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Este trabajo es parte del proyecto: “La regulación social regional en América Latina: ¿una nueva agenda para el desarrollo? Perspectivas y desafíos” (SociAL-Reg), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (CSO2015-66411-P, MINECO/FEDER).

This report derives from the work of coordinators of Work Package 9 of the FP7 programme bEUcitizen coordinated by Utrecht University (NL) and the University of Turin (IT) and is based on the findings of four work packages focusing on the economic (WP5), social (WP6), civil (WP7) and political (WP8) citizenship rights with regards to gendered and generational biases in the access to these citizenship rights. These findings have been discussed at a panel meeting in the Oviedo work conference of the bEUcitizen consortium in June 2016. Contributions have been presented by the University of Trento (WP5; IT), the University of Oxford (WP6; UK), University of Oviedo (WP7; ES), and Utrecht University (WP8; NL). In addition, the Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals (WP4; ES) and Utrecht University (WP3, NL) have contributed to the panel meeting. This report presents the findings of these WPs as well as the discussions during the meeting. It first presents the questions the WP9 coordinators have raised regarding gendered and generational biases in the access to the four citizenship rights to each of the representatives of WP5 to 8. Second, it summarizes the reactions to these questions. Third, the discussion at the panel meeting is presented and finally some conclusions are drawn.

The empirical part of this paper focuses on the identification of claims made in the public sphere by representatives of any of the linguistic communities that coexist at the sub-national level in Spain regarding linguistic rights of citizens (increasing rights, protection of existing rights and claims against discrimination). Our analysis delves into four Spanish regions: Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, the Basque Country and Galicia, each of which displays very different characteristics regarding their sociolinguistic situation. In our analysis, we look more closely into the linguistic claims made in recent years (from 2005 onwards) by different actors involved in linguistic conflicts, with a particular focus on the areas of public education, media and the public space. We make use of media and document inquiry mechanisms. This information constitutes the empirical basis upon which we then provide a comparative assessment of the selected regions. We expect to find variation across the cases regarding the extent to which political and social conflicts increased, or on the contrary, they turned out to be cases of accommodation and claim reduction. Under which circumstances each of the cases falls is a matter of discussion in the 6 comparative analysis, while the extent to which these responses can be transferred to the EU level are assessed in a specific section.

1\. Introduction 5 2\. The New Trade Agenda: From the GATT to the WTO and Beyond 6 2.1 From Negative to Positive Integration at the Multilateral Level 6 2.2 Positive Integration at the Interregional Level 7 3\. Interregional Trade Negotiations and Regulatory Governance Regimes 8 3.1 The Negotiation of Regulatory Commitments Across Agendas 9 3.2 Regulatory Governance Regimes: The Institutional Setting and Strategic Constellations 11 4\. EU and Mercosur Interregional Negotiations: A Cross-Policy Analysis of Regulatory Governance Regimes 13 4.1 The Trade and Cooperative Agendas: Norms and Capacity Building Mechanisms 15 4.1.1 Trade Facilitation 15 4.1.2 Education 17 4.2 The Strategic Constellations: The Actors, Their Roles and Their Networks 19 4.2.1 Trade Facilitation 19 4.2.2 Education 21 5\. Varying Patterns of Regional Governance 24 6\. Some Final Remarks 27 References 29, This paper focuses on the significance of regulatory governance at the regional level. In doing so, it analyzes to what extent and how North-South negotiations give rise to particular forms of regulatory governance in the developing world. To what extent do these forms vary across policy areas? Which elements account for the observed differences and similarities? Empirically, the paper explores the negotiation process between the European Union (EU) and the Southern Common Market (Mercosur), which aims to promote trade liberalization on the one hand, and the harmonization of regulatory frameworks on the other. The focus is on the trade and cooperative agendas involved in trade facilitation and education. Findings suggest that the negotiation of North-South agreements impacts on the ways in which different forms of regulatory governance are expressed, but this varies among particular policy issues. Both the type of norm promoted and the capacity building mechanisms envisaged create a particular ideational and material context, all of which in turn affects the actor constellation – type of actor, specific role and network configuration – hence leading to different regulatory governance regimes among policy areas, yet within the same trade negotiation.