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Background Burns cause the most severe injuries and are a major public health concern worldwide. It is common in third-world countries and it greatly increases mortality and illness there. Because of the long period of time spent in the hospital and the effort required to recover from a burn, it is one of the most costly injuries to treat. Objectives The aim of this study was to identify the priming factors related to burn injury among people in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods The study design was cross-sectional. Total 121 samples were selected conveniently for the study and the study was conducted in several hospital settings in Chittagong, Savar and Dhaka city like Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Enam Medical College Hospital, and Sheikh Hasina Burn Hospital. Data was collected by using a self-administered questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-squared test) were used for data analysis that focused through tables. Results On average, people were 22.43 (14.399) years old. Of the total of 121 patients, 48.1% were female (n = 58) and 52.1% were male (n = 63). Among the participants, 56.2% (n = 68) were hurt accidentally, 33.9% (n = 41) were injured on the job, 2.5% (n = 3) were harmed intentionally, and 7.4% (n = 9) were injured while preparing food. In case of occurrence, 37.2% (n = 45) were burned by fire, 38.8% (n = 47) were electrical burn and 23.9% (n = 29) were chemical or scald type burn. Conclusions Most burn injuries are accidental, such as cooking fires, hot water, electric lines, and acid throwing that are significantly considered as the priming factors of burn injury among people in Bangladesh. The lack of awareness and ignorance causes these accidents and insufficient training causes most the electrical burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundSalmonella enterica serotype Typhi is the cause of typhoid fever. It is a human-restricted pathogen, and few data exist on S. Typhi gene expression in humans.Methodology/principal findingsWe applied an RNA capture and amplification technique, Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences (SCOTS), and microarray hybridization to identify S. Typhi transcripts expressed in the blood of five humans infected with S. Typhi in Bangladesh. In total, we detected the expression of mRNAs for 2,046 S. Typhi genes (44% of the S. Typhi genome) in human blood; expression of 912 genes was detected in all 5 patients, and expression of 1,100 genes was detected in 4 or more patients. Identified transcripts were associated with the virulence-associated PhoP regulon, Salmonella pathogenicity islands, the use of alternative carbon and energy sources, synthesis and transport of iron, thiamine, and biotin, and resistance to antimicrobial peptides and oxidative stress. The most highly represented group were genes currently annotated as encoding proteins designated as hypothetical, unknown, or unclassified. Of the 2,046 detected transcripts, 1,320 (29% of the S. Typhi genome) had significantly different levels of detection in human blood compared to in vitro cultures; detection of 141 transcripts was significantly different in all 5 patients, and detection of 331 transcripts varied in at least 4 patients. These mRNAs encode proteins of unknown function, those involved in energy metabolism, transport and binding, cell envelope, cellular processes, and pathogenesis. We confirmed increased expression of a subset of identified mRNAs by quantitative-PCR.Conclusions/significanceWe report the first characterization of bacterial transcriptional profiles in the blood of patients with typhoid fever. S. Typhi is an important global pathogen whose restricted host range has greatly inhibited laboratory studies. Our results suggest that S. Typhi uses a largely uncharacterized genetic repertoire to survive within cells and utilize alternate energy sources during infection.

Innate cellular immune responses are a critical first-line defense against invading bacterial pathogens. Leukocyte migration from the bloodstream to a site of infection is mediated by chemotactic factors that are often host-derived. More recently, there has been a greater appreciation of the importance of bacterial factors driving neutrophil movement during infection. Here, we describe the development of a zebrafish infection model to study Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenesis. By using isogenic A. baumannii mutants lacking expression of virulence effector proteins, we demonstrated that bacterial drivers of disease severity are conserved between zebrafish and mammals. By using transgenic zebrafish with fluorescent phagocytes, we showed that a mutation of an established A. baumannii global virulence regulator led to marked changes in neutrophil behavior involving rapid neutrophil influx to a localized site of infection, followed by prolonged neutrophil dwelling. This neutrophilic response augmented bacterial clearance and was secondary to an impaired A. baumannii phenylacetic acid catabolism pathway, which led to accumulation of phenylacetate. Purified phenylacetate was confirmed to be a neutrophil chemoattractant. These data identify a previously unknown mechanism of bacterial-guided neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo, providing insight into the role of bacterial metabolism in host innate immune evasion. Furthermore, the work provides a potentially new therapeutic paradigm of targeting a bacterial metabolic pathway to augment host innate immune responses and attenuate disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]