Search

Two-year research was carried out in 2014 and 2015 on the territory of the municipality of Leskovac, on alluvium land type. In the experiment, 6 maize hybrids of different vegetation lengths 400-600 were sown (ZP 434, NS 4023, ZP 555, NS 5051, ZP 666, NS 6030). The hybrid NS 6030 (10.248 t ha-1) had the highest average yield in 2014, while the hybrid FAO group 400 NS 4023 (9.467 t ha-1) had the lowest. The highest average yield in the year 2015, unfavorable for corn production, was achieved by the hybrid FAO group 400 ZP 434 (6.938 t ha-1) and the smallest yield by hybrid FAO group 600 NS 6030 (4.980 t ha-1). In 2015, being that the average temperatures were warmer than in 2014, and it had fewer amounts and worse distribution of precipitation, late sowing had a very bad effect on all hybrids, especially on FAO 600 hybrids.

The aim of the research was to examine the influence of sowing density on the yield of more maize hybrids of different vegetation lengths in the conditions of southern Serbia (Leskovac). For this purpose, during 2016 and 2017, an experiment was set up with 6 maize hybrids (ZP 434, NS 4023, ZP 555, NS 5051, ZP 666, NS 6030) and 3 sowing densities (71428; 57142 and 47619 plants ha-1). The experiment was set up according to the random block system in 3 repetitions and was processed by the method of analysis of variance. The results are shown as a two-year average and they showed that the average grain yield for all densities, depending on the hybrid, ranged from 9.33 t ha-1 in the hybrid NS 4020 to 11.16 t ha-1 in the hybrid ZP 555. Hybrids of medium and long vegetation period had significantly higher grain yields than hybrids with a shorter vegetation period. The average yield for all hybrids, depending on the sowing density, ranged from 10.06 t ha-1 at the highest sowing density to 10.66 t ha-1 at the medium sowing density. Hybrids with a shorter vegetation period achieved the highest average yields at the highest sowing density, while hybrids with a longer vegetation period had the highest average yields at the lowest sowing densities. The hybrids ZP 555 and NS 6030 had the highest average yields of 11.77 and 11.02 t ha-1 at medium and lower sowing densities, respectively. Based on this, it is recommended to sow hybrids of medium and longer vegetation period in the range of 57142 to 47619 plants ha-1.

Compacted soil causes weaker growth of the root system, weaker microbial activity, slowing down the absorption of water and nutrients, thus slowing down the growth of plants. Breeding plants on such soils result in reduced yields and increased production costs. This study was aimed to determine the impact of manure and mineral fertilizers on soil compaction and maize yield. The experiment was performed on the territory of the municipality of Leskovac on Smonitza soil type. The experiment included four variants of fertilization with organic and mineral fertilizers. Compaction was measured after sowing and after maize harvest, by penetrologger Eijkelkamp hardware, version 6.0, software version 6.03. The application of manure in combination with mineral fertilizers significantly reduced soil compaction. The highest compaction was recorded at a depth of 40-50 cm, after which it stagnated and slightly decreased to a depth of 80 cm. The average compaction measured after harvest was 24.10% higher than that measured after sowing. The soil moisture content was higher on plots with manure and mineral fertilizers than on non-fertilized plots. Maize yield was significantly higher in variants where manure was used together with mineral fertilizers compared to variants with the only use of mineral fertilizers and variants without fertilizers. Variants with the lowest soil compaction achieved the highest yields. The recommendation to maize producers is to apply more organic matter on heavy and compacted soils, primarily manure, but also mineral fertilizers, to have high and stable yields.

Soil fertility is a combination of mineral and biological properties of soil and the circulation of plant nutrients in the soil-plant system is constantly happening within it. In order for the root system to develop and function normally, it is necessary that there is enough oxygen in the soil. Only well-drained soils provide enough oxygen and good activity of microorganisms. Since most of the operations, from sowing to harvest, are performed with the help of heavy mechanization, soil compaction occurs and its structure deteriorates. Within compacted soil, there is a weaker development of the root system, weaker microbiological activity, slowing down the absorption of water and nutrients, thus slowing down the growth of plants. Growing plants on such soils result in reduced yields and increased production costs. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of manure and mineral fertilizers on soil compaction and maize yield. The experiment was performed on the territory of the municipality of Leskovac on smonica soil type. The experiment included four variants of fertilization with organic and mineral fertilizers. Compaction was measured after sowing and after maize harvest, by penetrologger Eijkelkamp hardware version 6.0, software version 6.03. The application of manure in combination with mineral fertilizers significantly reduced soil compaction. The greatest compaction was recorded at a depth of 40-50 cm, after which it stagnated and slightly decreased to a depth of 80 cm. The average compaction measured after harvest was 24.10% higher than that measured after sowing. The soil moisture content was higher on plots with manure and mineral fertilizers than on nonfertilized plots. Maize yield was significantly higher in variants where manure was used together with mineral fertilizers compared to variants with the only use of mineral fertilizers and variants without fertilizers. Variants with the lowest soil compaction achieved the highest yields. The recommenda

Precipitation and temperatures are of particular importance for maize production. The aim of these studies was to analyze the yields of different maize hybrids in years that were both favorable and unfavorable for their production. Thus, the yield of maize in 2020 and 2021 was analyzed in the area of Southern Serbia (Leskovac). The year 2020 can be considered favorable for the production of maize, primarily due to the amount of precipitation during the vegetation (436 mm) and its proper distribution in the summer months. The year 2021 can be considered unfavorable for the production of maize, which is especially evident by the small amount of precipitation during the growing season (219 mm). The influence of the year, especially the climatic conditions of the year, was very pronounced. Thus, the average yield in 2021 was lower by 36% compared to 2020. The influence of hybrids on yield was pronounced, and differences in yield were statistically very significant. Hybrids with a shorter vegetation period had good yields in the unfavorable (dry) year, all due to the earlier passing of silking, fertilization, and grain formation phases. In years favorable for maize production, such as 2020, hybrids with a longer vegetation period showed their genetic potential for yield and were more dominant than hybrids with a shorter vegetation period. If maize is grown on dry soil, it is recommended to sow more hybrids of different vegetation lengths, for safer production.

The results of the study of the influence of fertilization and calcification on the yield and yield components of winter triticale grown on low pH soil are presented in this paper. Five variants of fertilization were tested during three growing seasons. Trial treatments included different fertilization variants: V1-control, V2-N120, V3-N120P80K60, V4-N120P80K60 + 5 t ha- 1 of lime and V5-N120P80K60 + 5 t ha-1 of lime + 30 t ha-1 of manure. The results of the research showed that all yield components responded positively to the application of mineral nutrition by changing the production characteristics and grain quality. The variant with the combined application of NPK, lime and manure had the greatest positive effect on all tested parameters affecting triticale productivity. During the study, the highest yield of triticale 5.826 t ha-1 was obtained on the fertilization variant with the combined application of lime, manure and NPK fertilizers. The achieved increase in the grain yield of triticale was significant compared to the control and the NPK variant of fertilization. Highly significant positive dependencies were found between the grain yield with 1000-grain weight, and test weight and significant positive dependencies were found between 1000-grain weight and test weight. Theresearch highlighted the impact of different fertilizer treatments on the yield and grain quality traits of winter triticale.

Kukuruz (Zea mays L.) je vrlo važna ratarska kultura u Republici Srbiji i svetu, sa tendencijom povećanja proizvodnih površina i značaja na tržištu. Uspeh stabilne proizvodnje u velikoj meri zavisi od nivoa primenjene agrotehnike i umešnosti u izboru hibrida, kao i vremenskih prilika u toku procesa proizvodnje. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se tokom dvogodišnjih istraživanja utvrdi uticaj hibrida različitih FAO grupa zrenja i klimatskih prilika na prinos zrna kukuruza. Ispitivanja su obavljena tokom 2014. i 2015. godine na teritoriji opštine Leskovac. U ogledu je bilo zastupljeno 6 hibrida kukuruza (ZP 434, NS 4023, ZP 555, NS 5051, ZP 666, NS 6030), koji su zasejani sredinom aprila. Ogled je zasnovan po slučajnom blok sistemu, u tri ponavljanja. Uticaj hibrida različitih FAO grupa zrenja i različitih agroekoloških uslova na prinos zrna kukuruza bio je jako izražen. Najveći prosečan prinos tokom 2014. godine ostvario je hibrid NS 6030 (11.068 kg ha-1), dok je u 2015. godini najmanji prosečan prinos ostvario isti hibrid (6.443 kg ha-1). Ostvareni prinosi u 2014. godini kod svih ispitivanih hibrida značajno su veći u odnosu na prinose u 2015. godini., Maize (Zea mays L.) is a very important field crop in the Republic of Serbia and the world, with the tendency of further expansion of production area and market importance. The success of stable production depends to a large extent on the level of applied agricultural techniques and skill in the selection of hybrids, as well as weather conditions during the production process. The goal of the research was to determine the influence of hybrids of different FAO ripening groups and climatic conditions on the grain yield of corn during two years of research. The tests were carried out in 2014 and 2015 in the territory of the municipality of Leskovac. The trial included 6 maize hybrids (ZP 434, NS 4023, ZP 555, NS 5051, ZP 666, NS 6030), which were sown in mid-April. The experiment was based on a randomized block system, with three replications. The influence of hybrids of different FAO ripening groups and different agro-ecological conditions on corn grain yield was very pronounced. The highest average yield in 2014 was achieved by hybrid NS 6030 (11,068 kg ha-1), while the lowest yield in 2015 was achieved by the same hybrid (6,443 kg ha-1). The yields achieved in 2014 for all tested hybrids were significantly higher than the yields in 2015.

The results of the study of the influence of fertilization and calcification on the yield and yield components of winter triticale grown on low pH soil are presented in this paper. Five variants of fertilization were tested during three growing seasons. Trial treatments included different fertilization variants: V1-control, V2-N120, V3-N120P80K60, V4-N120P80K60 + 5 t ha- 1 of lime and V5-N120P80K60 + 5 t ha-1 of lime + 30 t ha-1 of manure. The results of the research showed that all yield components responded positively to the application of mineral nutrition by changing the production characteristics and grain quality. The variant with the combined application of NPK, lime and manure had the greatest positive effect on all tested parameters affecting triticale productivity. During the study, the highest yield of triticale 5.826 t ha-1 was obtained on the fertilization variant with the combined application of lime, manure and NPK fertilizers. The achieved increase in the grain yield of triticale was significant compared to the control and the NPK variant of fertilization. Highly significant positive dependencies were found between the grain yield with 1000-grain weight, and test weight and significant positive dependencies were found between 1000-grain weight and test weight. Theresearch highlighted the impact of different fertilizer treatments on the yield and grain quality traits of winter triticale.

Zeolite improves the structure of the soil and reduces acidity, which is of great significance for agricultural production that happens on soils with low pH values. It has shown exceptional results in improving soil characteristics, thus increasing the yield and quality of cultivated plants. The aim of our study was to determine the yield and some qualitative properties of numerous wheat varieties, depending on the mineral fertilizers and zeolites application. The experiments were performed in 2018/19 and 2019/20, in the area of Southern Serbia (Bojnik). The research involved 4 wheat varieties and 4 variants of fertilization, including mineral fertilizers and zeolite. The combination of mineral fertilizers and zeolites did not show noteworthy differences in the mass of 1000 grains when it comes to both varieties and fertilization variants. Hectolitre weight of grain was significantly higher on the variant with a combination of mineral fertilizers and zeolites than on the control variant. All fertilization variants had a significantly higher grain yield compared to the control variant. The variant on which the combination of mineral fertilizers and a higher dose of zeolite were applied achieved a significantly higher grain yield compared to the variant with mineral fertilizers. Varieties Pobeda and Nikol, with the application of mineral fertilizers and zeolite combination, achieved the highest yields. On acid soils, it is necessary to apply fertilizers and soil improvers so that the yields of cultivated plants will be satisfactory.

Zeolite is well known for the improvement of the structure of the soil due to the fact that it reduces its acidity, which is of high importance for agricultural production that takes place on soils with low pH values. It has shown exceptional results in improving soil characteristics, thus increasing the yield and quality of cultivated plants. The aim of our study was to determine the yield and some qualitative properties of numerous wheat varieties, depending on the mineral fertilizers and zeolites application. The experiments were performed in 2018/19 and 2019/20, in the area of Southern Serbia (Bojnik). The research involved 4 wheat varieties and 4 variants of fertilization, including mineral fertilizers and zeolite. The research results demonstrated that there were no major differences in the 1000 grains weight, regardless of the variety of wheat or variant of fertilization. The hectoliter grain weight of the wheat variant which was treated with the combination of mineral fertilizers and a higher dose of zeolite was considerably higher than the control variant weight. All fertilization variants had a significantly higher grain yield compared to the control variant. The variant on which the combination of mineral fertilizers and a higher dose of zeolite were applied achieved a significantly higher grain yield compared to the variant with mineral fertilizers. The application of zeolite in combination with mineral fertilizers increased the wheat yield as compared to those that were treated with mineral fertilizers alone, by an average of 370 kg ha-1. In addition to the selection of varieties (Pobeda and Nikol), the application of a combination of mineral fertilizers and zeolites proved to be effective for growing wheat on acidic soils in southern Serbia.

Wheat sowing at the optimum time is very important, especially from the aspect of vegetation length, timely wading and rooting of plants, plant development, nutrient utilization rate, and ultimately total wheat yield. It is often the case that due to unfavorable climatic factors, such as drought or heavy rainfall, a delay in the removal of pre-crop and similar occasions. sowing is not carried out at the optimum time. In this case, the plants are underdeveloped, some of them collapse during the winter and in the spring some stages of development are shortened, which altogether results in diminished yields. The paper shows the yield and some components of grain quality of several varieties of wheat sown in the optimal period (October) and in the late-term (early December). The experiments were carried out in 2016/17 and 2017/18, in the area of Southern Serbia (Leskovac) with 5 wheat varieties (Obsesija, Avenue, Sosthene, Farineli and Darija), under the same agro-ecological conditions on alluvium soil. Sowing in 2016/17 was done on October 30, and in 2017/18 on December 8. The results of the experiment show that the average yield of sowed wheat in the optimal period was 6.776 kg ha-1 and those sown in the delayed period 5.091 kg ha-1. The largest yield reductions were observed for the Avenue and Farineli varieties (2,490 and 1,960 kg ha-1). Also, the mass of 1000 grains and hectolitre mass were lower in delayed sowing. These data indicate the importance of an optimum deadline for sowing wheat, which is often not respected in production.

It frequently occurs that due to unfavorable climatic factors, sowing is not carried out at the optimum time so that the sowing must be done in the delayed sowing period. The aim of our research was to determine the yield and some qualitative components of several wheat varieties sown at the optimum time and in the delayed sowing time. The experiments were carried out in 2016/17 and 2017/18, in the area of Southern Serbia (Leskovac) with 5 wheat varieties (Opsesija, Avenue, Sosthene, Farinelli, and Darija), under the same agro-ecological conditions on alluvium soil. Sowing in 2016/17 was done on October 30th, and in 2017/18 on December 8th. According to the results of the experiments, it can be concluded that the grain moisture, 1000 grain weight, and hectolitre weight did not differ significantly between sowing terms, while there were significant differences among the varieties. The grain yield varied significantly, both depending on the sowing term and the wheat variety. The average decrease in yield in the delayed term compared to the optimal term was 24.8%. Thus, in the optimal term sowing varieties Avenue and Farinelli had the highest yields (7,760 and 7,170 kg ha-1), while in the delayed time sowing varieties Darija and Avenue had the highest yields (5,370 and 5,290 kg ha-1). The Darija variety had the least decrease in yield in the delayed sowing time, so we can recommend it for sowing in this area in the delayed term.

Poljski ogled sa sortama pšenice Pobeda, NS Vlajna i NS Azra postavljen je na zemljištu tipa smonica tokom vegetacionih sezona 2016/17. i 2017/18. godine. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se kod tri novosadske sorte pšenice gajene na slabo kiselom zemljištu analizira prinos, masa 1000 zrna i hektolitarska masa zrna. Najveće vrednosti ispitivanih osobina ustanovljene su u godini sa umerenim temperaturama i većom količinom padavina u vegetacionoj 2017/18. godini. Sorta Pobeda imala je najveći prinos zrna tokom dvogodišnjeg istraživanja. Najvećom masom 1000 zrna i hektolitarskom masom odlikovala se sorta NS Vlajna. Analizom varijanse ustanovljen je visoko značajan uticaj agroklimatskih uslova na hektolitarsku masu i visoko značajan uticaj genotipa na masu 1000 zrna i hektolitarsku masu kod ispitivanih sorti ozime pšenice., The field experiment with the wheat varieties Pobeda, NS Vlajna and NS Azra was set up on the smonica-type soil during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 growing seasons. The goal of the research was to analyze the yield, mass of 1000 grains and hectoliter mass of three wheat varieties of Novi Sad grown on slightly acidic soil. The highest values of the tested properties were established in the year with moderate temperatures and a higher amount of precipitation in the 2017/18 vegetation year. The Pobeda variety had the highest grain yield during the two-year study. The NS Vlajna variety was distinguished by the largest mass of 1000 grains and hectoliter mass. Analysis of variance established a highly significant influence of agroclimatic conditions on the hectoliter mass and a highly significant influence of the genotype on the mass of 1000 grains and hectoliter mass of the tested winter wheat varieties.

Wheat has high demands in terms of fertility and physical properties of the soil. The most successful cultivation is on fertile soils, where pH is 6.8-7.2. The soil is the basic substrate of plant rooting, and root growth depends on the depth of the layer, plant species, soil compaction, moisture, etc. The aim of this paper was to determine the yield of different varieties of wheat depending on the soil type and compaction. The trial was set during 2016/17. and 2017/18. in the territory of south Serbia (territory of Leskovac municipality), on two different types of soil (alluvium and vertisol). Four varieties of wheat were included in the experiment (Darija, Avenue, Carica and Sosthene). Compaction was measured after sowing and after harvest of wheat, with penetrometer Eijkelkamp hardware version 6.0, software version 6.03. The soil type and variety significantly influenced the average yield of wheat. Significantly higher average yields of all varieties of wheat were gained on the alluvium, related to the vertisol. Varieties Avenue and Sosthene had the highest average yields that were significantly higher than yields of varieties Daria and Carica, among which there were no significant differences. The higher soil compaction of the soil in the ploughing layer was on vertisol related to the alluvial soil. These data on average yields and soil compaction indicate the benefits of individual soil types for the wheat production.

The effect of movement of tractors and mobile systems on soil compaction and the yield of various maize hybrid. The aim of this paper was to determine the yield of different varieties of wheat depending on the soil type and compaction. The trial was set during 2016/17. and 2017/18. in the territory of south Serbia (territory of Leskovac municipality), on two different types of soil (alluvium and vertisol). Four varieties of wheat were included in the experiment (Darija, Avenue, Carica and Sosthene). The soil type and variety significantly influenced the average yield of wheat. Significantly higher average yields of all varieties of wheat were gained on the alluvium, related to the vertisol. Varieties Avenue and Sosthene had the highest average yields that were significantly higher than yields of varieties Daria and Carica, among which there were no significant differences. The higher soil compaction of the soil in the ploughing layer was on vertisol related to the alluvial soil. These data on average yields and soil compaction indicate the benefits of particular soil types for the wheat production.rids in the conditions of Southern Serbia, Cilj rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj različitih pova tala i zbijanja tla na prinos različitih sorata pšenice. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom 2016/17. i 2017/18. godine u južnoj Srbiji (područje općine Leskovac) na dva različita tipa tla (aluvij i vertisol). Istraživanje je uključivalo četiri sorte pšenice (Darija, Avenue, Carica i Sosthene). Tip tla i sorta pšenice značajno su utjecali na prosječni prinos pšenice. Značajno veći prosječni prinos svih sorata zabilježen je na aluvijalnom tlu u odnosu na vertisol. Sorte Avenue i Sosthene imale su najveći prosječni prinos koji je bio značajno veći u odnosu na prinos sorti Darija i Carica između kojih značajne razlike nisu utvrđene. Veća zbijenost tla u sloju na dubini oranja zabilježena je na vertisolu u odnosu na aluvijalno tlo. Dobiveni podaci o 7h/ub prosječnim prinosima i zbijanju tla ukazuju na utjecaj određenog tipa tla na proizvodnju pšenicu.

Cilj ovoga rada bio je da se utvrdi prinos različitih hibrida kukuruza (Zea mays L.) u zavisnosti od tipa i sabijenosti zemljišta. Ogled je postavljen tokom 2016. i 2017. godine na teritoriji opštine Leskovac, na tri različita tipa zemljišta (aluvijum, smonica i parapodzol). U ogledu je bilo uključeno 9 hibrida kukuruza različitih FAO grupa zrenja (NS 4051, AGR DIAN, ZP 427, NS 5211, ZP 555, AS 534, NS 6030, ZP 666 i Bećar). Najveći prosečni prinosi dobijeni su na aluvijumu, potom parapodzolu, a najmanji na smonici. Najveći prosečan prinos za sve tipove zemljišta dobijen je gajenjem hibrida iz FAO grupe zrenja 500, a najmanji gajenjem hibrida iz FAO grupe zrenja 400. Na zemljištu tipa smonice, najveći prosečni prinos dobijen je gajenjem hibrida iz FAO grupa zrenja 500, na zemljištu tipa parapodzol gajenjem hibrida iz FAO grupe zrenja 400, a na zemljištu tipa aluvijum, gajenjem hibrida iz FAO grupe zrenja 600. Najveći prosečni prinos (11,90 t ha-1) dobijen je gajenjem hibrida ZP 666 na zemljištu tipa aluvijum, a najmanji (4,60 t ha-1) gajenjem hibrida NS 6030, na zemljištu tipa smonice. Najveća sabijenost zemljišta u orničnom sloju utvrđena je na smonici, potom na parapodzolu, a najmanja na aluvijumu. Ovi podaci o prosečnim prinosima govore o pogodnostima pojedinih tipova zemljišta za proizvodnju kukuruza i daju smernice proizvođačima za odabir najrodnijih hibrida koje žele gajiti na svojim njivama.

The dry down rate of corn grain during maturation is influenced by a large number of environmental factors and properties of hybrids, and has a major effect on corn, reaching its full maturity. This is especially important for the timely soil tillage and planting of the next culture. The aim of this research was to determine the yield and dry down rate from corn grains depending on the hybrid and the sowing term, in the agro ecological conditions of South Serbia (Leskovac). For this purpose, an experiment was made during 2016 and 2017 on the territory of the municipality of Leskovac. Soil type was alluvium. The trial was planned according to the schedule of divided land plots, set up in three repetitions. This included 6 hybrids of different FAO maturity groups and three differing sowing terms. The results of the study show that the average content of water in the grain in physiological and technological maturity, at all the hybrids and sowing terms were in 2016 significantly lower than in 2017. The highest average yields in 2016 were achieved with hybrids of the FAO maturity group 600, in the 2nd and 3rd sowing term, while in 2017, the highest yields were recorded with hybrids of the FAO maturity group 500, during the 1st and 2nd sowing term. The average rate of dry down in 2016, in all hybrids, was the highest recorded in the 1st sowing term, and in the year 2017, in 2nd and 3rd sowing term. The most intense dry down rate period in both years, at the hybrids of the FAO maturity group 400 was in the second and third week of physiological maturity, while in FAO maturity hybrids groups 500 and 600 in the third and fourth week of physiological maturity., Brzina otpuštanja vode iz zrna kukuruza je posebno važna za raniju zriobu i pravovremenu obradu zemljišta za setvu naredne kulture. Cilj ovih istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi prinos i brzina otpuštanja vode iz zrna kukuruza u zavisnosti od hibrida i roka setve, u agroekološkim uslovima Juga Srbije (Leskovac). U tu svrhu postavljen je ogled tokom 2016. i 2017. godine na teritorije opštine Leskovac, na zemljištu tipa aluvijum. Ogled je bio postavljen po planu razdeljenih parcela u tri ponavljanja i uključivao je 6 hibrida različitih FAO grupa i tri roka. Prosečni sadržaj vode u zrnu u fiziološkoj i tehnološkoj zrelosti, kog svih hibrida i rokova setve u 2016. godini, bio je značajno manji nego u 2017. godini. Najveće prosečne prinose u 2016. godini imali su hibridi FAO grupe zrenja 600 i to u II i III roku setve, dok su u 2017. godini nejveće prinose ostvarili hibridi iz FAO grupe zrenja 500 i to u I i II roku setve. Prosečna brzina otpuštanja vode u 2016. godini, kod svih hibrida, bila je najveća u I roku setve, a u 2017. godini u II i III roku setve. Najintenzivniji period otpuštanja vode bio je od druge do četvrte nedelje od početka fiziološke zrelosti i razlikovao se u zavisnosti od FAO grupe zrenja. Ukoliko kukuruz gajimo u plodoredu sa pšenicom za preporuku, na ovom području, su hibridi iz FAO grupa zrenja 400 i 500. Ukoliko ga gajimo u plodoredu sa jarim kulturama poželjni su hibridi iz FAO grupe 600, posebno u povoljnim godinama.

The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) the effects of fertilization, environment, and their interactions on the thousand grain weight (TGW), hectolitre weight (HW) and grain yield (GY) of winter triticale, and (2) the correlations between these traits in different environments. The invariable nitrogen (80 kg N ha(-1)), potassium (60 kg K2O ha(-1)) and two phosphorus (60 and 100 kg P(2)O(5)ha(-1)) doses were used in Kragujevac location in central Serbia. Nitrogen was applied individually and in combination with two phosphorus rates and one rate of potassium fertilizer. Eight fertilization treatment controls and N-80, P-60, P-100, N80P60K60, N80P100K60, N(80)P(60)and N(80)P(100)were examined during three growing seasons. The yield and quality of triticale significantly varied across years and treatments. The average yield of all treatments in the 2015 growing season was significantly greater than in the previous years (3.597 t ha(-1)). Combined usage of NPK fertilizer (80 kg N ha(-1), 100 kg P(2)O(5)ha(-1)and 60 kg K2O ha(-1)) represented the excellent base for optimum supply of major nutrients, resulting in maximum GY (4.0 t ha(-1)). Negative and significant correlation was found between grain GY and TGW (-0.392*) in 2015, and positive highly significant correlation were in 2013 (0.648*) and 2014 (0.493*). The positive effect over complete application of fertilizer is the result of a lower pH value of the soil, as well as the low content of available phosphorus and potassium in Vertisol soil type. Optimizing fertilization for maximum profitability is of great importance in the future triticale production in Pannonian Environments.

Tests were carried out on stationary field trial, soil type vertisol in the process of degradation, characterized by low pH (pH<5.0). The dose of nitrogen was 80 kg/ha N, which was administered in combination with phosphorous and potassium fertilizer. The average grain yield and 1000 grain weight of all treatments in 2010/11 growing season was significantly greater than in 2009/10, mostly as the result of highly favourable weather conditions at major stages of plant development. The yield, thousand grain weight and test weight of barley significantly varied across years and treatments. Barley yield was the highest in the NP1K and NP2K (4.171 and 4.318 t/ha) treatments. Variance analysis showed statistically very significant differences for grain yield and test weight between the vegetation seasons and very significant differences for grain yield and 1000 grain weight between the effects of fertilization. Variance analysis showed significant differences for yield between the interaction of the vegetation seasons and variants of fertilization.

U radu je prikazan uticaj sorte i različitih doza primenjenog azota na prinos zrna i sadržaj proteina u zrnu ozimog tritikalea. Ogled je bio postavljen u periodu od 2010. do 2012. godine na severu Crne Gore, u okolini Bijelog Polja. Istraživanje je obuhvatalo 5 sorti ozimog tritikalea (Odisej, Kg-20, Trijumf, Rtanj i Tango) i sledeće varijante đubrenja: kontrola (bez đubrenja), samo azot u količini od 60 kg ha-1 i azot u količinama od 60 i 90 kg ha-1 u kombinaciji sa istom količinom fosfora i kalijuma (80 kg ha-1). Najmanji prosečan prinos zrna dobijen je na varijanti bez đubrenja – kontroli. Upotreba đubriva, kod svih ispitivanih sorti, dovela je do vrlo značajnog povećanja prinosa na svim varijantama u poređenju sa kontrolom. Najmanji prosečan prinos ostvarila je sorta Kg-20, a najveći sorta Tango. Najveći sadržaj proteina kod svih sorti ostvaren je na varijanti đubrenja gde je upotrebljen samo azot u količini od 60 kg ha-1. Najveći sadržaj proteina u zrnu, u proseku za sve varijante đubrenja, imala je sorta Trijumf. Podaci o ostvarenim prinosima i sadržaju proteina u zrnu, u zavisnosti od sorte i upotrebljene doze đubriva, govore o odlikama pojedinih sorti i mogu služiti kao kriterijum za izbor najpogodnije sorte za određene agroekološke uslove. Ovo je posebno značajno za gazdinstva orijentisana ka uzgoju stoke kojima obezbeđenje dovoljne količine kvalitetne hrane predstavlja prioritet.

In the research carried out in the period from 2009–2012, in the north of Montenegro, the influence of cultivar and different amounts of nitrogen on the productive traits of winter triticale was examined. The research covered 5 cultivars of winter triticale (Odyssey, Kg-20, Triumph, Rtanj and Tango). The experiment was set up by random block system in four repetitions. Unfertilized plot (the control) and three steps of N fertilization (60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1 N) on the same level of phosphorus and potassium (80 kg ha-1P2O5 + 80 kg ha-1 K2O) were applied. The results showed that genotypes respond to the application of mineral nutrients, as well as to the increased nitrogen levels by changing productive properties. Variety Tango had the highest average grain yield, while Kg-20 had the lowest. Also, Tango had the highest value of the 1000 grain weight, while variety Triumph had the highest value of hectolitre weight. The application of fertilizers has led to a very large and significant increase of yield compared to the control. Based on the analysis of variance, it can be concluded that there were highly significant differences in grain yield among years of the research and significant differences at the 1000 grain weight and hectolitre weight.

The use of low-cost or priceless feedstocks such as byproducts in biodiesel production results in a reduced overall process costs. The present paper reports the use of corn germs and corn cobs as byproducts from corn-based starch production in the biodiesel production by the methanolysis of the oil extracted from corn germs, catalyzed by the ash produced by combustion of corn cobs. The major aim was to optimize the methanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction time in a batch stirred reactor with respect to the content of methyl ester fatty acids (FAME). The statistical modeling and optimization were carried out using a second-order polynomial (quadratic) model developed by the response surface methodology combined with a 33 factorial design with 3 central points. The FAME content was determined by a high-pressure liquid chromatography method. The analysis of variance showed that only the catalyst amount, the reaction time, the catalyst amount interaction with reaction time and all three quadratic terms were the significant model terms with the confidence level of 95 %. The optimum reaction conditions (the catalyst amounts of 19.8 %, the methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9.4 mol/mol and the reaction time of 31 min) provided the FAME content of 98.1 %, which was in an excellent agreement with the predicted FAME content (98.4 %). Thus, both corn germs and corn cobs may be suitable feedstocks for biodiesel production., Upotreba jeftinih ili bezvrednih sirovina, kao što su sporedni proizvodi, u proizvodnji biodizela ima za rezultat smanjene ukupne troškove procesa. U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati upotrebe kukuruznih klica i okrunjenog kukuruznog klipa (kurdeljke, krudeljke) kao sporednih proizvoda iz proizvodnje kukuruznog skroba u proizvodnji biodizela metanolizom ulja izdvojenog iz kukuruznih klica, katalizovane pepelom dobijenim sagorevanjem kurdeljke. Glavni cilj je bila optimizacija molskog odnosa metanol-ulje, količine katalizatora i reakcionog vremena u šaržnom reaktoru sa mešanjem u odnosu na sadržaj metilestra masnih kiselina (MEMK). Statističko modelovanje i optimizacija izvršeni su korišćenjem kvadratnog modela, razvijenog metodologijom odzivne površine, u kombinaciji sa 33 faktorijelnim planom sa 3 centralne tačke. Sadržaj MEMK-a je određen metodom tečne hromatografije pod visokim pritiskom. Analiza varijanse je pokazala da su samo uticaji količine katalizatora, reakcionog vremena, interakcije količine katalizatora sa reakcionim vremenom i sva tri kvadratna člana statistički značajni sa nivoom pouzdanosti od 95 %. Pod optimalnim reakcionim uslovima (količina katalizatora 19,8 %, molski odnos metanol/ulje 9,4 mol/mol i reakciono vreme 31 min) dobijen je sadržaj MEMK-a od 98,1 %, koji se slaže sa predviđenim sadržajem MEMK-a (98,4 %). Prema tome, i kukuruzne klice i kurdeljka mogu biti pogodne sirovine za proizvodnju biodizela.

Proper protection and quality work of sprayer enable the optimization of the pesticide application and reduces the harmful effects on the environment and human health. The efficiency of the implemented protection is reflected in several aspects, and one of the most important is the quality of the work of sprayers, that is, the equality of pesticides distribution with nozzles. The paper presents an analysis and comparison of test results in the framework of the inspection of field crop sprayers in the exploitation conditions of central Serbia, in accordance with European standards EN 13790, which prescribes methods and equipment for inspection. The aim of the research was to determine the quality of the work of chests and the uniformity of the flow of various sprays, depending on the defined parameters. The test equipment used 'AAMSSALVARANI' measuring equipment, and the flow of the nozzles was measured by the SN S001 individual nozzles. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that the average values of the flow of the sprayer amounted to 0.954 l min-1 (typ A), 1.169 l min-1 (typ B), or until 1.190 l min-1 (sprayer typ C), where the coefficient of variation was in the range 12.24% to 29.49%., Pravilnom zaštitom i kvalitetnim radom prskalica omogućuje se optimizacija aplikacije pesticida i smanjuje štetni uticaj na životnu sredinu i zdravlje ljudi. Efikasnost izvedene zaštite ogleda se sa više aspekata a jedan od najznačajnijih je kvalitet rada prskalica, odnosno uniformnost distribucije pesticida rasprskivačima. Rad predstavlja analizu i upoređenje rezultata ispitivanja u sklopu inspekcijske kontrole ratarskih prskalica u eksploatacionim uslovima centralne Srbije, u skladu sa evropskim normama EN 13790 koji propisuje metode i opremu za obavljanje inspekcije. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi kvalitet rada prsaklica i uniformnost protoka različitih rasprskivača u zavisnosti od definisanih parametara. Za ispitivanje je korišćena merna oprema 'AAMSSALVARANI', a protok rasprskivača je meren pomoću ispitivača pojedinačnih rasprskivača SN S001. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da su prosečne vrednosti protoka rasprskivača iznosile 0,954 l min-1 (tip A), 1,169 l min-1 (tip B), odnosno 1,190 l min-1 (tip C), pri čemu je koeficijent varijacije bio u rasponu 12,24% do 29,49%.