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Since its discovery in 1987, the monumental basin of Bibracte questions archeologists because of its atypical orientation that was thought not to follow the way on which it lies. We study 4 archeoastronomical papers dealing with the orientation of the short and long axes on the sun rise at winter solstice or on peculiar stars and we discuss the validity of these hypotheses., Depuis sa découverte en 1987, le bassin monumental du site archéologique de Bibracte interroge les archéologues de par son orientation atypique dont on pensait qu'elle ne suivait pas la voie sur laquelle il est sis. Nous étudions 4 publications archéoastronomiques traitant de l'orientation du petit axe et du grand axe sur le lever du Soleil au solstice d'hiver ou sur des étoiles particulières et nous discutons la validité de ces hypothèses.

Expo-dossier produite par Bibracte

Were the towns of Bibracte and Augustodunum astronomically oriented? We study in this publication an article published in the Revue Archéologique de l'Est which puts forward the hypothesis that the Gallic town of Bibracte respects, in its main buildings, orientations corresponding to sunrise on the Romanized dates of the Celtic festivals and that the Roman city of Augustodunum is rather oriented, in its urban fabric, on sunrises at the solstice, like other Roman cities. Our study tends to invalidate these hypotheses, by re-examining the reliability of the measurements taken and the chronology of the constructions in relation to the establishment of the Julian calendar., Les villes de Bibracte et d'Augustodunum ont-elles été orientées astronomiquement ? Nous étudions dans cette publication un article paru dans la Revue Archéologique de l'Est qui émet l'hypothèse que la ville gauloise de Bibracte respecte, dans ses bâtiments principaux, des orientations correspondant au lever du Soleil aux dates romanisées des fêtes celtiques et que la ville romaine d'Augustodunum est plutôt orientée, dans sa trame urbaine, sur des levers de Soleil au solstice, comme d'autres villes romaines. Notre étude tend à invalider ces hypothèses, en réinterrogeant la fiabilité des mesures effectuées et la chronologie des constructions par rapport à la mise en place du calendrier julien.

En 2014, la découverte de la suite de la mosaïque bichrome (noire et blanche) de la pièce B de la domus PC 1 sur l’oppidum de Bibracte a renouvelé les questionnements sur l’emploi du schiste bitumineux, notamment chronologique, dans la mise en oeuvre du décor en Gaule de l’Est (territoires éduen, lingon, sénon et tricasse). Cette roche locale, exploitée à proximité de la capitale éduenne, Augustodunum (Autun), était utilisée, en effet, sous différentes formes : placages lisses, moulurés et figurés, mosaïques en opus tesselatum, opus sectile et opus interrasile. Après un rappel historiographique, le présent article a pour objectif de présenter ces différents aspects typologiques, ainsi que la chronologie de l’exploitation du schiste et sa diffusion en Gaule., Delferrière Nicolas. Nouvelles recherches sur l’emploi du schiste bitumineux dans le décor des édifices de Gaule de l’Est. In: Aquitania : une revue inter-régionale d'archéologie, tome 36, 2020. pp. 195-214.

National audience

Le point de départ de ce travail en cours sur les toponymes du site de Bibracte est le projet « Bulliot, Bibracte et moi », lauréat de l’appel 2019 Services numériques innovants du ministère de la Culture. Ce projet forme le WP 6 du projet HyperThesau et vise la transcription collaborative et l’édition numérique des carnets de fouille manuscrits de Jacques-Gabriel Bulliot (1817-1902), qui a fouillé le site de Bibracte entre 1867 et 1895. Ce travail éditorial suppose une indexation fine des noms de lieux de fouille afin de naviguer dans le corpus qui doit être publié dans une perséïde sur la plateforme Persée. Cette présentation est organisée en 3 parties : un rappel des principes du web sémantique et de ce qu’ils impliquent pour la publication des données de la recherche, le travail d'inventaire des toponymes du mont Beuvray s et la structuration des données géographiques dans un thésaurus.Ce document de travail a été présenté lors d'un séminaire du projet HyperThesau le 8 juillet 2020

Cet article propose un bilan succinct des recherches effectuées sur le Mont Beuvray et à ses abords entre 2013 et 2016 dans le cadre du programme international de recherche consacré à l’oppidum de Bibracte. Les nouveaux acquis concernent le quartier du Champlain, l’îlot des Grandes Forges à la Pâture du Couvent, les domus PC1 et PC2, l’éminence du Theurot de la Roche (avec notamment la mise en évidence de tranchées minières et d’une énigmatique structure excavée maçonnée de 9,2 x 10,7 m) et, extra muros, le sanctuaire gallo-romain des Sources de l’Yonne… Mais on retiendra surtout les résultats obtenus sur le replat central du Parc aux Chevaux, où les enclos maçonnés tardifs de PC14 et PC15 s’avèrent hériter d’un espace public plus ancien constitué par un enclos carré de 45 m de côté reconstruit à plusieurs reprises sous la forme d’une architecture à ossature bois. Cet enclos est initialement ceinturé d’un murus gallicus qui fait office de mur-terrasse sur ses faces tournées vers l’aval et il comporte une cour entourée d’un quadriportique, qui est remplacée ultérieurement par une halle en position centrale. En place au plus tard à la veille de la Guerre des Gaules, il témoigne de l’urbanisme tout en contraste de Bibracte à partir du milieu du Ier s. av. notre ère, avec la cohabitation d’édifices publics totalement étrangers à la tradition gréco-romaine, comme celui-ci, et d’autres de style purement italien, comme le forum de la Pâture du Couvent. Une dernière avancée notable réside dans les progrès spectaculaires qu’ont connus les prospections géophysiques, notamment par la technique du géoradar, ce qui ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour l’approche extensive et non-destructive de l’organisation spatiale du site.La seconde partie de l’article est consacrée à la présentation d’un tableau synoptique de l’évolution des quartiers de Bibracte, constitué à partir de la compilation des données des fouilles opérées depuis les années 1980. This article presents a brief summary of research carried out on Mont Beuvray and its surroundings from 2013 to 2016 as part of an international research program dedicated to the Bibracte oppidum. The new information concerns the Champlain, the island of the Grandes Forges à la Pâture du Couvent, the PC1 and PC2 domi, the Theurot de la Roche hill (with mining trenches and an enigmatic excavated walled structure measuring 9.2 x 10.7 m) and, extra muros, the Gallo-Roman sanctuary of the Sources de l’Yonne. But the most striking results were obtained on the central plateau of the Parc aux Chevaux, where the late walled enclosures of PC14 and PC15 were built on an earlier public space composed of a square enclosure (45 x 45 m) that was reconstructed several times in the form of a wood-framed architecture. This enclosure was initially surrounded by a murus gallicus that formed a wall-terrace on its sides turned in the downstream direction, and it has a courtyard surrounded by a quadriportico, which was later replaced by a centrally placed hall. In place at the latest just before the Gallic War, it attests to an urbanism in stark contrast to Bibracte starting in the middle of the 1st century BC, with the cohabitation of public buildings completely foreign to the Greco-Roman tradition, such as this one, and others of a purely Italian style, such as the Pâture du Couvent forum. The geophysical surveys yielded spectacular results, especially by the use of the georadar technique, which will enable us to proceed with an extensive and non-destructive approach to understanding the spatial organization of the site.The second part of the article is dedicated to the presentation of a datagrid of the evolution of the Bibracte quarters, compiled based on excavation data obtained since the 1980s. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Forschungen, die im Rahmen des internationalen Forschungsprogramms zum Oppidum von Bibracte in den Jahren 2013 bis 2016 auf dem Mont Beuvray und in seiner Umgebung durchgeführt wurden. Die neu gewonnenen Erkenntnisse betreffen das Areal von Champlain, die îlot des Grandes Forges auf der Pâture du Couvent, die domus PC1 und PC2, die Anhöhe von Theurot de la Roche (und hier insbesondere die Identifizierung von bergbaulichen Gräben und einer rätselhaften eingetieften und gemauerten Struktur von 9,2 x 10,7 M.) sowie, extra-muros, das gallo-römische Heiligtum an den Yonne-Quellen. Vorwiegend werden jedoch neue Ergebnisse zur zentralen Terrasse von Parc aux Chevaux vorgestellt, denen zufolge die späteren gemauerten Einfriedungen von PC14 und PC15 einen älteren öffentlichen Platz bestehend aus einer quadratischen Einfriedung von 45 M. Seitenlänge ablösen. Die letztgenannte Einfriedung wurde mehrfach in Holzrahmenbauweise umgebaut : zu Beginn war sie von einem murus gallicus umgeben, der an den talabwärts gerichteten Seiten als Terrassenmauer diente. Ferner besaß sie einen Hof, der von einer Quadriportikus umgeben war. Zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt wurde der Hof durch eine zentral liegende Halle ersetzt. Die Einfriedung, an Ort und Stelle spätestens kurz vor Beginn des gallischen Krieges, bezeugt für Bibracte eine Urbanisierung der Kontraste ab der Mitte des 1. Jh. v. u. Z. und zwar in dem Sinne, dass öffentliche Gebäude, die in der griechisch-römischen Tradition vollkommen fremd sind, wie die genannte Einfriedung, neben solchen im rein italischen Stil auftreten, wie dem forum auf der Pâture du Couvent. Ein weiterer erwähnenswerter Erfolg betrifft die geophysikalische Prospektion, bei der insbesondere durch den Einsatz der Georadar-Technik spektakuläre Fortschritte erzielt wurden. Dies eröffnet neue Perspektiven für eine flächenhafte und zerstörungsfreie Erforschung der räumlichen Organisation des Fundortes.Im zweiten Teil des Artikels wird eine Übersichtstabelle zur Entwicklung der Areale von Bibracte präsentiert, die auf den gesammelten Grabungsdaten seit den 1980er Jahren basiert.(trad. Carla Backhaus)

L’analyse du réseau hydraulique de Bibracte – l’un des oppida les plus importants à la fin de l’indépendance gauloise et l’un des mieux étudiés – permet de dresser un premier panorama des types d’aménagements destinés à capter ou à évacuer l’eau dans le courant du ier s. av. J.‑C. et de mesurer les transformations en matière de gestion de l’eau après la Conquête romaine. Ce site urbain, avec ses 132 installations hydrauliques découvertes entre le xixe s. et 2017, n’a pas d’équivalent pour la même période. Son étude révèle notamment l’existence de structures de stockage collectives de grande capacité, l’attention portée à l’évacuation des eaux pluviales et la récurrence des techniques locales côtoyant des équipements typiquement romains. The hilltop of Bibracte, located on top of the Mount Beuvray hill, was one of the most important oppida of Gaul. The analysis of its hydraulic networks is a particularly rich field of study and is an original approach to understanding the types of water management at the end of the Iron Age and immediately after the Roman conquest. In these particular situations it is possible to examine how populations adapted to their environment by developing specific techniques to channel and store water as well as to evaluate the impact of Roman technologies on their social practices. So far research has focused to only a limited extent on the control of water in Gallic hilltop settlements during the Iron Age. The main objective of this study, carried out as part of a doctoral thesis (Borau 2010) and centred on a symbolic site in Gaul, was to put into perspective the topography and the water resources with the various types of hydraulic structures discovered on this particular hilltop settlement and to describe their main characteristics. In order to do so, exhaustive research was carried out, compiling the entire documentation collected between the 19th, 20th and 21th centuries, in particular ancient excavations and geophysical analyses but also new archaeological research carried out under the auspices of the European Archaeological Centre of Mont-Beuvray directed by Vincent Guichard (team composed of Miklós Szabó, Sabine Rieckhoff, Daniele Vitali, Daniel Paunier, Thierry Luginbühl, Philippe Barral and Jean-Paul Guillaumet). In 2007 several hydraulic structures were excavated and sedimentary analyses were carried out on the deposits taken from one of the basins. The settlement of Bibracte was chosen for several reasons. First of all, during the Iron Age Bibracte was one of the main oppidum in Gaul. It was the capital of a Gallic tribe, the Aeduans, who very early on established relationships with the Romans prior to the Roman conquest, i.e. from the beginning of the 2nd c. BC. (Caesar, I, 33, 36). Secondly, this hilltop settlement was particularly chosen by Julius Caesar as his winter residence in 52 BC (Caesar, VII, 90). The Gallic city was established on top of a mountain, on irregular and uneven ground: it is characterised by steep slopes and deep valleys linked to natural springs. The mountain peaks have an altitude of 822 m and the main human occupations are distributed at an altitude of 700-800 m. Two ramparts protected the site: an initial 7-km-long external rampart (A) enclosed an area encompassing 200 ha, and a second, 5,2-km-long internal rampart (B) encircled an area encompassing 135 ha. Built according to the principle of the murus gallicus. It was pierced by several gates, the main gate being located in the north. From this entrance a 2-km-long road crossed the site from the north to the south. The site was occupied between the end of the 2nd c. BC and the Tiberian period. Several quarters were identified: in the northern part a craftsmen’s quarter [1]; in the central part a public quarter [2] and a residential area [3]; in the southern part a sacred area [5], and lastly two sectors [4 and 6] in which only the springs are known. The buildings were erected on terraces providing the city with a stepped aspect. The initial buildings were timber houses which were later replaced by stone buildings in the mid-1st c. BC therefore changing the aspect of the city. The postholes associated with the timber buildings were discovered beneath the walls of the stone buildings. However archaeological excavations revealed the coexistence of traditional wattle-and-daub houses of Gallic origin and of stonemasonry architecture of Italic origin. This study made it possible to register 132 hydraulic structures distributed across the oppidum. Water was supplied through three systems. First, it can be noted that most of the wells were concentrated in the craftsmen’s quarter. Second, huge basins were discovered around every excavated spring. Third, big reservoirs are distributed across the whole site. Generally, it can be considered that wells are the most common structure for the supply of water; they are the most wide-spread and are the easiest to deploy. However, at the scale of the oppidum, only twenty structures of this type were discovered, twelve of which were located in the craftsmen's quarter. Secondly, wells were found in the residential area of the Parc aux Chevaux in the house PC11, PC14-15 and at PS0. Two wells were located near the sanctuary. The depths of the wells, which are mainly circular in shape, vary greatly between 2 m and 15.50 m. Most of these were lined with stones, others were simply dug into the ground. In other locations several wells stand out because of their large diameter, ranging between 1 m and 1.60 m. The public or private status of these wells is still not easy to determine but close observation of their location provides some clues. Most of the wells were apparently destined for collective use because they were located in circulation areas, in the streets or squares. Other wells obviously had semi-private functions, installed in private areas but accessible from the street. Although it is still difficult to propose an overall plan, our research suggests the existence of one or more public or semi-public wells per insula, i.e. per group of houses/workshops bounded by streets. The basins associated with the springs have common characteristics. These basins are big, encompassing large surface areas, and therefore could store a large volume of water. They were positioned in contact with or near springs. They have similar construction techniques: either they had a wooden casing (generally these are vertical beams with notches into which fit wooden boards) surrounded by a sealing of raw clay, or they were made of stone and were waterproofed by clay sealing, or they were constructed using a combination of several techniques. Several examples can be cited. In sector 6 several pipes captured various resurgences and fed a basin made of oak during the 1st c. BC. It is still preserved over an area of 16 m2 but it was probably even bigger, maybe as big as 35 m2, thus containing a volume of 35 m3. This basin is the most ancient one built of the site. Unfortunately, nothing is known about its immediate environment. To the west of the oppidum sector 4 (Saint-Pierre fountain) corresponds to another tapping of a source, modified several times. The size of the successive basins tends to diminish over time. Dated to the 1st c. BC, three basins, covering a total surface of 205 m2 were built at the level of the spring. Then, around the turn of this era, a new basin, separated from the spring, was built according to a mixed technique: the stone-built walls mark the edge of a wooden casing with a joint of clay. The capacity of this new basin does not exceed 9 m3. In the course of the 1st c. AD this basin was restored and was used up to the beginning of the 2nd c. AD. In the eastern part of the site, in sector 2 (Pâture du Couvent), the investigations carried out in the 19th c. and the geophysical exploration of the 1990s make it possible to reconstruct a basin built with masonry stone blocks that taps a spring provided with a wooden gate which redirects the spring into a sewer if necessary. Built during the 1st c. BC, such a device made it possible to avoid the flooding of the adjacent building, which is especially important as this is thought to be the public centre of the oppidum. Downstream from this building, in the valley, a double resurgence exists forming a stream which flows in the thalweg. During the 19th c. five successive basins were apparently discovered at the contact point between the stream and the rampart: one basin was located inside the rampart and the four other outside. These large basins measuring 7 m on each side cover a surface of about 50 m2 each. They were built with pieces of wood and clay. This assemblage played several roles: collecting and slowing down the water flow of the stream tumbling down the slope; creating a large water supply; preventing the destruction of the rampart; and providing water for the needs of the craftsmen. The steep slope in this sector explains the creation of a cascade of basins: this was an original solution which testifies to a well-conceived organisation of hydraulic structures. Thanks to the present study it can be assumed that in Bibracte there were specific construction methods used for the hydraulic structures corresponding to local, i.e. Gallic skills. This study moreover demonstrates that these Gallic techniques continued to be used after the Roman conquest: other nearby sites that are part of the Aeduan territory have basins with similar characteristics, for example the sites of Montlay-en-Auxois (Côte-d’Or). Another tapping of a source testifies to the combination of techniques and to the designs for the provision of water in the oppidum when it comes under Roman influence. In sector 3 (Parc aux Chevaux) in the western part a source serving as a small private fountain in a garden was connected to several pipes which cross the house in order to feed a vast pond built in front of this house next to a pathway. Thus a private spring supplied a public basin. Built around the turn of this era, this stone basin was sealed with clay. It encompassed a surface of about 18 m2. The bottom of the basin is located more than 2 m below the level of the ancient street; it is thus semi-subterranean. With a capacity estimated at between 35 and 40 m3, this basin is in fact a real reservoir. As a matter of fact, this second type of hydraulic structure, the reservoir, can be observed on the site and it completes the hydraulic equipment of the oppidum: there are five excavated structures which are rather enigmatic and which can be considered as being reservoirs. Two structures in particular have attracted our attention. First of all the elliptic basin discovered in the centre of the main road of the oppidum, near a crossroad in sector 2. The function of this very original structure remained a mystery for a long time, especially because of the absence of a water inlet system. This basin was 10.50 m long and 3.65 m wide and it was preserved to a height of 1 m. It covered a surface of 30 m2. Dated to the beginning of the 1st c. BC, it was also built of stone (quadrangular and irregular-shaped blocks) and waterproofed with clay (the bottom and the foundation trench). The clay deposits underwent microstratigraphical laboratory analyses in 2007: these revealed the existence of an initial layer containing traces of seaweed deposits and coal deposits linked to a nearby fire, topped with a refill of clay. Water was evacuated from the basin via a square hole cut in the bottom of the basin, sealed by a sluice gate operated vertically from the outside and connected to a system of pipes built from wooden boards. The design of this basin is completely original and it has no parallels, but the model could be Greek, not only because of the mastery of the stereotomy but also because of its elongated shape and its location on the public road, which is reminiscent of Greek cities. Formal comparisons are still difficult because of the lack of study of this type. In the absence of an identified water inlet system, the hypothesis can be advanced that we are dealing with an open basin which was filled by rainwater and which would have served as a water reservoir located on the public road. At the entrance to the oppidum, a big quadrangular structure measuring 160 m2 (20 x 8 m) and 2 m deep, i.e. 320 m3, was excavated which was perfectly connected to the eastern wing of the rampart. The bottom was also covered by a layer of clay. A pipe built from stone was used to evacuate of water. This structure is dated to the 1st c. BC. At least a further three structures were excavated at but these are only known through the excavations carried out in the 19th c. One of these structures was located in the square of the residential area, west of the main road, the second near a crossroad of streets in the sacred area. These structures were dug into the ground and had no cladding. They had large capacities, between 30 m3 and 73 m3. The similarities between these various structures are striking: they had a large ground surface, they were located in natural steep-sided ground, they were close to axes of circulation and they had no water supply system. These structures destined for water storage were completed by a water distribution system: several wooden pipes joined together by iron rings were discovered beneath the streets, but no direct connection with a source or a basin could be established: this is the case for the main road crossing the residential area, the craftsmen’s quarter and the side street along the houses in the northern part of the public district. About 50 metal circles and fragments of wooden pipes were discovered. Their dimensions vary between 8 and 9 cm in diameter but some of them were as long as 15 cm. Pipeline sections made from the bellies of amphoras are also known. Lastly, the management of run-off water and waste water seems to have been the main concern of the urban planners. This is due to the abundance of rainfall in the region. No fewer than 34 gutters were listed in the oppidum, belonging to various phases of occupation and visible in all the quarters. They seem to emerge from the mid-2nd c. BC and were maintained or renovated up until the abandonment of the site in the 1st c. AD. The numerous gutters, with a V profile or sometimes flat-bottomed, are either simply dug, or engineered (in a framework of boards for which nails sometimes still exist, or with slabs of stone). On average they are 0,30-0,80 m wide with a depth of 0,25-1 m. They were constructed alongside the streets, on one or both sides, or around buildings. They were essential for the conservation of the terraces on which buildings were erected. On the other hand, the small proportion of sewers is rather significant: this type of structure is typically Roman and could be identified only in the public quarter at the time of the construction of stone monuments in the mid-1st c. BC. The stone-built sewer was 1,70 m high and 0,75 m wide. It evacuated the water from the basin and drained the entire quarter. As regards the natural water resources, seventeen natural water springs can be listed on this mountain. The analysis of their distribution is particularly interesting because these resurgences can be linked with human activity: it can be seen that most of the springs (n = 10) were located at an altitude above 750 m. Furthermore, these springs could supply two thirds of the oppidum, i.e. the whole site except for the northern part that corresponds to the craftsmen’s quarter at the entrance to the site. It can therefore be assumed that distinct town quarters, in particular the public quarter (2) and the residential quarter (3), were established according to the closeness of springs. The two ramparts enclose the greater part of the water sources, which reflects a deliberate choice made by the town planners. In addition, rainfall analysis proves that this sector of Burgundy is one of northern France with the highest rainfall. It rains on average one day out of two. This explains the importance of the network of water evacuation, which was one of the main problems faced by the inhabitants of Bibracte. This abundance of water requires efficient water management to prevent the foundations of buildings and terraces from being destroyed and to ensure the continued circulation of people in the town. Yet, it is rather paradoxical to observe, in a rainy region, the omnipresence of structures for collecting water, such as vast tapping basins or reservoirs. This suggests the presence of specific practices: these high-capacity storage structures were accessible by the inhabitants in public places. They are distributed across the whole site. This is therefore an example of an organised water storage system throughout the whole oppidum, which was needed not only to meet the daily needs of the population, but also for others purposes such as fire-fighting. Furthermore, this study highlights the existence of numerous very well preserved wooden basins as well as previously unknown local technical traditions. These skills were maintained after the Roman conquest, as is shown by other sites close to Bibracte where they also could be evidenced. To conclude, this study reveals the specific organisation of the water supply network in the oppidum of Bibracte.

Ce volume, qui résume les acquis de la campagne de recherche 2019 sur le Mont Beuvray en suivant l'articulation du programme quadriennal 2017-2020, est accompagné d'un Référentiel, qui compile la documentation primaire de la campagne et qui est livré sur support numérique

International audience; In 2018, a stamped tile was discovered in the Italian-style domus of PC2, located in the oppidum of Bibracte. This mark, read as S. AV or S. AN, is printed on a fragment of tegula, apparently locally produced at the latest during the end of the 1st c. BC and on a close range from the mont Beuvray. Comparable to what can be noticed at the same time in the Italian peninsula, it seems that this short text can be read as the initials belonging to the owner of the workshop that produced this very tile. Such a discovery is the occasion to discuss the passing of the Roman know-how to the Aeduans and the identity of the craftsmen who produced those materials. These elements, deeply related to the integration of new Italian-style architectural norms in the constructions of the oppidum of Bibracte, can be considered as a clue indicating a fast and early Romanization process of the Aeduan elites close to the Roman world.; En 2018, une tuile estampillée est mise au jour dans la domus d’influence italienne PC2 au sein de l’oppidum de Bibracte.Cette marque, pouvant se lire S. AV. ou S. AN., est apposée sur un fragment de tegula qui semble produite localement, dans l’environnement proche du mont Beuvray, au plus tard à la fin du Ier s. av. J.-C. Similaire à ce qui peut être observé à la même époque dans la péninsule italienne, le texte très court semble pouvoir être lu comme les initiales identifiant le propriétaire de l’atelier de production de cette tuile. Cette découverte est de fait l’occasion de s’interroger sur la transmission des savoir-faire romains auprès des Éduens et sur l’identité des artisans qui produisent ces matériaux. Ces éléments, associés à l’intégration de nouvelles normes architecturales d’origine italique dans les constructions de l’oppidum de Bibracte, sont autant de témoignages d’une romanisation rapide et précoce des élites éduennes proches du monde romain.

National audience

International audience; The analysis of the hydraulic network of Bibracte –one of the most important oppida at the end of the Gallic independence and one of the best studied– allows to draw up a first panorama of the types of installations intended to capture or evacuate water in the course of the 1st c. BC and to measure the transformations in water management after the Roman conquest. This urban site, with 132 hydraulic installations discovered between the 19th c. and 2017, has no equivalent for the same period. His study reveals in particular the existence of large capacity collective storage structures, the attention paid to the evacuation of rainwater and the recurrence of local techniques alongside typical Roman equipment.; L’analyse du réseau hydraulique de Bibracte – l’un des oppida les plus importants à la fin de l’indépendance gauloise et l’un des mieux étudiés – permet de dresser un premier panorama des types d’aménagements destinés à capter ou à évacuer l’eau dans le courant du Ier s. av. J.-C. et de mesurer les transformations en matière de gestion de l’eau après la Conquête romaine. Ce site urbain, avec ses 132 installations hydrauliques découvertes entre le XIXe s. et 2017, n’a pas d’équivalent pour la même période. Son étude révèle notamment l’existence de structures de stockage collectives de grande capacité, l’attention portée à l’évacuation des eaux pluviales et la récurrence des techniques locales côtoyant des équipements typiquement romains.

Le projet Aspectus a été engagé en 2016 afin de répondre à des besoins récurrents émanant de programmes de recherche en archéologie. En effet, la place croissante des données numériques nous oblige à élaborer de nouvelles stratégies pour gérer, intégrer et disséminer un volume exponentiel d’informations complexes, multimodales et multirésolution, en direction d’utilisateurs aux attentes et aux compétences variées. Paradoxalement, ces données deviennent de plus en plus difficiles à exploiter par des non-spécialistes. Notre objectif est donc de faciliter le partage de ces données entre tous les acteurs scientifiques en leur donnant les moyens de les visualiser, de les analyser et de les interpréter sans que cela exige une maîtrise technique avancée. Aspectus prend la forme d’un outil en ligne fondé sur des technologies open-source et rend accessibles des données 3D complexes à l’aide d’un navigateur web. Le système s’appuie pour cela sur une interface communautaire qui promeut le partage, la collaboration et l’expertise à distance. Suite au vif intérêt suscité par la présentation d’un « proof of concept » au salon Innovative SHS 2017, il semble désormais opportun de poursuivre le développement de l’outil sous la forme d’un prototype. Dans cette perspective, le projet a maintenant pour cadre le groupe de travail réuni par le projet « Bibracte numérique » qui vise à développer une chaîne de traitement numérique de l’information appliquée aux métiers de l’archéologie. The Aspectus project was born out of necessity some years ago, during a post-excavation season. In recent years, we have seen a tenfold increase in the volumes of digital data acquired. This phenomenon of increasing digitisation in the field of archaeology, and of cultural heritage more generally, requires strategies for managing an inordinate quantity of 3D data and making it available to a broad array of researchers and an even broader public audience. Beyond the sheer quantity of data, multimodal and multiresolution data exploitation has become another common challenge. The Aspectus project aims to facilitate access to complex three-dimensional data and to promote collaborative work and remote expert assessment. Aspectus takes advantage of available open-source solutions to produce a comprehensive software solution that encompasses multiple complementary approaches: high quality 3D web visualisation, data analysis and annotation tools, online workplace platform, in other words, making complex 3D data accessible and available for analysis in a collaborative environment. Our first trial concept generated much interest at the Innovative SHS 2017 exhibition and we are now developing a prototype of Aspectus as part of the “Bibracte Numérique” project.

International audience; L'auteur expose les modalités de fonctionnement de la coalition dirirgée par Vercingétorix.

Anderson, T.J., Alonso, N. (eds), Tilting at Mills: The Archaeology and Geology of Mills and Milling. Revista d’Arqueologia de Ponent. Número Extra 4, 2019. ISBN: 9788491440291 The millstone research carried out at the oppidum of Bibracte has recently been bolstered by finds deriving from preventive archaeology carried out at the Roman city of Autun. A new phase of this research has focused on the quern and millstone quarries supplying the two centres. Among the quarries is the vast vaugnerite outcrop of Bois de Joux at Saint-Andeux (Côte-d’Or). Field surveys identified two sectors producing mostly rotary querns dating to the Late Iron Age and Antiquity. Examining the roughouts renders it possible to reconstruct the operational sequence of their manufacture while the study of the quarries offers data to distinguish the Late Iron Age from the Roman quarries and identify their sequences of production.

International audience

International audience

International audience

National audience

International audience

National audience

International audience; In recent historical publications, the Roman Conquest is still presented as a major factor in the spread of a monetary economy in Gaul. However, this view is not supported by archaeological data. Concentrating on stratified coins, first from the oppidum of Bibracte and then from several sites from Northern and Eastern Gaul, this paper tries to show that from the beginning of the 1st c. BC to the end of the 1st c. AD, the level of coin use remained constant. Roman influence on coin use seems to have been limited to certain contexts.; Pour de nombreux historiens antiquisants, la Conquête romaine joue encore un rôle déterminant dans la diffusion d’une économie monétaire en Gaule. Cette vision semble contredite par les données archéologiques. Sur la base des monnaies provenant d’ensembles clos, en se concentrant tout d’abord sur le site de Bibracte puis en étendant la réflexion à la Gaule du Nord et de l’Est, cet article essaie de montrer que le taux d’utilisationdu numéraire semble être resté stable du début du Ier s. av. J.‑C. jusqu’à la fin du Ier s. ap. J.‑C. Sur ce point, l’influence romaine ne se fait sentir que de manière ponctuelle.

International audience; no abstract

International audience; In recent historical publications, the Roman Conquest is still presented as a major factor in the spread of a monetary economy in Gaul. However, this view is not supported by archaeological data. Concentrating on stratified coins, first from the oppidum of Bibracte and then from several sites from Northern and Eastern Gaul, this paper tries to show that from the beginning of the 1st c. BC to the end of the 1st c. AD, the level of coin use remained constant. Roman influence on coin use seems to have been limited to certain contexts.; Pour de nombreux historiens antiquisants, la Conquête romaine joue encore un rôle déterminant dans la diffusion d’une économie monétaire en Gaule. Cette vision semble contredite par les données archéologiques. Sur la base des monnaies provenant d’ensembles clos, en se concentrant tout d’abord sur le site de Bibracte puis en étendant la réflexion à la Gaule du Nord et de l’Est, cet article essaie de montrer que le taux d’utilisationdu numéraire semble être resté stable du début du Ier s. av. J.‑C. jusqu’à la fin du Ier s. ap. J.‑C. Sur ce point, l’influence romaine ne se fait sentir que de manière ponctuelle.

International audience; The excavations conducted over the last fifteen years gave us a better insight into the processes of the foundation of Autun/Augustodunum and its development under the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Despite undeniable advances in knowledge and the gradual clarification of the chronology and of the different kinds of settlements, it must be noted that only a small (around 1 %), unevenly distributed sample of the urban area has been excavated down to the earliest levels. This assessment is thus going to develop over the next few years with the current development-led excavations studying more in detail the most ancient levels within Autun itself, and with research excavations on the site of the extra-urban sanctuary, la Genetoye, whose underlying La Tène phase has recently been highlighted. It will be necessary to evaluate the part this area played in the transfert of the chief-town from Bibracte to Autun.; Les campagnes de fouilles de ces quinze dernières années permettent désormais de mieux cerner les modalités de la fondation d’Autun/Augustodunum et son développement à l’époque julio-claudienne. Malgré d’indéniables avancées scientifiques, la chronologie et les formes d’occupation se précisant peu à peu, on constate que seule une petite superficie de l’espace urbain inégalement répartie, de l’ordre de 1 %, a bénéficié jusqu’à présent d’une fenêtre de fouille sur les niveaux les plus précoces. Ce bilan est donc amené à évoluer dans les prochaines années, au fil des fouilles préventives qui s’attardent désormais plus volontiers sur les niveaux intra muros les plus anciens, mais également dans le cadre des campagnes de fouilles programmées à l’emplacement du sanctuaire périurbain de la Genetoye, dont le substrat laténien a récemment été mis en évidence. Il conviendra notamment de s’interroger sur le rôle éventuel joué par ce secteur lors du transfert de chef-lieu de Bibracte à Autun.

Les réflexions méthodologiques de cet article portent sur la nécessaire complémentarité des sources archéologiques et textuelles pour parvenir à une correcte perception et définition des faits historiques, le territoire retenu étant celui des Gaules et de la Germanie. Trois axes, tous trois ayant pour cadre d’existence la cité, sont développés, chacun s’appuyant sur plusieurs exemples relatifs à une période donnée : la romanisation matérielle des bâtiments dans les oppida au lendemain de la conquête et le statut des cités, la faiblesse des traces archéologiques et la datation de la fondation des ciuitates, et le démantèlement des temples dès la fin du IIIe siècle en tant qu’indicateur supposé de la fin des sacrifices dans un «autre » système civique. Dans tous les cas, seule une prise en compte de l’ensemble des éléments documentaires permet d’espérer une interprétation satisfaisante. Ainsi on ne confondra pas monumentalité et existence, réalités de forme éventuellement modeste et apparat luxueux ou ostentatoire., Raepsaet-Charlier Marie-Thérèse. Monumentalité, religion publique, vie civique et évergétisme en Gaule romaine. Réflexions sur la valeur relative et complémentaire des sources historiques. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 93, fasc. 1, 2015. Antiquité - Ouheid. pp. 113-138.

Cet article comprend la retranscription d’un choix de lettres échangées entre Camille Jullian et Joseph Déchelette entre 1899 et 1905, date importante dans la carrière de Camille Jullian puisqu’il intègre la chaire des Antiquités nationales au Collège de France.Toutes les lettres ont été retranscrites à partir de celles conservées dans le fonds de la bibliothèque du Musée de Roanne, et celles du fonds Camille Jullian conservé aux Archives municipales de la ville.

Cet article propose un bilan succinct des recherches effectuées sur le Mont Beuvray et dans ses environs entre 2009 et 2012 dans le cadre du programme international de recherche consacré à l’oppidum de Bibracte. De nouveaux acquis concernent l’ensemble monumental dit « îlot des Grandes Forges » et la domus PC1, le système de fortifications (enclos sommital du Porrey), la tranchée minière de la Pâture des Grangerands… On retiendra surtout l’ouverture d’un nouveau secteur de fouille très prometteur qui englobe le replat central du Parc aux Chevaux et l’éminence du Theurot de la Roche, avec des vestiges variés qui dénotent des espaces privés et publics, et une phase tardive d’aménagement qui semble être restée inachevée.Les recherches consacrées au territoire de Bibracte n’ont pas été en reste avec, par exemple, la caractérisation d’une vaste agglomération du Ier siècle avant notre ère aux Sources de l’Yonne, à 4 km des remparts de l’oppidum. The article offers a summary of the research carried out on Mont Beuvray and its surrounding area between 2009 and 2012 within the international research programme dedicated to the oppidum of Bibracte. New findings concern the monumental “îlot des Grandes Forges” and the domus PC1, the fortifications system (enclosure at the top of Le Porrey), the mine trench of the Pâture des Grangerands, etc. An important development is the opening of a new and very promising excavation section that rings the central shelf of the Parc aux Chevaux and the hill of the Theurot de la Roche, where various traces indicate private and public spaces, and a late phase of organisation that seems to have remained uncompleted.Research in the zone of Bibracte has not been neglected, with, for example, the delineation of a vast agglomeration from the 1st century BC at Les Sources de l’Yonne 4 kilometres from the ramparts of the oppidum. Dieser Artikel schlägt eine kurze Bilanz der Forschungen vor, die zwischen 2009 und 2012 auf dem Mont Beuvray und seiner Umgebung im Rahmen des dem Oppidum von Bibracte gewidmeten internationalen Forschungsprogramms durchgeführt wurden. Neue Erkenntnisse zu dem monumentalen Ensemble in der îlot des Grandes Forges und der domus PC1, dem System des Befestigungswerks (Umfriedung auf dem Gipfelplateau Le Porrey), der Bergwerksgrube der Pâture des Grangerands… Besonders zu bemerken ist die Eröffnung eines neuen sehr vielversprechenden Grabungssektors, der die zentrale Plattform des Parc aux Chevaux umfasst sowie den Gipfel des Theurot de la Roche mit unterschiedlichen Resten, die von öffentlichen und privaten Bereichen zeugen, zudem wurde eine späte Umgestaltungsphase erkannt, die anscheinend nicht fertiggestellt worden war.Auch die dem Territorium von Bibracte gewidmeten Forschungen ergaben interessante Erkenntnisse. Im Quellbereich der Yonne, 4 km von den Wällen des oppidums entfernt wurde z.B. eine größere Ortschaft des 1. Jh. v. Chr. erkannt.

12 pages; International audience; Although the potential of geometric morphometrics for the study of archaeological artefacts is recognised, quantitative evaluations of the concordance between such methods and traditional typology are rare. The present work seeks to fill this gap, using as a case study a corpus of 154 complete ceramic vessels from the Bibracte oppidum (France), the capital of the Celtic tribe Aedui from the Second Iron Age. Two outline-based approaches were selected: the Elliptic Fourier Analysis and the Discrete Cosine Transform. They were combined with numerous methods of standardisation/normalisation. Although standardisations may use either perimeter or surface, the resulting morphospaces remain comparable, and, interestingly, are also comparable with the morphospace built from traditional typology. Geometric morphometrics also present the advantage of being easily implemented and automated for large sets of artefacts. The method is reproducible and provides quantitative estimates, such as mean shape, and shape diversity of ceramic assemblages, allowing objective inferences to be statistically tested. The approach can easily be generalised and adopted for other kinds of artefacts, to study the level of production standardisation and the evolution of shape over space and time, and to provide information about material and cultural exchanges.

National audience

In: : Rapport sur le Mont Beuvray. 4 - Études spécialisées.

International audience

In: Rapport intermédiaire 2013 du programme quadriennal de recherche 2013-2016 sur le Mont Beuvray. 4 - Études spécialisées

Cet article propose un bilan des principales recherches effectuées sur le Mont Beuvray et dans ses environs entre 2006 et 2008 dans le cadre du programme international de recherche consacré à l’oppidum de Bibracte. Au terme de ce programme, plusieurs opérations de terrain s’achèvent et livrent des résultats inattendus ; c’est le cas de la fouille entre les remparts ou de celles de la minière de la Pâture des Grangerands. Signalons également les acquis importants issus de la fouille de l’ensemble monumental pré-augustéen de la Pâture du Couvent et les recherches sur l’environnement de Bibracte qui apportent régulièrement de nouvelles données. This paper assesses the main research carried out at the Mount Beuvray and its surroundings between 2006 and 2008 pertaining to the International Research programme of the Bibracte oppidum. At the programme’s completion, several excavations have provided unexpected results; this is the case for the excavation of the ramparts and the “Pâture des Grangerands” mine. We must also underline the knowledge gained from the excavation of the pre-Augustinian monumental ensemble of the “Pâture du Couvent” and the research into Bibracte’s environment. Dieser Artikel schlägt eine Bilanz der wichtigsten Forschungen vor, die zwischen 2006 und 2008 auf dem Mont Beuvray und in dessen Umgebung im Rahmen des dem Oppidum von Bibracte gewidmeten internationalen Forschungsprogramms durchgeführt wurden. Dieses Programm geht nun zu Ende; mehrere Grabungen werden abgeschlossen und liefern unerwartete Ergebnisse. Dies ist der Fall der Grabung zwischen den Befestigungswällen oder der des Bergwerksbetriebs der Pâture des Grangerands. Zu erwähnen sind ebenfalls die bedeutenden Ergebnisse der Grabung des voraugusteischen monumentalen Ensembles der Pâture du Couvent und die Untersuchungen der Umgebung von Bibracte, die regelmäßig neue Erkenntnisse liefern.

National audience

National audience