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This study aimed to investigate the association between serum vitamin D levels and untreated caries and determining factors in children and youth., Methodology: This cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2014). In total, 3,072 participants with ages ranging from 1 to 19 years were included in our sample. The main dependent variable, untreated caries, was defined as having at least one untreated carious surface in any tooth. Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was categorized into four groups: ≥75 nmol/ml, 50-74.9 nmol/ml, 25-49.9 nmol/ml, and <25 nmol/ml. Data were analyzed using a binary logistic regression., Results: For children aged 1-5 years, age (OR = 1.68, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 1.38-2.04) and low levels of vitamin D (25-49.9 nmol/ml, and <25 nmol/ml: OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.06-6.13) were associated with untreated caries. For children aged 6-11 years, low levels of vitamin D (50-74.9 nmol/ml: OR=1.45, 95% CI 1.16-1.82) remained associated with untreated caries. No associations were found in those between 12 and 19 years of age., Conclusion: Our findings show an association between low levels of 25(OH)D and untreated caries in children between 1 and 11 years of age, suggesting that this nutrient might interfere in the caries process.

Aim: Parental caregivers of children with Down Syndrome (DS) have a greater burden of daily activities that may affect their health. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate the impact of caregiving of children with Down syndrome on parenting quality of life, stress, mental and oral health., Methods: Fifty-four parental caregivers of children with DS and 51 parents of children without physical or mental disabilities participated of this study. All participants were clinically examined to evaluate the presence of dental caries, gingival conditions and answered a sociodemographic questionnaire. Depression, anxiety, quality of life and coping strategies were assessed using specific instruments. Hair cortisol level was assessed as biological marker of chronic stress., Results: Psychological and quality of life parameters were similar between the groups of caregivers (p > .05). Caregivers of children with DS were older (48.6 vs. 41.5, p < .001), had longer caregiving period (> 10 vs < 10 years, p = .003), presented higher gingival bleeding index (6.1 vs. 4.7, p = .014) and higher cortisol levels (55.9 vs. 38.4, p = .07) as compared with parents of children without disabilities. Sociodemographic data has no influence on cortisol levels (p > .05)., Conclusions: These findings suggest that the caregiving of children with DS has an impact on parenting oral health and stress., (© 2022 Special Care Dentistry Association and Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Ultra-processed foods are associated with both sugar intake and non-communicable diseases. We aimed to assess whether the intake of ultra-processed food is associated with periodontal disease and whether this association, if present, is dependent on non-communicable diseases., Methods: This analysis used data from cycles 2009 to 2010, 2011 to 2012, and 2013 to 2014 of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), including participants aged 30 years or older. Dietary recalls were categorized according to the NOVA classification, and total contribution of ultra-processed foods to daily energy intake (%E) was calculated. Cases of periodontitis were defined as moderate or severe according to the CDC working group criteria for use in population surveillance of periodontitis. Adjustment variables to estimate total and direct associations were defined with directed acyclic graphs. Odds ratios were estimated with logistic regression for moderate/severe periodontitis and severe periodontitis, and ordinal logistic regression for the trichotomized outcome. Analyses were performed using NHANES fasting subsample weights., Results: Sample participants numbered 4809 (52.2% female), with a mean age of 52.1 years (SE, 0.3). The prevalence of periodontal disease was 27.8% for moderate and 6.5% for severe cases. Mean %E from ultra-processed foods was 54.4 (SE, 0.5). No significant crude, direct, or total association between ultra-processed %E and periodontal disease was found., Conclusion: Intake of ultra-processed foods is not associated with periodontal disease in US non-institutionalized adults over 30 years old, whether directly or by mediation., (© 2021 American Academy of Periodontology.)

Objective: To assess whether proportional contribution of unprocessed or minimally processed, processed or ultra-processed foods to daily energy intake is associated with dental caries in US adults., Methods: This secondary cross-sectional analysis included adults aged 20 to 59 years old with complete oral examinations, using data gathered from cycles 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 of the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Dietary recall data were categorized according to the NOVA classification into four groups: unprocessed or minimally processed foods (Group 1), processed culinary ingredients (Group 2), processed foods (Group 3) and ultra-processed foods (Group 4). The proportional contribution of each of these groups to mean daily energy intake was calculated and then cut into quartiles (Group 1, Group 3 and Group 4) or tertiles (Group 2). Two separate measures were used to assess dental caries: the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index and, after exclusion of edentulous participants, prevalence of untreated caries. Poisson regression was used to model DMFT, while logistic regression was used to model the prevalence of untreated dental caries. Models were calculated for each NOVA group. All models were controlled for age, gender, race/ethnicity, level of education, income, access to oral health services, body mass index, smoking status and total energy intake. Analyses took into account NHANES sampling weights., Results: We analysed data from 5720 individuals, of whom 123 (2.2%) were edentulous. Mean DMFT was 9.7 (± 0.2), while the prevalence of untreated dental caries was 26.0%. Mean daily energy intake was 2170 kcal (± 17). Mean contribution to overall daily energy intake was 28.6% (± 0.5) for G1 foods, 4.3% (± 0.1) for G2 foods, 10.1% (± 0.2) for G3 foods and 56.9% (± 0.5) for G4 foods. A higher intake of G3 was associated with lower DMFT at the fourth quartile (0.89; 95%: CI 0.81-0.96), while a higher intake of G4 was associated with a higher DMFT at the fourth quartile (1.10; 95% CI: 1.04-1.16). In the adjusted models for untreated dental caries, no statistically significant associations were found with any of the NOVA groups., Conclusion: Higher proportional intake of NOVA groups is only weakly associated with dental caries. Widespread exposure to a highly ultra-processed diet may explain these weak associations., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objectives: This study aimed to report the national prevalence of oral HPV infection among unvaccinated women and men aged 16-25 years who utilized the public primary care services., Methods: POP-Brazil is a cross-sectional, multicentric, nationwide survey conducted between September 2016 and November 2017. Recruitment was based in 119 public primary care practices in 26 state capitals and the Federal District of Brazil. Trained health professionals conducted face-to-face interviews. Oral samples were collected with mouthwash and gargle cycles. Genotyping was performed using the Roche PCR-based linear array genotyping test. Sampling weights by sex and age were applied., Results: Valid oral HPV samples were collected from 5071 (96.88%) participants; 4005 women and 1066 men. Mean participant age was 21.63 years. Overall HPV prevalence was 1.69% (n = 73, 95% CI 1.05-2.32). Thirty individuals presented at least one high-risk HPV type [0.57% (95% CI, 0.29-0.85)]. There were no associations between age, sex, sociodemographic characteristics, drug use or sexual behavior and oral HPV prevalence., Conclusion: The prevalence of oral HPV infection in Brazilian teenagers and young adults is low, with no sociodemographic or behavioral correlates., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection may cause serious disease, while pathogenicity of HTLV-2 is less certain. There are no screening or surveillance programs for HTLV-1/-2 infection in Brazil. By performing this systematic review, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of HTLV-1/-2 infections in pregnant women in Brazil. This review included cohort and cross-sectional studies that assessed the presence of either HTLV-1/-2 infection in pregnant women in Brazil. We searched BVS/LILACS, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, EMBASE, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and gray literature from inception to August 2020. We identified 246 records in total. Twenty-six of those were included in the qualitative synthesis, while 17 of them were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of HTLV-1 in Brazilian pregnant women, as diagnosed by a positive screening test and a subsequent positive confirmatory test, was 0.32% (95% CI 0.19-1.54), while of HTLV-2 was 0.04% (95% CI 0.02-0.08). Subgroup analysis by region showed the highest prevalence in the Northeast region (0.60%; 95% CI 0.37-0.97) for HTLV-1 and in the South region (0.16%; 95% CI 0.02-1.10) for HTLV-2. The prevalence of HTLV-1 is much higher than HTLV-2 infection in pregnant Brazilian women with important differences between regions. The prevalence of both HTLV-1/-2 are higher in the Northeast compared to Center-West region., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

In this paper, we propose and describe a new approach, named BarcodingGO, to teach environmental DNA and bioinformatics concepts to undergraduate or graduate students in molecular biology-related fields. The learning pipeline proposed here aims to solve a simulated environmental monitoring problem, in which a biodiversity survey of a particular region is needed to assess the impact of an environmental disaster. Biological surveys, in the context of environmental DNA studies, are performed by analyzing the DNA released by organisms living in a specific environment. We proposed a scenario in which quick response (QR) codes represented a given environmental DNA, and they were positioned in a scattered pattern across two regions of the classroom (representing pre and post scenarios for a particular environmental disaster). The QR codes redirect to a page that contained a fictional representation of an animal or a plant. Students then survey the region's biodiversity using QR code scanning applications on their cell phones by "capturing" these organisms as an analogy to the Pokémon GO game of the international Pokémon franchise. We believe this method (or even an adaptation of it) can be an essential tool to engage students in molecular biology classes. Moreover, this approach can help to teach how modern genomics and bioinformatics tools can be applied to solve real problems in conservation biology., (© 2020 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.)

The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of utilization of prenatal oral health services and its associated factors, through data from Cycle I (2011-12) and II (2013-14) of PMAQ-AB. This was cross-sectional study with 4,340 women (Cycle I) and 6,209 women (Cycle II), with outcome of utilization oral health service in prenatal care. Multilevel Poisson regression was used for obtain prevalence ratios (PR). In Cycle I, the prevalence of prenatal oral health service utilization was 45.9% and 51.9% in cycle II. In cycle I, large municipalities (PR = 1.35; 95%CI 1.05-1.81), income ranging from 1 to 2 minimum wages (PR = 1.13; 95%CI 1.03-1.25), age ranging from 31 to 40 years old (PR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.15-1.54) and registry of dental appointments (PR = 1.17; 95%CI 1.06-1.29) they were associated with the outcome. In cycle II, southeast region (PR = 1.18; 95%CI 1.03-1.36), high oral healthcare coverage (PR = 1.11; 95%CI 1.01-1.22), age ranging from 31 to 40 years old (PR = 1.22; 95%CI 1.09-1.36), the health workers enrollment in permanent education actions (PR = 1.14; 95%CI 1.01-1.30) and opening times that match the user's needs (PR = 1.40; 95%CI 1.25-1.57) they were associated with the outcome. The individual factors and factors related to the organization of the healthcare service are associated with oral healthcare utilization during prenatal care.

Introduction: In Brazil, little is known about the trends of chronic respiratory diseases, which was estimated as the third leading cause of deaths in 2017 worldwide., Methods: We analyzed Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates for prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALY), a summary measure of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs), and risk factors attributable to chronic respiratory diseases in Brazil from 1990 to 2017., Results: The overall estimates have decreased for all ages and both sexes, and for age-standardized rates. For age-adjusted prevalence, there was a 21% reduction, and nearly 16% reduction for incidence. There was a 42% reduction in mortality for both sexes, though the rate of deaths for men was 30% greater than the rate in women. The increase in the number of DALY was essentially due to the population growth and population ageing. We observed a 34% increase in the absolute number of DALY in Brazil over the study period. The majority of the DALY rates were due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). For all ages and both sexes, smoking was the main attributable risk factor., Conclusion: In Brazil, although mortality, prevalence and incidence for chronic respiratory diseases have decreased over the years, attention should be taken to the DALYs increase. Smoking remained as the main risk factor, despite the significant decrease of tobacco use, reinforcing the need for maintenance of policies and programs directed at its cessation.

Objective: To evaluate satisfaction and burden of mental health personnel providing mental health services for substance users and their families., Method: Five hundred twenty-seven mental health workers who provide treatment for substance users in five Brazilian states were interviewed. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and measures of satisfaction (SATIS-BR) and burden of mental health personnel (IMPACTO-BR) were collected., Results: Type of mental health service and educational attainment were associated with degree of satisfaction and burden. Therapeutic community workers and those with a primary education level reported being more satisfied with the treatment offered to patients, their engagement in service activities, and working conditions. Workers from psychosocial care centers, psychosocial care centers focused on alcohol and other drugs, and social care referral centers (both general and specialized), as well as workers with a higher education, reported feeling overburdened., Conclusion: This study offers important information regarding the relationship of mental health personnel with their work. Care providers within this sample reported an overall high level of job satisfaction, while perceived burden differed by type of service and educational attainment. To our knowledge, this is the first study with a sample of mental health professionals working with substance users across five Brazilian states.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the incidence density (ID) of new root caries lesions and restorations among community-living south Brazilian older adults and to assess its association with predictor variables., Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort with a random sample of elders from the municipality of Carlos Barbosa, in south Brazil. Trained dentists performed interviews and oral examinations in 388 individuals at baseline, of which 273 were retained at follow-up 4 years later. Our outcome was root caries ID, with 100 root-years as its unit of measure. Demographic, biological and lifestyle predictors were tested with Poisson regression., Results: The mean number of roots at baseline among participants was 7.0 (SD ± 4.9) and the incidence rate per 100 root-year 4.9 (SD ± 8.9). Incidence of root caries among these older Brazilians was of 47.3%. The associated factors with the incidence of root caries were age, geographic location of residence, frequency of tooth brushing and stimulated saliva flow rate., Conclusion: Age, external environment, personal practices and oral status were predictors of the incidence of root caries. Preventive strategies including the use of fluorides and instruction to improve the attitude and behaviour towards oral hygiene are needed., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To identify socioeconomic, demographic, behavioural and clinical predictors of the 8-year incidence of edentulism in south Brazilian older adults., Methods: Cohort of a representative sample of older persons in Carlos Barbosa, a south Brazil city. A cohort study was conducted using a simple random sample of 392 older people evaluated in 2004, with follow-ups in 2008 and 2012, when 199 participants were evaluated. Interviews and oral examinations were conducted. The baseline assessment was carried out in 2004, with follow-ups in 2008 and 2012. To evaluate the predictors of edentulism, Poisson regression models with robust variance were carried out. The outcome was modelled through the use of a hierarchical approach based on the conceptual framework proposed by Andersen and Davidson., Results: Some 11.5% of the participants had become edentulous after 8 years. Higher income, use of partial removable dentures and low salivary flow were associated with the incidence of edentulism., Conclusions: Maintaining a good salivary function may be essential for the prevention of the incidence of edentulism in this age group. Furthermore, our findings suggest that rehabilitations with partial removable dentures may be detrimental to long-term oral health., (© 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective:: There's a shortage of evidence on the oral health of quilombolas. This study aims to describe oral health self-perception, as well as to verify its associated factors in quilombola communities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul., Methods:: The data for this cross-sectional health survey were collected by application of a questionnaire. Since this study was part of a survey on nutritional security, the probabilistic cluster sample was estimated for the outcome of nutritional insecurity, comprising 583 individuals across quilombola communities in Rio Grande do Sul. The association between the outcome of negative oral health self-perception and sociodemographic, general health, and oral health variables was measured by prevalence ratios obtained through Poisson regressions with robust variance and 95% confidence intervals., Results:: Negative self-rated oral health was reported by 313 (53.1%) of the individuals. Satisfaction with chewing ability and satisfaction with oral appearance were associated with a higher prevalence of negative perception of oral health, while there was no association between the outcome and number of teeth. Use of alcohol had a borderline association with the outcome., Conclusion:: Satisfaction with appearance and chewing ability are factors associated with oral-health self-perception of the quilombolas in Rio Grande do Sul.

Objectives: To determine whether changes in oral health status were associated with decline in quality of life (QoL)., Design: Prospective cohort study., Setting: Carlos Barbosa, southern Brazil., Participants: A random sample of 872 community-dwelling individuals aged 60 and older was evaluated in 2004. The current study population consisted of 389 participants available for follow-up in 2012., Measures: Change in QoL was assessed through the use of the short version of the World Health Organization QoL Assessment tool (WHOQOL-BREF) at baseline and follow-up. Each WHOQOL domain generates a score, with changes being calculated for each domain. Individuals with the same or higher scores at follow-up were categorized as having improved QoL, and those with lower scores were categorized as having a decline in QoL. Sociodemographic and health variables were assessed in an interview, and tooth loss, use of dental prostheses, and satisfaction with chewing ability and oral appearance were verified through oral examinations. Interviews and examinations were repeated. Risk ratios (RRs) relative to the outcome and independent variables were estimated using Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator., Results: Tooth loss was a risk factor for decline in the psychological domain of QoL (RR = 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.06). Improvement in satisfaction with chewing ability was a protective factor for decline in this same domain (RR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.50-0.97). Greater satisfaction with oral appearance was a protective factor against decline in social (RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.72-0.98) and environmental (RR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.61-0.97) domain scores., Conclusion: Preventing tooth loss and recognizing and properly addressing concerns about chewing and dental appearance can affect the general well-being of community-dwelling elderly adults., (© 2016, Copyright the Authors Journal compilation © 2016, The American Geriatrics Society.)

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a cause of premalignant and malignant cancer in the lower genital and digestive tracts. In Brazil, there have been no prevalence studies that included a nationwide sample, and the prevalence of HPV has not been determined in many regions., Methods: We will search the EMBASE, LILACS, MEDLINE, Web of Science and SciELO databases and previously published review articles to identify original research articles assessing HPV prevalence of the perineal (cervical, penile and anal) and oral areas. No exclusion criteria related to language or publication date will apply. 2 reviewers will independently screen for eligibility and perform data extraction. Discrepancies will be resolved through consensus; the opinion of a third reviewer will be sought as necessary. Relevant measures and data about study and population characteristics will be extracted from the included studies. Where possible, study prevalence will be pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. The methodological quality of the studies will be assessed using an adapted version of the NIH 'Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies'. The overall quality of evidence will be assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE)., Ethics and Dissemination: We expect to estimate the prevalence of perineal and oral HPV infection in the general population as well as the prevalence of HPV infection in individuals with premalignant and malignant lesions in Brazil and its 5 geographic regions. This systematic review does not require ethical approval., Trial Registration Number: CRD42016032751., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: None declared., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.)