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The mortality rate of chest trauma is 10%. Incidence has significantly increased due to development of rapid mode of transport, new high speed vehicles, ignorance of road safety measures, fall from height, fall on road injuries due to construction activities violence, fall from under construction building. Human fatality associated with chest injuries worsening each year. This drew the impact on reducing burden of chest trauma, prevention and its measures at social, medical, economical, and governmental. So that understanding the problem is the one of the first step towards awareness and averting the problem. Present study has been undertaken to analyse the most neglected aspect of human suffering. It is an effort to know the pattern of blunt trauma chest and to elucidate the multi-factorial causations leading to rise in everyday blunt trauma cases. Here in this paper 300 cases of chest injuries by blunt forces are studied for their epidemiological, demographic aspects. Majority of them are adult/middle ages male between 41 -50 years of age, most of them are caused by road traffic accidents. Male to female ratio is 7.1:1.Majority of the cases are happened on highway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The silver nanoparticle surface relief gratings of ~10 µm period are fabricated using electron beam lithography on the silver halide film substrate. Morphological characterization of the gratings shows that the period, the shape, and the relief depth in the gratings are mainly dependent on the number of lines per frame, the spot size, and the accelerating voltage of electron beam raster in the SEM. Optical absorption of the silver nanoparticle gratings provides a broad localized surface plasmon resonance peak in the visible region, whereas the intensity of the peaks depends on the number density of silver nanoparticles in the gratings. The maximum efficiency of ~7.2% for first order diffraction is observed for the grating fabricated at 15 keV. The efficiency is peaking at 560 nm with µ380 nm bandwidth. The measured profiles of the diffraction efficiency for the gratings are found in close agreement with the Raman-Nath diffraction theory. This technique provides a simple and efficient method for the fabrication of plasmonic nanoparticle grating structures with high diffraction efficiency having broad wavelength tuning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plasmonic responses of silver nanoparticle grating structures of different periods made on silver halide based electron microscope film are investigated. Raster scan of the conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to carry out electron beam lithography for fabricating the plasmonic nanoparticle grating (PNG) structures. Morphological characterization of the PNG structures, carried out by the SEM and the atomic force microscope, indicates that the depth of the groove decreases with a decrease in the grating period. Elemental characterization performed by the energy dispersive spectroscopy and the x-ray diffraction shows the presence of nanoparticles of silver in the PNG grating. The optical characterization of the gratings shows that the localized surface plasmon resonance peak shifts from 366 to 378 nm and broadens with a decrease in grating period from 10 to 2.5 μm. The surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of the Rhodamine-6G dye coated PNG structure shows the maximum enhancement by two orders of magnitude in comparison to the randomly distributed silver nanoparticles having similar size and shape as the PNG structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the dimensional crossover of electron weak localization in ZnO/TiOxstacked layers having well-defined and spatially-localized Ti dopant profiles along film thickness. These films were grown by in situ incorporation of sub-monolayer TiOx on the growing ZnO film surface and subsequent overgrowth of thin conducting ZnO spacer layer using atomic layer deposition. Film thickness was varied in the range of ~6-65 nm by vertically stacking different numbers (n=1-7) of ZnO/TiOx layers of nearly identical dopant-profiles. The evolution of zero-field sheet resistance (R〉) versus temperature with decreasing film thickness showed a metal to insulator transition. On the metallic side of the metal-insulator transition, R〉 (T) and magnetoresistance data were found to be well corroborated with the theoretical framework of electron weak localization in the diffusive transport regime. The temperature dependence of both R〉 and inelastic scattering length provided strong evidence for a smooth crossover from 2D to 3D weak localization behaviour. Results of this study provide deeper insight into the electron transport in low-dimensional n-type ZnO/TiOx stacked layers which have potential applications in the field of transparent oxide electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon aerogels (CAs) were prepared by polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde using ambient drying technique and were further activated by CO2. These were investigated for capacitive deionization (CDI) application. The gel parameters were optimized to obtain mesoporous CA with pore size distribution in 8–10 nm. The CA was further subjected to CO2activation at 950°C for different time durations and its effect on surface properties was studied. The surface area of the activated CA increased from 698 to 2057 m2/g with corresponding increase in mesopore area from 289 to 644 m2/g. The pore volume also increased from 0.79 to 1.72 cm3/g. Cyclic voltammetry was performed on the test electrodes and specific capacitance values of 108 F/g was measured at scan rate of 10 mV/s in 1 M NaCl. Electrodes of size 200 × 200 mm were synthesized with an active material loading of ~15 mg/cm2and their CDI performance was evaluated in batch mode experiment. Salt-adsorption capacity as high as 8.4 mg/g for CO2activated CA was achieved for the starting electrolyte concentration of 500 mg/L, whereas the adsorption capacity for the CA without activation was 4.1 mg/g. The results suggest that CO2activated CA is a good choice for CDI application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Venous aneurysm is saccular or fusiform dilatation of vein, usually congenital origin. Among acquired variety post intravenous cannulation leading to venous aneurysm is extremely rare entity. Non invasive diagnostic procedure MRI and duplex scanning are very useful modality for anatomical localization of the aneurysm. Although an ascending venogram is an invasive test and should take a backseat for diagnosis of such aneurysm. Symptometic case needs surgical management. Anatomical delineation is an important pre requisite for planning surgery. Aneurysmorrhaphy preserves the affected venous segment because it does not produce luminal compromise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid hemiagenesis is a rare form of thyroid dysgenesis characterized by an absence of half of the thyroid gland. Developmental hemi-thyroid anomalies can result from either an abnormal descent or an agenesis of one lobe of the thyroid gland. We report a case of a 40-year-old woman with history of a longstanding gradually progressive thyroid swelling without any complication. An ultrasonographic examination diagnosed the absence of the left thyroid lobe and enlargement of the right lobe, which was confirmed on a computed tomography (CT) angiogram and a radionuclide scan of the neck. A cytological examination showed nodular goiter with cystic degeneration. Right subtotal thyroidectomy was performed and histopathological examination confirmed adenomatous goiter with degenerative changes. We report the rarity of the condition and emphasize the role of a comprehensive radiological, cytological, and radionuclide algorithm for an accurate preoperative diagnosis and subsequent management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]