Search

Background: It is a emerging significant legume crop (Green gram) in summer season that plays vital role in the food and nutritional security accomplishment of the country and contributing to protein intake. It is a soil building crop and being a leguminous crop, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic fixation, there by helps in N cycling within the ecosystem. Methods: Cluster frontline demonstrations of greengram were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kolipura Tappar, Harda (Madhya Pradesh) during summer season from 2018-19 to 2022-23. A total 250 front line demonstrations were conducted on green gram in 100 ha area by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of greengram production potentials. Result: The results of the demonstrations observed that on an average yield of greengram under improved technology ranged from 12.12 to 16.38 q/ha with a mean of 14.95 q/ha; which was 23.39 per cent more yield as compared to farmer's practices (12.01 q/ha). Moreover, average yield was also recorded higher under demonstration (16.38 q/ha) over district (16.0 q/ha) and State and country (12.09 and 570 q/ha), respectively. The study exhibited mean extension gap of 293.2 kg/ha, technology gap and technology index assessed more than potential yield of demonstrated variety MH-421. The average mean net return of Rs. 87737/ha with mean B: C ratio of 4.78 was obtained with improved technologies in comparison to farmers' practices (Rs. 65061.6/ha). The present study resulted to convincing the farming community for demonstration of new improved technologies, higher productivity and returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indolizines are heteroaromatic compounds, and their synthetic analogues have reportedly showed promising pharmacological properties. In this study, a series of synthetic 7-methoxy-indolizine derivatives were synthesised, characterised and evaluated for in vitro whole-cell anti-tuberculosis (TB) screening against susceptible (H37Rv) and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) using the resazurin microplate assay method. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. In silico molecular-docking study was conducted for compounds 5a-j against enoyl-[acyl-carrier] protein reductase, a key enzyme of the type II fatty acid synthesis that has attracted much interest for the development of novel anti-TB compounds. Thereafter, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation was undertaken for the most active inhibitors. Compounds 5i and 5j with the methoxy functional group at the meta position of the benzoyl group, which was at the third position of the indolizine nucleus, demonstrated encouraging anti-TB activity against MDR strains of MTB at 16 μg/mL. In silico studies showed binding affinity within the range of 7.07-8.57 kcal/mol, with 5i showing the highest binding affinity. Hydrogen bonding, π-π- interactions, and electrostatic interactions were common with the active site. Most of these interactions occurred with the catalytic amino acids (Pro193, Tyr158, Phe149, and Lys165). MD simulation showed that 5j possessed the highest binding affinity toward the enzyme, according to the two calculation methods (MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA). The single-crystal X-ray studies of compounds 5c and 5d revealed that the molecular arrangements in these two structures were mostly guided by C-H···O hydrogen-bonded dimeric motifs and C-H···N hydrogen bonds, while various secondary interactions (such as π···π and C-H···F) also contributed to crystal formation. Compounds 5a, 5c, 5i, and 5j exhibited no toxicity up to 500 μg/mL. In conclusion, 5i and 5j are promising anti-TB compounds that have shown high affinity based on docking and MD simulation results.

The title hydrate, C13H14N2O4·H2O, crystallizes with two formula units in the asymmetric unit (Z′ = 2). The dihedral angles between the planes of the tetrahydropyrimidine ring and the 4-hydroxyphenyl ring and ester group are 86.78 (4) and 6.81 (6)°, respectively, for one molecule and 89.35 (4) and 3.02 (4)° for the other. In the crystal, the organic molecules form a dimer, linked by a pair of N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The hydroxy groups of the organic molecules donate O—H...O hydrogen bonds to water molecules. Further, the hydroxy group accepts N—H...O hydrogen bonds from amides whereas the water molecules donate O—H...O hydrogen bonds to the both the amide and ester carbonyl groups. Other weak interactions, including C—H...O, C—H...π and π–π, further consolidate the packing, generating a three-dimensional network.

The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme is considered to be an important target for developing novel anti-inflammatory agents. Selective COX-2 inhibitors offer the advantage of lower adverse effects that are commonly associated with non-selective COX inhibitors. In this work, a novel series of methyl 3-(substituted benzoyl)-7-substituted-2-phenylindolizine-1-carboxylates was synthesized and evaluated for COX-2 inhibitory activity. Compound 4e was identified as the most active compound of the series with an IC50 of 6.71 μM, which is comparable to the IC50 of indomethacin, a marketed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Molecular modeling and crystallographic studies were conducted to further characterize the compounds and gain better understanding of the binding interactions between the compounds and the residues at the active site of the COX-2 enzyme. The pharmacokinetic properties and potential toxic effects were predicted for all the synthesized compounds, which indicated good drug-like properties. Thus, these synthesized compounds can be considered as potential lead compounds for developing effective anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.

Mosquitoes are the major vectors of parasites and pathogens affecting humans and domestic animals. The widespread development of insecticide resistance and negative environmental effects of most synthetic compounds support an interest in finding and developing alternative products against mosquitoes. Natural coumarins and synthetic coumarin analogues are known for their several pharmacological properties, including being insecticidal. In the present study halogenated coumarins (3-mono/dibromo acetyl, 6-halogenated coumarin analogues) were screened for larvicidal, adulticidal, and repellent properties against Anopheles arabiensis, a zoophilic mosquito that is one of the dominant vectors of malaria in Africa. Five compounds exerted 100% larval mortality within 24 h of exposure. All coumarins and halogenated coumarins reversibly knocked down adult mosquitoes but did not kill them after 24 h of exposure. Repellent properties could not be evidenced. Five compounds were considered potential larvicidal agents for further research and development, while adulticidal activity was considered only mild to moderate.

In the title molecular salt, C19H18BrClN3O2+·Cl−, the dihedral angles between the pyrimidine ring and the chlorobenzene and bromobenzene rings are 72.4 (2) and 45.5 (2)°, respectively. The dihedral angle between the chlorobenzene and bromobenzene rings is 27.5 (2)°. The conformation of the molecule is stabilized by an intramolecular C—H...O interaction. In the crystal, the anion and cation are linked by an N—H...Cl hydrogen bond. Pairs of weak C—H...O and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds form inversion dimers. Further N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds form R21(6) motifs and link the dimers into chains along [101]. Br...Cl short contacts [3.482 (2) Å] interlink the hydrogen-bonded chains along the b-axis direction.

In the title compound, C20H15ClIN3O3, the dihedral angle between the quinazolinone ring system [r.m.s. deviation = 0.047 (2) Å] and the pendant benzene ring is 82.63 (11)°. The molecular conformation is stabilized by intramolecular C—H...O interactions. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds into chains along the a-axis direction. Another set of chains propagating along [101] is formed due to intermolecular I...Cl short contacts of 3.427 (1) Å, thus giving layers parallel to (010). The layers are connected by C—H...π and π–π interactions, the shortest distance between the centroids of aromatic rings being 3.8143 (16) Å.

In the title compound, C20H16Cl2N4O2, the dihedral angles between the planes of the chlorophenyl, chlorocyanophenylimine and ester groups and the plane of the six-membered tetrahydropyrimidine ring are 86.9 (2), 72.6 (2) and 7.9 (2)°, respectively. The Cl atom substituent on the cyanophenyl ring is disordered over two rotationally related sites [occupancy factors 0.887 (2):0.113 (2)], while the molecular conformation is stabilized by the presence of an intramolecular aromatic C—H...π interaction. Both N—H groups participate in separate intermolecular hydrogen-bonding associations with centrosymmetric cyclic motifs [graph sets R22(8) and R22(12)], resulting in ribbons parallel to [010]. Further weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds link these ribbons into a two-dimensional molecular assembly.

In the title compound, C33H32N2O2, the tetrahydropyridine ring adopts a boat conformation with the carbonyl group in an s-cis conformation with respect to the C=C bond of the six-membered tetrahydropyridine ring. The molecular conformation is stabilized by intramolecular N—H...O, C—H...O and C—H...π interactions. Formation of centrosymmetric head-to-head dimers is observed through pairwise intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds. Additional weak C—H...O and C—H...π interactions stabilize the three-dimensional molecular assembly.

Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to provide an overview of economic evaluation studies of interventions for neglected tropical diseases in low- and/or middle-income countries., Introduction: The majority of people most susceptible to neglected tropical diseases reside in low- and middle-income countries and suffer significant economic impact due to these diseases. The World Health Organization suggests utilizing a systematic and cross-cutting approach with multiple interventions to lessen the neglected tropical disease burden., Inclusion Criteria: Studies will be eligible for inclusion if they include economic evaluations of interventions for neglected tropical diseases and are conducted in low- and/or middle-income country settings., Methods: A preliminary search of MEDLINE (PubMed) was undertaken using MeSH terms, such as neglected tropical disease, economic evaluation, therapeutics, low- and/or middle-income countries . Two reviewers will screen titles and abstracts independently, followed by a full-text review against the inclusion criteria. Disagreements will be resolved by discussion or with a third reviewer. To assess methodological quality, the JBI checklist for economic evaluations will be used. For economic evaluations, data will be extracted using the standardized JBI data extraction form. The Dominance Ranking Matrix will be used to summarize and compare the results of different types of economic evaluations. Cost per quality adjusted life year gained and cost per disability adjusted life year averted will be measures for economic evaluation. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach will be used to assess the certainty of economic evidence, such as resource use and costs., Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42017070386., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 JBI.)

Thank you so much for forwarding the critical analysis the author (VK) conducted on our recently published modelling study 'A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to Avert Rabies Deaths in School-Aged Children in India' in your reputed journal [...].

Children contribute to one-half of the total painful rabies mortalities in India. The state-of-the-art rabies mortality averting strategies need exploration for the effective implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in India. This study reports on the economic evaluation of various PrEP and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) strategies to avert rabies mortalities in school-aged children in India. A decision tree model has been developed for children in the age group of 5-15 years to evaluate various PrEP + PEP and PEP only regimens. The 2-site intradermal regimen administered on day zero and seven was chosen as the intervention [PrEP (I)]. ICER was calculated from the quasi-societal and quasi-health systems' perspectives for the base case analysis, along with one-way sensitivity, and scenario analyses for each regimen. The incremental DALYs averted per million population with the implementation of PrEP (I) ranged between 451 and 85,069 in 2020. The ICER was reported in the range of USD 384-352/DALY averted (non-dominant) in comparison to PEP regimens from a quasi-societal perspective. PrEP (I) is reported to be 'very cost effective' in comparison with PEP regimens from the quasi-societal and quasi-health systems' perspectives and reduce deaths by up to 89.9%. This study concludes that the PrEP (I) regimen is a cost-effective and life-saving strategy to avert painful mortalities due to rabies in school-aged children in India.

Background: Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease. It is transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal and dog bites are responsible for around 95% of human cases. The disease is almost always fatal after the onset of symptoms. It is an endemic and major public health problem in India with one-third of the global deaths reported from this country. Protocol: This systematic review aims to estimate the epidemiological, humanistic and economic burden of dog-mediated rabies in India. Initially the existence of controlled descriptors in MeSH terms (such as 'Epidemiology', 'Rabies', 'Cost', 'Dog bite', 'Quality of Life', 'India' etc), and their synonyms (key words) was identified in MEDLINE, and were later combined with Boolean operators 'AND' and 'OR' to develop a detailed search strategy. Two independent reviewers will screen the titles and abstracts and select the studies as per the inclusion criteria. The selected studies will be assessed for their quality and risk of bias. Data will be extracted using standardized data extraction tools and will be synthesized for analysis. Disagreements that arise between the reviewers will be resolved through discussion, or with a third reviewer. Discussion: This systematic review will be performed to critically examine relevant literature and report the epidemiological, humanistic and economic burden of dog-mediated rabies in Indian context. The findings will help in estimation of burden of the disease in India and expected to contribute in policy making and planning of the program and interventions in the country. Protocol registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD4202021326., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Dr Omesh Bharti is the State Epidemiologist in State Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla, India. He has been part of research in rabies in India and has co-authored research papers. If his papers are included in this review, he will have no role in the selection procedure and assessment of quality and risk of bias for the research papers co-authored by him. In this case, the two reviewers AR and DJ will conduct screening for inclusion and critical appraisal for these research papers., (Copyright: © 2021 John D et al.)

Background: The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) Working Group on rabies vaccines and immunoglobulins was established in 2016 to develop practical and feasible recommendations for prevention of human rabies. To support the SAGE agenda we developed models to compare the relative costs and potential benefits of rabies prevention strategies., Methods: We examined Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) regimens, protocols for administration of Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG) and inclusion of rabies Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) within the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). For different PEP regimens, clinic throughputs and consumables for vaccine administration, we evaluated the cost per patient treated, costs to patients and potential to treat more patients given limited vaccine availability., Results: We found that intradermal (ID) vaccination reduces the volume of vaccine used in all settings, is less costly and has potential to mitigate vaccine shortages. Specifically, the abridged 1-week 2-site ID regimen was the most cost-effective PEP regimen, even in settings with low numbers of bite patients presenting to clinics. We found advantages of administering RIG to the wound(s) only, using considerably less product than when the remaining dose is injected intramuscularly distant to the wound(s). We found that PrEP as part of the EPI programme would be substantially more expensive than use of PEP and dog vaccination in prevention of human rabies., Conclusions: These modeling insights inform WHO recommendations for use of human rabies vaccines and biologicals. Specifically, the 1-week 2-site ID regimen is recommended as it is less costly and treats many more patients when vaccine is in short supply. If available, RIG should be administered at the wound only. PrEP is highly unlikely to be an efficient use of resources and should therefore only be considered in extreme circumstances, where the incidence of rabies exposures is extremely high., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)