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The international space treaties of the twentieth century were developed on the strong foundations of common benefits and rights of humankind in the exploration and use of outer space. Twenty-first century space developments, especially commercial, are posing serious challenge in the practical implementation of treaty obligations. The Gateway is one such project that has taken shape in the recent past, which raises multiple questions under the provisions of the United Nations space treaties. This paper attempts to unearth some of the most significant issues that arise out of the interplay between the project Gateway and obligations of States under the international space treaties. The focal point of argument here is to protect the sanctity of the foundational principles of international space law to ensure orderly developments in the space sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any medical intervention, even if for the benefit of a patient, requires the respect for patient autonomy and therefore, consent of the patient has to be taken by the medical practitioner before treating a patient. It is an established norm that the respect for autonomy cannot be discarded in the case of incapacitated persons. Therefore, the guardians play an important role in deciding about the medical interventions for incapacitated patients. The process of obtaining consent from guardians of incapacitated persons is not easy, especially in light of difficulties involved in determining the guardian as well as in testing the genuineness of a decision made by him or her on behalf of the incapacitated patient. In addition, such a scenario also brings forward several ethical and legal concerns to medical practitioners and guardians. Hence, the present day challenge in the treatment of incapacitated persons is found in terms of dealing with ethico-legal concerns in giving consent for medical interventions with a view to uphold the best interest of the incapacitated persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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