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Job Satisfaction (JS) and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) are both considered crucial in an organizational setting. The association between JS and OCB promotes school effectiveness on multiple levels. With this consideration, this research aimed to examine the relationship between them, following a post-positivist philosophy with a cross-sectional survey design. The data collected randomly from 345 respondents were analyzed using correlation and regression analysis and finally interpreted with the social capital and social exchange theory. The results confirmed the positive relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior, which further supports teachers' high job performances and work productivity. Likewise, the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior supports organizational commitment and effectiveness among teachers to promote better educational achievement in schools.

This study explores the environmental factors that affect the transfer of training among technical education instructors in Nepal. In the exploration, a scale with 40 items was constructed by utilizing Delphi technique. Then, a survey was carried out on 251 instructors who completed instructional skills-related training. The result of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) retained 26 items and showed six factors affecting the perceived transfer of training accounting for 58.8% of the total variance explained which are: (i) organizational transfer intervention, (ii) external monitoring and evaluation (M&E), (iii) local school governance, (iv) management support, (v) social support and, (vi) curriculum standard. Further using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the study confirmed the model-fit of three constructs that affect training transfer: organizational transfer intervention, external M&E, and social support. The study concluded that the training transfer is affected by internal and external environmental factors, which are represented by two major driving forces of support and control.

Employment sector has been invariably affected in the current crisis resulting from the global pandemic of COVID-19. This demands a paradigm shift in the present way of intervention in the "Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)" sector through short- and long-term strategies.

Headteachers in the community schools are responsible for academic and administrative activities. They are considered role models for integrity practices. However, the situation is different on some occasions. For instance, political interest plays more important roles than qualifications, training, work experience, etc., in school affairs. In this context, a qualitative study was carried out in the purposefully selected two schools -- an urban and a rural -- to explore the elements that influence school integrity practices. Data collected from the schools were analyzed and interpreted. The findings show that nepotism, unhealthy party politics, and impunity (integrity triad) influence the school integrity practices in Nepal.

The production, selection, and storage of the seeds used for cultivation in Nepal are done in two ways: traditional and modern. Conventional ways of storing and reusing seeds depend on indigenous and traditional techniques, whereas modern techniques depend on the different agencies performing scientific agricultural breeding and storage techniques. The study aimed to determine the major varieties and sources of seed used for cultivation, to what extent the cultivated varieties are stored, and whether the stored seeds are cultivated. The study surveyed 171 households by systematic random sampling in the Jarebagaiccha and Milanatar villages of ward 6 in the Gajuri Rural Municipality, Nepal. The study was constructed utilising a literature review and in-depth interviews. The researcher used SPSS version 26 for analysing and illustrating the findings of the 11 cultivated crops, i.e., Rice, Maize, Millet, Wheat, Mustard, Potato, Beans, Black lentil, Cowpea, Soybean, and Rice beans. The findings determined that the majority of the farmers cultivated local varieties of crops by using informal sources of seed and stored the seeds in their own homes. The study further highlighted that only four local varieties (soybean, cowpea, potato, mustard) were acquired from agrovets by a minority of the farmers. The hybrid varieties that were cultivated had formal sources, and none of the hybrid varieties were stored. The farmers stored nine local varieties using the traditional method of cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the differential impact of six civil society organizations' (CSO) capacity-building factors on governance, using data from a survey of 366 Nepali non-governmental organizations. The factors include Organizational Commitment to Need-based Intervention, Institutionalized Learning Process, Creative Engagement of Staff in Decision-Making, Financial Management, Legal Enabling Environment, and Education of Leaders. Results from Multiple Regression in SPSS 16 show that all six capacity-building factors, both collectively and individually, significantly and positively influence CSO governance with large effect sizes. Notably, Organizational Commitment to Need-based Intervention, Institutionalized Learning Process, Creative Engagement of Staff in Decision-Making, and Financial Management explain 68% of the variance, while Legal Enabling Environment and Education of Leaders explain 19%. Financial management (38.3%) and creative engagement of staff in decision-making (26%) stand out as significant contributors, suggesting a need for targeted capacity-building efforts in these areas to enhance CSO governance. The study provides valuable insights for Confirmatory Factor Analysis and future longitudinal studies on the role of these factors in CSO governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the data (N = 9718) from Nepal National Governance Survey 2017/18 of those who took public services in a year, this article examined the factors that drove service users to pay bribes to service providers. The result showed that the perception of service users that service providers comply with the rules; they are responsive to inform/listen/respond to the service users' concerns; they simplify the process of the service; they receive adequate salary for their jobs; they have prior connections/networks to the service users have a negative effect on paying a bribe whereas the perceptions of service users that service providers deliver services to them on time; they require additional income, they deliver services in multiple attempts; they work in the land revenue office have a positive effect on paying a bribe. Therefore, it is high time to consider the factors for corruption-free service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the processes applied in developing and validating Nepali Classroom Management Practices (CMPS) and Nepali Teachers' Self-Efficacy (NTSE) instruments. The instruments were developed using the e-Delphi technique. To find the consensus benchmark of the responses, the study used a five-point Likert scale and used Microsoft Excel to analyze responses. The items that achieved a 75% consensus were accepted. Following the interviews and two rounds of questionnaire administration, 28 items from the initial 35 for NTSE and 24 items from the initial 52 for CMP were found to have a high consensus among the experts. Therefore, 28-items NTSE and 24-items CMP instruments were developed to measure Nepali public school teachers' self-efficacy and their classroom management practices. The pilot study results demonstrated that there was strong internal consistency of items with the value of the overall Cronbach's alpha in both scales a= .86 (NTSE a = .77 and CMP a = .83). These scales can be used for educational research projects in Nepal and then be contextualized to use in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has paid little attention to the field of strategic actions of micro and small enterprises (MSEs). Hence, this paper explores the experiences of MSEs on their strategic actions from the perspective of social practice. A qualitative inquiry was conducted by interviewing MSEs for gaining their insights, experiences, and understandings of the strategic actions. The result of the study revealed common practices of MSEs(e.g., moving for opportunities, the culture of using plan, governing resources, innovation leading, organizational culture, employee motivation, capacity building, and communications and ICT use). The MSEs perform their strategic actions in different ways mediated by the contexts where they live in. The entrepreneurs' understanding and activities of strategic actions are influenced by the local cultural needs and globalization as well. The practice of 'combination' of local and imported technologies, methods, and materials is a kind of compulsion, fashion, or a strong motivation headed to globalization and a way of their existence. Likewise, the MSEs are in the situation of multitasking and affecting the implementation of their strategic actions. The insights produced by this research have implications for the planning of MSE development identifying the status and emergences in the course of strategic actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political modernization in Nepal accelerated since 1951 when the country changed its course owing to a popular movement that was acclaimed as the beginning of democracy in the country. However, the governments continued cultural and political homogenization. This has been so in the case of local governance practices as well. Modern governing structures/institutions are guided by the state formed policies and elite-based power structures despite the fact that different ethnic groups in Nepal have their own traditional self-governance systems. In this context, this article unfolds the inheritance of traditional practices of the Tamang community (one of the major ethnic groups of Nepal), in a village, in the district adjoining Kathmandu valley, within the modern structures of governance of forest and school management systems. The paper argues that there is a legacy of the traditional institution, the Choho, though the system of Choho itself has now largely disappeared. This paper, based on ethnographic fieldwork, presents the accounts of Choho and examples of how the particular norms, values, beliefs, and practices are still in practice challenging and denying the modern/state formed mechanisms of governing the forests and schools in the village. The paper further argues that given the modern governance system, the traditional souvenir exchange practice that was rooted in the notion of honour and respect has now shifted towards the practice of giving and receiving gifts based upon the principle of reciprocal benefits that could be described as a bribe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of cultural diversity and democratization in Nepal, ethical decision making with the central focus on the paradigms of care, justice, and critique is perceived as highly imperative in the life of school principals. However, the way each principal decides to remain ethical differs in practice as his or her own individual and school constructs vary from the other. The difference is much visible in the decision-making process of men and women principals. Considering this, a case study of men and women principals was carried out and the result showed that sociocultural constructs of the principals is primarily responsible to create the differences between them in terms of their ethical decision-making process. Sociocultural context of principals is not in the favor of the women's decisive role, and thus women principals in their workplace make decisions after having several rounds of consultations. This serves to make their decision constructive as compared to the men principals who hardly consult in the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]