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Introduction: Benign uretero-ileal anastomotic stricture is a significant complication following radical cystectomy and ileal conduit urinary diversion after radical cystectomy. We examined risk factors for stricture formation to predict those at greatest stricture risk.Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients undergoing radical cystectomy and ileal conduit diversion between 2002 and 2012. Demographic data and patient variables were analyzed to determine risk factors for uretero-ileal stricture using multivariate logistic regression.Results: Over the study period, 133 patients underwent cystectomy and ileal conduit formation, with 14 (10.5%) developing ureteroileal anastomotic stricture. Diabetes and elevated serum urea level (defined as >7.1 mmol/L) were associated with increased risk for development of uretero-ileal stricture (odds ratio 4.31 and 4.28, respectively; p

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) assessment and training before and after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) in improving PFM strength and urinary continence. We performed an analysis of a database of patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) performed by two urologists from 2011 to 2013. Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) activation and strength were graded by a trained pelvic floor physiotherapist. Patients were given an exercise program, grouped according to the strength of their pelvic floor as graded by assessment, to complete before and after surgery. PFM strength was recorded preoperatively, 4 days post-catheter removal and 4 weeks post-catheter removal. Continence was recorded at 4 weeks postop and was defined as the requirement of no continence aids. A total of 98 patients had RARP and a preoperative physiotherapy assessment plus postoperative appointments at around 1 and 4 weeks post-RARP. The majority of men improved their PFM strength regardless of preoperative strength with no significant predictors of postoperative strength found. Age was the only significant predictor of postoperative incontinence. In this pilot study, a majority of patients increased their pelvic floor strength with time. Pelvic floor physiotherapy is an important modifiable patient factor, which does have an impact in improving patients' urinary continence by strengthening the pelvic floor muscles. Patient age influences response to pelvic floor physiotherapy.

Bladder carcinoma is one of the commonest cancers in Australia and accounts for 2% of all cancers in Australia. According to the European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines, macroscopic Transurethral Resection (TUR) is the standard therapy for Ta and T1 papillary bladder tumours. The majority of bladder tumours are Non-Muscle Invasive (NMIBC) and are usually curable by endo-resection. However, despite the use of currently available equipment, the recurrence rate for bladder tumours remained very high. Our aim is to highlight the new technologies available for the diagnosis and management of NMIBC. A review of the literature was performed using a PubMed search. We conclude that new modalities in detection (Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) and Narrow Band Imaging (NBI)) and management (bipolar transurethral resection and en bloc resection) of bladder tumours might play a vital role in reducing the recurrence rate of bladder tumours.

Testicular teratoma is a sub-type of Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumour (NSGCT) and often occurs in two distinct age groups. Adult testicular teratomas are often mixed and are malignant. Teratoma can be divided histologically into mature and immature. Pure mature teratoma of the testis is rare. Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia (ITGCN) is a common feature associated with teratoma. Teratoma is frequently chemoresistant and clinical management of these tumours includes radical inguinal orchidectomy followed by Retroperitoneal Lymph Node (RPLND) dissection if indicated. Long-term oncological outcomes for mature and immature testicular teratoma are equivocal.

Schistosomiasis is a chronic, parasitic disease caused by the blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma. There are two major forms of schistosomiasis, intestinal and urogenital. The blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium causes urogenital schistosomiasis, with its highest prevalence in Africa and the Middle East. Given the emerging migrant populations in Australia, from the Africa and Middle East, urogenital schistosomiasis needs to be given consideration in differential diagnosis of patients with renal colic, cystitis, haematuria and urinary tract stricture/obstruction. Travel history is also pertinent to diagnosis. The burden of schistosomiasis in the developing world is remarkably high, with 243 million people requiring treatment in 2011. With the increase of migrant populations to Australia, the burden of disease and its implications need to be acknowledged in the developed world.