taken at 1.7 GHz on 2010 March 5-6, along with a discussion of its evolution with time. The new image is the latest in a sequence covering almost the entire lifetime of the supernova. For these latest observations we used an "in beam calibrator" technique, and obtained a background rms brightness of 3.7 micro-Jy/beam. The supernova shell remains quite circular in outline. Modulations in brightness are seen around the rim which evolve relatively slowly, having remained generally similar over the last several years of observation. We determine the outer radius of the supernova using visibility-plane model-fitting. The supernova has slowed down to around 30% of its original expansion velocity, and continues to expand with radius approximately proportional to t^0.8, however, deviations from a strict power-law evolution are seen. We do not find any clear-cut evidence for systematically frequency-dependent evolution, suggesting that the radii as determined from visibility-plane model-fitting continue to provide reasonable estimates of the physical outer shock-front radius., Comment: Accepted for publication in Proceedings of Science

We report on sensitive 1.4-GHz VLBI radio observations of the unusually luminous supernova remnant SNR 4449-1 in the galaxy NGC 4449, which gave us the first well-resolved image of this object. The remnant's radio morphology consists of two approximately parallel bright ridges, suggesting similarities to the barrel shape seen for many older Galactic supernova remnants or possibly to SN 1987A. The angular extent of the remnant is 65 x 40 mas, corresponding to (3.7 x 2.3) x 10^{18} (D/3.8 Mpc) cm. We also present a new, high signal-to-noise optical spectrum. By comparing the remnant's linear size to the maximum velocities measured from optical lines, as well as using constraints from historical images, we conclude that the supernova explosion occurred between ~1905 and 1961, likely around 1940. The age of the remnant is therefore likely ~70 yr. We find that SNR 4449-1's shock wave is likely still interacting with the circumstellar rather than interstellar medium., Comment: 7 pages, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We report on VLBI, as well as VLA radio observations of the Type Ib/c supernova 2009bb. The high radio luminosity of this supernova seems to require relativistic outflow, implying that the early radio emission was "engine-driven", that is driven by collimated outflow from a compact object, even though no gamma-ray emission was seen. The radio light curve shows a general decline, with a "bump" near t = 52 d, seen most prominently at 5 GHz. The lightcurve bump could be either engine-driven, or it might represent the turn-on of the normal radio emission from a supernova, driven by interaction with the CSM rather than by the engine. We undertook VLBI observations to resolve SN 2009bb's relativistic outflow. Our observations constrain the angular outer radius at an age of 85 d to be <0.64 mas, corresponding to <4 x 10^17 cm and an average apparent expansion speed of <1.74c. This result is consistent with the moderately relativistic ejecta speeds implied by the radio luminosity and spectrum., Comment: 7 pages; 3 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ