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Edge reconstruction of gate-tunable compressible quantum Hall fluids in the filling fraction range 1/3 to 2/3 is studied by measuring transmitted conductance of two individually excited fractional $e^2/3h$ edge modes of bulk 2/3 fractional quantum Hall fluid. Our findings reveal that the measured transmitted conductance deviates from the fully equilibrated value for the filling fraction range 1/3 to 2/3 of the gate-tunable compressible quantum Hall fluids at higher magnetic fields. This observation suggests that at the boundary of the compressible fluid a reconstructed $e^2/3h$ fractional edge mode is present and the mode does not completely equilibrate with the inner dissipative bulk region. Consequently, this outer reconstructed edge mode supports adiabatic charge transport, allowing non-equilibrated current transport through the compressible region. These studies open new avenues for achieving robust fractional edge modes even in compressible quantum Hall fluids under strong magnetic fields, enhancing our understanding of edge state dynamics in these complex systems., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures

Semiconductor-superconductor hybrid nanocircuits are of high interest due to their potential applications in quantum computing. Semiconductors with a strong spin-orbit coupling and large $g$-factor are particularly attractive since they are the basic building blocks of novel qubit architectures. However, for the engineering of these complex circuits, the building blocks must be characterized in detail. We have investigated a Josephson junction where the weak link is a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) hosted in an InAs/InGaAs heterostructure grown on a GaAs substrate. We employed the in-situ epitaxially grown Al layer as superconducting contacts to form an rf SQUID, and also to create a microwave resonator for sensing the Josephson inductance. We determined the gate-dependent current-phase relation, and observed supercurrent interference in out-of-plane magnetic fields. With the application of an in-plane magnetic field, we induced asymmetry in the interference pattern, which was found to be anisotropic in the device plane.

Nonlocal metasurfaces are currently emerging as advanced tools for the manipulation of electromagnetic radiation, going beyond the widely explored Huygens metasurface concept. Nonetheless, the lack of an unified approach for their fast and efficient tunability still represents a serious challenge to overcome. In this article we report on gigahertz modulation of a dielectric slab-based, nonlocal (i.e. angle-dispersive) metasurface, whose operation relies on the optomechanical coupling with a mechanical wave excited piezoelectrically by a transducer integrated on the same chip. Importantly, the metasurface region is free from any conductive material, thus eliminating optical losses, and making our device of potential interest for delicate environments such as high-power apparatuses or quantum optical systems.

In ordered magnets, the elementary excitations are spin waves (magnons), which obey Bose-Einstein statistics. Similarly to Cooper pairs in superconductors, magnons can be paired into bound states under attractive interactions. The Zeeman coupling to a magnetic field is able to tune the particle density through a quantum critical point (QCP), beyond which a "hidden order" is predicted to exist. Here we report direct observation of the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of the two-magnon bound state in Na$_2$BaNi(PO$_4$)$_2$. Comprehensive thermodynamic measurements confirmed the two-dimensional BEC-QCP at the saturation field. Inelastic neutron scattering experiments were performed to establish the microscopic model. An exact solution revealed stable 2-magnon bound states that were further confirmed by electron spin resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, demonstrating that the QCP is due to the pair condensation and the phase below saturation field is likely the long-sought-after spin nematic phase., Comment: 53 pages, 31 figures. Accepted by Nature Materials

Understanding and control of thermal transport in solids at nanoscale is crucial to engineer and to enhance properties of a new generation of optoelectronic, thermoelectric, and photonic devices. In this regard, semiconductor superlattice structures provide a unique platform to study phenomena associated with phonon propagations in solids such as heat conduction. Transient X-ray diffraction can directly probe atomic motions and therefore is among the rare techniques sensitive to phonon dynamics in a condensed matter. Here, we study optically induced transient heat conduction in GaAs/AlAs superlattice structures using EIGER2 detector. Benchmark experiments have been performed at the Austrian SAXS beamline at Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste that operated in the hybrid filling mode. We demonstrate that drifts of experimental conditions, such as synchrotron beam fluctuations, become less essential when utilizing EIGER2 double gating mode that results in a faster acquisition of high quality data and facilitates data analysis and data interpretation., Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, 1 table

We demonstrate that absorption saturation of a mid-infrared intersubband transition can be engineered to occur at moderate light intensities of the order of 10-20 kW$.$cm$^{-2}$ and at room temperature. The structure consists of an array of metal-semiconductor-metal patches hosting a judiciously designed 253 nm thick GaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor heterostructure. At low incident intensity the structure operates in the strong light-matter coupling regime and exhibits two absorption peaks at wavelengths close to 8.9 $\mu$m. Saturation appears as a transition to the weak coupling regime - and therefore to a single-peaked absorption - when increasing the incident intensity. Comparison with a coupled mode theory model explains the data and permits to infer the relevant system parameters. When the pump laser is tuned at the cavity frequency, the reflectivity decreases with increasing incident intensity. When instead the laser is tuned at the polariton frequencies, the reflectivity non-linearly increases with increasing incident intensity. At those wavelengths the system therefore mimics the behavior of a saturable absorption mirror (SESAM) in the mid-IR range, a technology that is currently missing.

We have studied a near-surface two-dimensional electron gas based on an InAs quantum well on a GaAs substrate. In devices without a dielectric layer we estimated large electron mobilities on the order of $10^5$ cm$^2$/Vs. We have observed quantized conductance in a quantum point contact, and determined the g-factor. Using samples with an epitaxial Al layer, we defined multiple Josephson junctions and found the critical current to be gate tunable. Based on multiple Andreev reflections the semiconductor-superconductor interface is transparent, with an induced gap of 125 ${\mu}$eV. Our results demonstrate the viability of this platform for hybrid topological superconductor devices.

Conductance of the edge modes as well as conductance across the co-propagating edge modes around the \nu = 4/3, 5/3 and 2 quantum Hall states are measured by individually exciting the modes. Temperature dependent equilibration rates of the outer unity conductance edge mode are presented for different filling fractions. We find that the equilibration rate of the outer unity conductance mode at \nu = 2 is higher and more temperature sensitive compared to the mode at fractional filling 5/3 and 4/3. At lowest temperature, equilibration length of the outer unity conductance mode tends to saturate with lowering filling fraction \nu by increasing magnetic field B. We speculate this saturating nature of equilibration length is arising from an interplay of Coulomb correlation and spin orthogonality., Comment: 7 pages

Applications relying on mid-infrared radiation (Mid-IR, $\lambda\sim$ 3-30 $\mu$m) have progressed at a very rapid pace in recent years, stimulated by scientific and technological breakthroughs. Mid-IR cameras have propelled the field of thermal imaging. And the invention of the quantum cascade laser (QCL) has been a milestone, making compact, semiconductor-based mid-IR lasers available to a vast range of applications. All the recent breakthrough advances stemmed from the development of a transformative technology. In addition to the generation and detection of light, a key functionality for most photonics systems is the electrical control of the amplitude and/or phase of an optical beam at ultra-fast rates (GHz or more). However, standalone, broadband, integrated modulators are missing from the toolbox of present mid-IR photonics integrated circuits and systems developers. We have developed a free-space amplitude modulator for mid-IR radiation ($\lambda\sim$ 10 $\mu$m) that can operate up to at least 1.5 GHz (-3dB cut-off at $\sim$ 750 MHz) and at room-temperature. The device relies on a semiconductor hetero-structure enclosed in a judiciously designed metal-metal optical resonator. At zero bias, it operates in the strong light-matter coupling regime up to 300K. By applying an appropriate bias, the device transitions to the weak coupling regime. The large change in reflectivity due to the disappearance of the polaritonic states is exploited to modulate the intensity of a mid-IR continuous-wave laser up to speeds of more than 1.5 GHz.

Fractional conductance is measured by partitioning $\nu = 1$ edge state using gate-tunable fractional quantum Hall (FQH) liquids of filling 1/3 or 2/3 for current injection and detection. We observe two sets of FQH plateaus 1/9, 2/9, 4/9 and 1/6, 1/3, 2/3 at low and high magnetic field ends of the $\nu = 1$ plateau respectively. The findings are explained by magnetic field dependent equilibration of three FQH edge modes with conductance $e^2/3h$ arising from edge reconstruction. The results reveal remarkable enhancement of the equilibration lengths of the FQH edge modes with increasing field., Comment: Supplemental information included

Symmetry principles and theorems are of crucial importance in optics. Indeed, from one side they allow to get direct insights into phenomena by eliminating unphysical interpretations; from the other side, they guide the designer of photonic components by narrowing down the parameter space of design variables. In this Letter we illustrate a significant departure from the Babinet spectral complementarity in a very common and technologically relevant situation: that of a patterned conducting screen placed on a subwavelength dielectric slab. The symmetry property predicted by Babinet theorem is correctly recovered for pairs of geometrically complementary - but less realistic in terms of applications - free-standing patterned screens. Our analysis merges experimental data with fully vectorial electromagnetic modeling, and provides also an alternative form of Babinet theorem that highlights a connection with the concept of electromagnetic duality.

We demonstrate a programmable quantum Hall circuit that implements a novel iterative voltage bisection scheme and allows obtaining any binary fraction $(k/2^n)$ of the fundamental resistance quantum $R_K/2=h/2e^2$. The circuit requires a number $n$ of bisection stages that only scales logarithmically with the precision of the fraction. The value of $k$ can be set to any integer between 1 and $2^n$ by proper gate configuration. The architecture exploits gate-controlled routing, mixing and equilibration of edge modes of robust quantum Hall states. The device does not contain {\em any} internal ohmic contact potentially leading to spurious voltage drops. Our scheme addresses key critical aspects of quantum Hall arrays of resistance standards, which are today widely studied and used to create custom calibration resistances. The approach is demonstrated in a proof-of-principle two-stage bisection circuit built on a high-mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure operating at a temperature of $260\,{\rm mK}$ and a magnetic field of $4.1\,{\rm T}$., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, plus SI

We provide an analysis of the electromagnetic modes of three-dimensional metamaterial resonators in the THz frequency range. The fundamental resonance of the structures is fully described by an analytical circuit model, which not only reproduces the resonant frequencies but also the coupling of the metamaterial with an incident THz radiation. We also evidence the contribution of the propagation effects, and show how they can be reduced by design. In the optimized design the electric field energy is lumped into ultra-subwavelength ($\lambda$/100) capacitors, where we insert semiconductor absorber based on the collective electronic excitation in a two dimensional electron gas. The optimized electric field confinement is evidenced by the observation of the ultra-strong light-matter coupling regime, and opens many possible applications for these structures for detectors, modulators and sources of THz radiation.

In contrast to interband excitons in undoped quantum wells, doped quantum wells do not display sharp resonances due to excitonic bound states. In these systems the effective Coulomb interaction between electrons and holes typically only leads to a depolarization shift of the single-electron intersubband transitions. Non-perturbative light-matter interaction in solid-state devices has been investigated as a pathway to tune optoelectronic properties of materials. A recent theoretical work [Cortese et al., Optica 6, 354 (2019)] predicted that, when the doped quantum wells are embedded in a photonic cavity, emission-reabsorption processes of cavity photons can generate an effective attractive interaction which binds electrons and holes together, leading to the creation of an intraband bound exciton. Spectroscopically, this bound state manifests itself as a novel discrete resonance which appears below the ionisation threshold only when the coupling between light and matter is increased above a critical value. Here we report the first experimental observation of such a bound state using doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells embedded in metal-metal resonators whose confinement is high enough to permit operation in strong coupling. Our result provides the first evidence of bound states of charged particles kept together not by Coulomb interaction, but by the exchange of transverse photons. Light-matter coupling can thus be used as a novel tool in quantum material engineering, tuning electronic properties of semiconductor heterostructures beyond those permitted by mere crystal structures, with direct applications to mid-infrared optoelectronics.

Hybrid superconductor/semiconductor devices constitute a powerful platform to investigate the emergence of new topological state of matter. Among all possible semiconductor materials, InAs represents a promising choice, owing to its high quality, large g-factor and spin-orbit component. Here, we report on InAs-based devices both in one-dimensional and two-dimensional configurations. In the former, low-temperature measurements on a suspended nanowire are presented, inspecting the intrinsic spin-orbit contribution of the system. In the latter, Josephson Junctions between two Nb contacts comprising an InAs quantum well are investigated. Supercurrent flow is reported, with Nb critical temperature up to T_c~8K. Multiple Andreev reflection signals are observed in the dissipative regime. In both systems, we show that the presence of external gates represents a useful knob, allowing for wide tunability and control of device properties, such as spin-orbit coherence length or supercurrent amplitude., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures (Proceeding of the SPIE conference)

Photonic band structures are a typical fingerprint of periodic optical structures, and are usually observed in spectroscopic quantities such as transmission, reflection and absorption. Here we show that also the chiro-optical response of a metasurface constituted by a lattice of non-centrosymmetric, L-shaped holes in a dielectric slab shows a band structure, where intrinsic and extrinsic chirality effects are clearly recognized and connected to localized and delocalized resonances. Superchiral near-fields can be excited in correspondence to these resonances, and anomalous behaviors as a function of the incidence polarization occur. Moreover, we introduce a singular value decomposition (SVD) approach to show that the above mentioned effects are connected to specific fingerprints of the SVD spectra. Finally, we demonstrate by means of an inverse design technique that the metasurface based on an L-shaped hole array is a minimal one. Indeed, its unit cell geometry depends on the smallest number of parameters needed to implement arbitrary transmission matrices compliant with the general symmetries for 2d-chiral structures. These observations enable more powerful wave operations in a lossless photonic environment.

Hybrid semiconductor/superconductor devices constitute an important platform for a wide range of applications, from quantum computing to topological-state-based architectures. Here, we demonstrate full modulation of the interference pattern in a superconducting interference device with two parallel islands of ballistic InAs quantum wells separated by a trench, by acting independently on two side-gates. This so far unexplored geometry enables us to tune the device with high precision from a SQUID-like to a Fraunhofer-like behavior simply by electrostatic gating, without the need for an additional in-plane magnetic field. These measurements are successfully analyzed within a theoretical model of an extended tunnel Josephson junction, taking into account the focusing factor of the setup. The impact of these results on the design of novel devices is discussed.

We developed a technique that enables to replace a metallic waveguide cladding with a low-index (n $\sim$ 1.4) material - CaF2 or BaF2 - that in addition is transparent from the mid-IR up to the visible range: elevated confinement is preserved while introducing an optical entryway through the substrate. Replacing the metallic backplane also allows double-side patterning of the active region. Using this approach, we demonstrate strong light-matter coupling between an intersubband transition (lambda $\sim$ 10 microns) and a dispersive resonator, at 300 K and at 78 K. Finally, we evaluate the potential of this approach as a platform for waveguiding in the mid-IR spectral range, with numerical simulations that reveal losses in the 1-10 cm$^{-1}$ range., Comment: just accepted in optics express

Electromagnetic fields coupled with mechanical degrees of freedom have recently shown exceptional and innovative applications, ultimately leading to mesoscopic optomechanical devices operating in the quantum regime of motion. Simultaneously, micromechanical elements have provided new ways to enhance and manipulate the optical properties of passive photonic elements. Following this concept, in this article we show how combining a chiral metasurface with a GaAs suspended micromembrane can offer new scenarios for controlling the polarization state of near-infrared light beams. Starting from the uncommon properties of chiral metasurface to statically realize target polarization states and circular and linear dichroism, we report mechanically induced, ~300 kHz polarization modulation, which favorably compares, in terms of speed, with liquid-crystals commercial devices. Moreover, we demonstrate how the mechanical resonance can be non-trivially affected by the input light polarization (and chiral state) via a thermoelastic effect triggered by intracavity photons. This work inaugurates the field of Polarization Optomechanics, which could pave the way to fast polarimetric devices, polarization modulators and dynamically tunable chiral state generators and detectors, as well as giving access to new form of polarization nonlinearities and control.

Hybrid superconductor/semiconductor devices constitute a powerful platform where intriguing topological properties can be investigated. Here we present fabrication methods and analysis of Josephson junctions formed by a high-mobility InAs quantum-well bridging two Nb superconducting contacts. We demonstrate supercurrent flow with transport measurements, critical temperature of 8.1 K, and critical fields of the order of 3 T. Modulation of supercurrent amplitude can be achieved by acting on two side gates lithographed close to the two-dimensional electron gas. Low-temperature measurements reveal also well-developed quantum Hall plateaus, showing clean quantization of Hall conductance. Here the side gates can be used to manipulate channel width and electron carrier density in the device. These findings demonstrate the potential of these hybrid devices to investigate the coexistence of superconductivity and Quantum Hall effect and constitute the first step in the development of new device architectures hosting topological states of matter.

Polaritons are quasi-particles originating from the coupling of light with matter that demonstrated quantum phenomena at the many-particle mesoscopic level, such as BEC and superfluidity. A highly sought and long-time missing feature of polaritons is a genuine quantum manifestation of their dynamics at the single-particle level. Although they are conceptually perceived as entangled states and theoretical proposals abound for an explicit manifestation of their single-particle properties, so far their behaviour has remained fully accountable for by classical and mean-field theories. In this Article, we report the first experimental demonstration of a genuinely-quantum manifestation of microcavity polaritons, by swapping, in a two-photon entangled state generated by parametric down-conversion, a photon for a polariton. Furthermore, we show how single polaritons are affected by polariton-polariton interactions in a propaedeutic demonstration of their qualities for quantum information applications., Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures

We demonstrate room-temperature strong-coupling between a mid-infrared ($\lambda$=9.9 $\mu$m) intersubband transition and the fundamental cavity mode of a metal-insulator-metal resonator. Patterning of the resonator surface enables surface-coupling of the radiation and introduces an energy dispersion which can be probed with angle-resolved reflectivity. In particular, the polaritonic dispersion presents an accessible energy minimum at k=0 where - potentially - polaritons can accumulate. We also show that it is possible to maximize the coupling of photons into the polaritonic states and - simultaneously - to engineer the position of the minimum Rabi splitting at a desired value of the in-plane wavevector. This can be precisely accomplished via a simple post-processing technique. The results are confirmed using the temporal coupled mode theory formalism and their significance in the context of the concept of strong critical coupling is highlighted.

Photonic components based on structured metallic elements show great potential for device applications where field enhancement and confinement of the radiation on a subwavelength scale is required. In this paper we report a detailed study of a prototypical metallo-dielectric photonic structure, where features well known in the world of dielectric photonic crystals, like band gaps and defect modes, are exported to the metallic counterpart, with interesting applications to infrared science and technology, as for instance in quantum well infrared photodetectors, narrow-band spectral filters, and tailorable thermal emitters.

The ability to feed energy into a system, or - equivalently - to drive that system with an external input is a fundamental aspect of light-matter interaction. The key concept in many photonic applications is the "critical coupling" condition: at criticality, all the energy fed to the system via an input channel is dissipated within the system itself. Although this idea was crucial to enhance the efficiency of many devices, it was never considered in the context of systems operating in a non-perturbative regime. In this so-called strong coupling regime, the matter and light degrees of freedom are in fact mixed into dressed states, leading to new eigenstates called polaritons. Here we demonstrate that the strong coupling regime and the critical coupling condition can indeed coexist; in this situation, which we term strong critical coupling, all the incoming energy is converted into polaritons. A semiclassical theory - equivalently applicable to acoustics or mechanics - reveals that the strong critical coupling corresponds to a special curve in the phase diagram of the coupled light-matter oscillators. In the more general case of a system radiating via two scattering ports, the phenomenology displayed is that of coherent perfect absorption (CPA), which is then naturally understood and described in the framework of critical coupling. Most importantly, we experimentally verify polaritonic CPA in a semiconductor-based intersubband-polariton photonic-crystal membrane resonator. This result opens new avenues in the exploration of polariton physics, making it possible to control the pumping efficiency of a system almost independently of its Rabi energy, i.e., of the energy exchange rate between the electromagnetic field and the material transition.

In this article we report about linear and nonlinear optical properties of intersubband cavity polariton samples, where the resonant photonic mode is a defect state in a metallo-dielectric photonic crystal slab. By tuning a single geometric parameter of the resonator, the cavity Q-factor can reach values as large as 85, with a consequent large cooperativity for the light-matter interaction. We show that a device featuring large cooperativity leads to sharp saturation, or even bistability, of the polariton states. This nonlinear dynamics occurs at the crossover between the weak and the strong coupling regimes, where the weak critical coupling concept plays a fundamental role.

The origin of the anomalous transport feature appearing at conductance G \approx 0.7 x (2e2/h) in quasi-1D ballistic devices - the so-called 0.7 anomaly - represents a long standing puzzle. Several mechanisms were proposed to explain it, but a general consensus has not been achieved. Proposed explanations are based on quantum interference, Kondo effect, Wigner crystallization, and more. A key open issue is whether point defects that can occur in these low-dimensional devices are the physical cause behind this conductance anomaly. Here we adopt a scanning gate microscopy technique to map individual impurity positions in several quasi-1D constrictions and correlate these with conductance characteristics. Our data demonstrate that the 0.7 anomaly can be observed irrespective of the presence of localized defects, and we conclude that the 0.7 anomaly is a fundamental property of low-dimensional systems.

The optical response of a heavily doped quantum well, with two occupied subbands, has been investigated as a function of the electronic density. It is shown that the two optically active transitions are mutually coupled by dipole-dipole Coulomb interaction, which strongly renormalizes their absorption amplitude. In order to demonstrate this effect, we have measured a set of optical spectra on a device in which the electronic density can be tuned by the application of a gate voltage. Our results show that the absorption spectra can be correctly described only by taking into account the Coulomb coupling between the two transitions. As a consequence, the optical dipoles originating from intersubband transitions are not independent, but rather coupled oscillators with an adjustable strength.

We have investigated the transition from strong to ultra-strong coupling regime between a mid-infrared intersubband excitation and the fundamental mode of a metal-dielectric-metal microcavity. The ultra-strong coupling regime is demonstrated up to room temperature for a wavelength of $11.7 \mu$m by using 260 nm thick cavities, which impose an extreme sub-wavelength confinement. By varying the doping of our structures we show that the experimental signature of the transition to the ultra-strong coupling regime is the opening of a photonic gap in the polariton dispersion. The width of this gap depends quadratically on the ratio between the Rabi and intersubband transition energies.

We exploit the biased tip of a scanning gate microscope (SGM) to induce a controlled backscattering between counter-propagating edge channels in a wide constriction in the quantum Hall regime. We compare our detailed conductance maps with a numerical percolation model and demonstrate that conductance fluctuations observed in these devices as a function of the gate voltage originate from backscattering events mediated by localized states pinned by potential fluctuations. Our imaging technique allows us to identify the necessary conditions for the activation of these backscattering processes and also to reconstruct the constriction confinement potential profile and the underlying disorder.

Transport experiments provide conflicting evidence on the possible existence of fractional order within integer quantum Hall systems. In fact integer edge states sometimes behave as monolithic objects with no inner structure, while other experiments clearly highlight the role of fractional substructures. Recently developed low-temperature scanning probe techniques offer today an opportunity for a deeper-than-ever investigation of spatial features of such edge systems. Here we use scanning gate microscopy and demonstrate that fractional features were unambiguously observed in every integer quantum Hall constriction studied. We present also an experimental estimate of the width of the fractional incompressible stripes corresponding to filling factors 1/3, 2/5, 3/5, and 2/3. Our results compare well with predictions of the edge-reconstruction theory.

When two separately contacted quantum Hall (QH) edge channels are brought into interaction, they can equilibrate their imbalance via scattering processes. In the present work we use a tunable QH circuit to implement a junction between co-propagating edge channels whose length can be controlled with continuity. Such a variable device allows us to investigate how current-voltage characteristics evolve when the junction length d is changed. Recent experiments with fixed geometry reported a significant reduction of the threshold voltage for the onset of photon emission, whose origin is still under debate. Our spatially resolved measurements reveal that this threshold shift depends on the junction length. We discuss this unexpected result on the basis of a model which demonstrates that a heating of electrons is the dominant process responsible for the observed reduction of the threshold voltage.

Topologically-protected edge states are dissipationless conducting surface states immune to impurity scattering and geometrical defects that occur in electronic systems characterized by a bulk insulating gap. One example can be found in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) under high magnetic field in the quantum Hall regime. Based on the coherent control of the coupling between these protected states, several theoretical proposals for the implementation of information processing architectures were proposed. Here we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a new method that allows us to controllably couple co-propagating spin-resolved edge states of a QH insulator. The scheme exploits a spatially-periodic in-plane magnetic field that is created by an array of Cobalt nano-magnets placed at the boundary of the 2DEG. A maximum charge/spin transfer of about 28% is achieved at 250 mK. This result may open the way to the realization of scalable quantum-information architectures exploiting the spin degree of freedom of topologically-protected states., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures

We report low-temperature transport measurements performed on a planar Nb-InGaAs-Nb proximity Josephson junction hosting a gate-defined lateral quantum dot in the weak-link. We first study quasiparticle and Josephson transport through the open junction, when all gates are grounded. When the quantum dot is defined in the normal region by electrostatic depletion, cotunneling spectroscopy allows us to directly probe the energy gap induced in the two dimensional electron gas. Our data show good qualitative agreement with a model describing resonant tunneling through an Anderson impurity connected to superconducting electrodes. These results demonstrate the feasibility of top-gated nanodevices based on a two-dimensional electron gas coupled to a superconductor., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures

We demonstrate an innovative quantum Hall circuit with variable geometry employing the moveable electrostatic potential induced by a biased atomic force microscope tip. We exploit this additional degree of freedom to identify the microscopic mechanisms that allow two co-propagating edge channels to equilibrate their charge imbalance. Experimental results are compared with tight-binding simulations based on a realistic model for the disorder potential. This work provides also an experimental realization of a beam mixer between co-propagating edge channels, a still elusive building block of a recently proposed new class of quantum interferometers.

We report the realization of a hybrid superconductor-quantum dot device by means of top-down nanofabrication starting from a two dimensional electron gas in a InGaAs/InAlAs semiconductor heterostructure. The quantum dot is defined by electrostatic gates placed within the normal region of a planar Nb-InGaAs quantum well-Nb junction. Measurements in the regime of strong Coulomb blockade as well as cotunneling spectroscopy allow to directly probe the proximity-induced energy gap in a ballistic two-dimensional electron gas coupled to superconductors., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures

We demonstrate local detection of the electron temperature in a two-dimensionalmicrodomain using a quantum dot. Our method relies on the observation that a temperature bias across the dot changes the functional form of Coulomb-blockade peaks. We apply our results to the investigation of electron-energy relaxation at subkelvin temperatures, find that the energy flux from electrons into phonons is proportional to the fifth power of temperature, and give a measurement of the coupling constant., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

We demonstrate the Au-assisted growth of semiconductor nanowires on different engineered substrates. Two relevant cases are investigated: GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures capped by a $50 {\rm nm}$-thick InAs layer grown by molecular beam epitaxy and a $2 {\rm \mu m}$-thick InAs buffer layer on Si(111) obtained by vapor phase epitaxy. Morphological and structural properties of substrates and nanowires are analyzed by atomic force and transmission electron microscopy. Our results indicate a promising direction for the integration of III-V nanostructures on Si-based electronics as well as for the development of novel micromechanical structures., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, suppl.mat

Controllable point junctions between different quantum Hall phases are a necessary building block for the development of mesoscopic circuits based on fractionally-charged quasiparticles. We demonstrate how particle-hole duality can be exploited to realize such point-contact junctions. We show an implementation for the case filling factors $\nu=1$ and $\nu^*\le1$ in which both the fractional filling $\nu^*$ and the coupling strength can be finely and independently tuned. A peculiar crossover from insulating to conducting behavior as $\nu^*$ goes from 1/3 to 1 is observed. These results highlight the key role played on inter-edge tunneling by local charge depletion at the point contact., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, suppl.mat

A surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) driven light-emitting-diode structure that can implement a single-photon-source for quantum-cryptography applications is demonstrated. Our lateral n-i-p junction is realized starting from an undoped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well by gating. It incorporates interdigitated transducers for SAW generation and lateral gates for current control. We demonstrate acoustoelectric transport and SAW-driven electroluminescence. The acoustoelectric current can be controlled down to complete pinch-off by means of the lateral gates.

Transport properties of high quality Nb/semiconductor/Nb long Josephson junctions based on metamorphic In_0.75Ga_0.25As epitaxial layers are reported. Different junction geometries and fabrication procedures are presented that allow a systematic comparison with quasiclassical theory predictions. The impact of junction transparency is highlighted and a procedure capable of yielding a high junction quality factor is identified., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures

In a microcavity, light-matter coupling is quantified by the vacuum Rabi frequency $\Omega_R$. When $\Omega_R$ is larger than radiative and non-radiative loss rates, the system eigenstates (polaritons) are linear superposition of photonic and electronic excitations, a condition actively investigated in diverse physical implementations. Recently, a quantum electrodynamic regime (ultra-strong coupling) was predicted when $\Omega_R$ becomes comparable to the transition frequency. Here we report unambiguous signatures of this regime in a quantum-well intersubband microcavity. Measuring the cavity-polariton dispersion in a room-temperature linear optical experiment, we directly observe the anti-resonant light-matter coupling and the photon-energy renormalization of the vacuum field.

Electron-phase modulation in magnetic and electric fields will be presented in In_(0.75)Ga_(0.25)As Aharonov-Bohm (AB) rings. The zero Schottky barrier of this material made it possible to nanofabricate devices with radii down to below 200 nm without carrier depletion. We shall present a fabrication scheme based on wet and dry etching that yielded excellent reproducibility, very high contrast of the oscillations and good electrical gating. The operation of these structures is compatible with closed-cycle refrigeration and suggests that this process can yield coherent electronic circuits that do not require cryogenic liquids. The InGaAs/AlInAs heterostructure was grown by MBE on a GaAs substrate [1], and in light of the large effective g-factor and the absence of the Schottky barrier is a material system of interest for the investigation of spin-related effects [2-4]} and the realization of hybrid superconductor/semiconductor devices [5]., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Physica E

We report measurements of spin susceptibility of a two-dimensional hole gas confined at an GaAs/AlGaAs interface in density range from 2.8 x 10^10 to 6.5 x 10^10 cm-2. We used the method of spin polarization of carriers in parallel magnetic field. We observed an enhancement of the spin susceptibility over the bulk value that increases as the density is decreased in qualitative agreement with Quantum Monte Carlo calculations. The measured enhancement factor increases from 2.8 to 4.8 as the hole density is decreased.

Gate-voltage control of inter-edge tunneling at a split-gate constriction in the fractional quantum Hall regime is reported. Quantitative agreement with the behavior predicted for out-of-equilibrium quasiparticle transport between chiral Luttinger liquids is shown at low temperatures at specific values of the backscattering strength. When the latter is lowered by changing the gate voltage the zero-bias peak of the tunneling conductance evolves into a minimum and a non-linear quasihole-like characteristic emerges. Our analysis emphasizes the role of the local filling factor in the split-gate constriction region., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures

Remarkable nonlinearities in the differential tunneling conductance between fractional quantum Hall edge states at a constriction are observed in the weak-backscattering regime. In the $\nu $ = 1/3 state a peak develops as temperature is increased and its width is determined by the fractional charge. In the range $2/3 \le \nu \le 1/3$ this width displays a symmetric behavior around $\nu $ = 1/2. We discuss the consistency of these results with available theoretical predictions for inter-edge quasiparticle tunneling in the weak-backscattering regime.