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6. Insight into Job's Theology from a New Identification for Leviathan.

Author

Thomas, Brian and Biddle, Daniel A.

Subjects
*THEOLOGY, *REPTILES, *FOSSILS, *MYTHOLOGY, *POSSIBILITY
Abstract

Prior work identified a sauropod as Job's behemoth. Although not possible from the standpoint of secular history, Biblical Creation positions the majority of Earth's fossils as deposits from Noah's Flood. As with the behemoth, it thus opens the possibility of identifying Job's leviathan (Job 41) as an extinct creature. Arguments in favor of Job's leviathan as a real animal are presented. Next, features from four candidate animals are compared with anatomical and behavioral hints from Job 41. We find that a new description of an extinct non-dinosaur reptile named Deinosuchus offers heretofore unknown anatomical details that commend it as a top candidate for a literal leviathan. Finally, a few theological implications of identifying Job's leviathan as a historical animal are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023

7. What public-sector employers need to know about promotional practices, procedures, and tests in public safety promotional processes: after Ricci v. DeStefano

Author

Biddle, Richard E. and Biddle, Daniel A.

Subjects
Biddle and Associates -- Safety and security measures, United States. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission -- Safety and security measures, United States. Department of Justice -- Safety and security measures, United States. Supreme Court -- Safety and security measures, Safety and security measures, Legal liability, Employment discrimination, Supreme court justices, Insurance discrimination, Employers, Public sector, Supreme Court justices, Discrimination in insurance, Liability (Law)
Abstract

Background When a public safety department (e.g., fire, police, sheriff, state patrol, corrections, fire marshal) needs to establish a promotional process, a risk begins for that public entity. If the [...], In June 2009, the Ricci v. DeStefano case was decided by five of the nine U.S. Supreme Court judges. This case impacts public-sector employers by expanding on the rule called a "strong basis in evidence." Under this rule, a public-sector employer cannot engage in certain activities for the asserted purpose of avoiding or remedying unintentional disparate impact, unless the employer has a "strong basis in evidence" to believe it will be subject to disparate-impact liability. The evidence for this rule must be in place before a public-sector employer takes a race-conscious action to minimize adverse impact. This article critically evaluates the test validity discussion that occurred in the Ricci case; addresses topics relevant to the new rule not covered by the decision, such as the cutoff used, weights used, differentiating requirements of the rank-ordered list, and the rule of three; and describes guidelines for conducting a particular kind of study in an employment context, called a Croson Study, that can be used to gather a "strong basis in evidence." This article identifies circumstances under which a Croson Study is needed, and how to do it that will allow public-sector employers to evaluate whether they may be justified--using the Supreme Court's "strong-basis-in-evidence" rule--to institute race-conscious remedies under Title VII. Keywords testing, promotion, employment discrimination, disparate impact

Published
2013
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8. Should employers rely on local validation studies or Validity Generalization (VG) to support the use of employment tests in Title VII situations?

Author

Biddle, Daniel A.

Subjects
United States. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission -- Social policy, Social policy, Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Employee rights -- Laws, regulations and rules, Civil rights -- Laws, regulations and rules -- United States, Civil Rights Act of 1964
Abstract

There are two main reasons employers conduct validation studies on pre-employment tests: 1) To assess whether the test is an effective tool for the desired situation (i.e., for the target [...], Since the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Griggs v. Duke Power (1971), employers have been subject to challenge by plaintiffs or government enforcement agencies when they use employment tests that have adverse impact. In such situations the 1991 Civil Rights Act requires employers to demonstrate that the test is "... job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity." Employers typically rally such a defense by addressing the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures--the federal treatise framed in 1978 for the express purpose of Title VII enforcement--along with relevant professional standards (Joint Standards, 1999; SIOP Principles, 2003). To address such requirements, employers are faced with several viable validation alternatives, ranging from conducting a local criterion-related validation study to relying on validity evidence from other studies for similar positions, employers, and tests (i.e., Validity Generalization). The strengths and limitations of both of these strategies in a Title VII context are reviewed, and employers are ultimately encouraged to select the local validation strategy whenever technically feasible for a variety of reasons discussed.

Published
2010

12. Sleep disturbance and its role in the depression-cognition axis: an epidemiological approach

Author

Biddle, Daniel John

Subjects
cognition, executive function, insomnia, depression, sleep
Abstract

Psychiatric disorders such as depression are leading causes of disability worldwide. This disability is to some extent underpinned by cognitive dysfunction. A potential driver of this cognitive dysfunction is the sleep disturbance that is so common in psychiatric disorders. The aim of this thesis was to use an epidemiological approach to explore the potential role of sleep disturbance in the cognitive dysfunction observed in depression - one of the most common psychiatric disorders. I first examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between depressive symptom severity and cognitive function to gauge whether the association seen in clinical samples would be observed across the spectrum of depression severity. Depression severity was only related to objectively-assessed cognitive function at clinical levels of depressive symptoms. I next explored whether the combination of insomnia symptoms and short sleep duration predict chronicity of mental health symptoms in a large cohort study, which if true may indicate an indirect effect of sleep disturbance on cognitive dysfunction. I also explored whether any such association may represent confounding. Insomnia symptoms, short sleep duration, and to an even greater extent their combination, predicted a chronic mental health symptom trajectory. The associations remained after adjusting for a wider range of potential confounders than previous studies, suggesting an independent effect. Given evidence that objective sleep disturbance may contribute greatly to cognitive dysfunction, I then considered whether subjective sleep measures, which are less resource intensive, may be a reasonable proxy for objective measures among those experiencing depressive symptoms. I found that subjective measures of sleep disturbance did not agree with objective measures for young people with mood disorders or men with depression and insomnia. This suggests that subjective measures of sleep are not a reasonable proxy for objective measures among those experiencing depressive symptoms. Finally, I assessed whether objective and/or subjective sleep disturbance were associated cross-sectionally with cognitive dysfunction. I found that among men with depression and insomnia, objective (actigraphically-assessed) but not subjective sleep disturbance was associated with poor performance in cognitive tasks assessing psychomotor speed and executive function. Together, these studies generally support the idea that sleep disturbance is a likely contributor to the cognitive dysfunction (and thus disability) observed in depression, and answer important questions about when and how this contribution may be observed, along with how it should be assessed. The findings suggest that the depression-cognition link may only be apparent at clinical (rather than subclinical) levels of depression, which has implications for population level depression-focused indicated prevention to ameliorate the risk of cognitive dysfunction. The studies also suggest that both insomnia and short sleep duration, and especially their combination, may contribute to cognitive dysfunction by maintaining depression. Finally, these studies indicate that subjective and objective measures of sleep are not interchangeable in populations with mental ill-health, and on an individual level the direct effect of sleep disturbance on cognitive dysfunction may depend on the degree to which sleep disturbance is objective rather than “sleep-state misperception”. I conclude that future research in this area is worthwhile and should gauge whether addressing objective sleep disturbance is associated with alleviation of cognitive dysfunction in depression.

Published
2018

13. Adjunctive Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in men with depression: A randomised controlled trial

Author

Glozier, Nick, Christensen, Helen, Griffiths, Kathleen, Hickie, Ian B., Naismith, Sharon, Biddle, Daniel J., Overland, Simon, Thorndike, Francis, Ritterband, Lee, Glozier, Nick, Christensen, Helen, Griffiths, Kathleen, Hickie, Ian B., Naismith, Sharon, Biddle, Daniel J., Overland, Simon, Thorndike, Francis, and Ritterband, Lee

Abstract

Objective: Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is efficacious for insomnia, and post hoc analyses suggest mood improvements. We undertook the first clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on depressive symptoms as an adjunct to guideline-based treatment of depressive disorders. Methods: Older men undergoing psychiatrist-coordinated treatment for major depressive disorder or dysthymia and who had significant insomnia symptoms were randomised to either adjunctive Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (Sleep Healthy Using The Internet) or online sleep psychoeducation. The primary outcome was change in depressive symptoms (Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale) from baseline to week 12 (post intervention). Secondary outcomes were insomnia and anxiety symptoms. Results: In all, 87 men were randomised (Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia = 45; psychoeducation = 42). The mean observed Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale changes by week 12 were 8.2 (standard deviation = 11.5) and 3.9 (standard deviation = 12.8) for Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia and psychoeducation, respectively. The adjunctive effect size of 0.35 in favour of Sleep Healthy Using The Internet programme was not statistically significant (group × time difference in the Mixed effect Model Repeat Measurement analysis difference 4.3; 95% confidence interval = [−1.2, 9.8]; p = 0.15). There was a statistically significant effect on insomnia symptoms (group × time p = 0.02, difference 2.7; 95% confidence interval = [0.2, 5.3]; effect size = 0.62). There were no differences in insomnia or depression at 6 months or differential effects on anxiety at any time point. There were no reported adverse trial-related events in the intervention arm. Conclusion: Adjunctive Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for inso

Published
2019

14. Supplementary_Table_1 – Supplemental material for Adjunctive Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in men with depression: A randomised controlled trial

Author

Glozier, Nick, Christensen, Helen, Griffiths, Kathleen M, Hickie, Ian B, Naismith, Sharon L, Biddle, Daniel, Overland, Simon, Thorndike, Frances, and Ritterband, Lee

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, FOS: Clinical medicine, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified, 110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy), Neuroscience
Abstract

Supplemental material, Supplementary_Table_1 for Adjunctive Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in men with depression: A randomised controlled trial by Nick Glozier, Helen Christensen, Kathleen M Griffiths, Ian B Hickie, Sharon L Naismith, Daniel Biddle, Simon Overland, Frances Thorndike and Lee Ritterband in Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

Published
2018
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17. The association of insomnia with future mental illness: Is it just residual symptoms?

Author

Biddle, Daniel, Kelly, Peter James, Hermens, Daniel F, Glozier, Nick, Biddle, Daniel, Kelly, Peter James, Hermens, Daniel F, and Glozier, Nick

Abstract

2018 Objectives: To evaluate whether the prospective association between insomnia and mental illness in the general population remained after controlling for multiple confounders, or whether this represented partly remitted prior mental illness. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Australian general population. Participants: The participants were 10,444 people aged 15 or older in the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey who did not meet K10 criteria for likely mental illness at baseline (2013-14). Measurements: The prospective associations of insomnia (yes/no) at baseline with mental illness (yes/no) approximately 2 years later (2015-16), determined from scores on the K10, were evaluated using logistic regression. These were then adjusted for potential confounders including sociodemographic factors, physical health and health behaviors, and baseline and past mental health. Results: Insomnia at baseline increased risk of mental illness onset at two-year follow up (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.91-2.59, P < .001). This relationship was attenuated but still significant after adjustment for confounding variables (OR 1.72 95% CI 1.46-2.02). Accounting for reverse causality from prior mental ill health and baseline symptoms reduced this further but the relationship remained (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.09-1.55, P = .003). This effect appeared more robust among those <65 years of age. Conclusions: Insomnia has a consistent prospective relationship with mental illness at two-year follow-up. Insomnia did not appear to be simply a symptom of past, or baseline subclinical, mental illness. This supports the specific targeting of insomnia symptoms in selective preventive mental health initiatives, particularly among those under 65 years of age.

Published
2018

20. Cleveland's mayor fires Hongisto

Author

Biddle, Daniel R.

Subjects
Kucinich, Dennis J. -- Social aspects, Hongisto, Richard -- Social aspects, Cleveland, Ohio -- Political aspects
Published
1978

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