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Wound infections are among public health problems worldwide. However, progress has been made in improving surgical techniques and antibiotic treatments. Misuse/overuse of antibiotics to prevent and treat bacterial infections eventually leads to increased bacterial resistance with rising incidences of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The wider dissemination of antibiotics may ultimately result in ineffectiveness to antibiotic therapy, thereby complicating/graving the outcome of a patient. In the present study, a 60-year-old male patient having wound infection with MDR bacterium that ultimately required surgical amputation of the toe was investigated. For the confirmation of MDR bacterium, two culture media viz., MacConkeyAgar and Mueller Hinton Agar media were used. The sensitivity of the isolated strain for various antibiotics was tested using the disc diffusion method. The wound sample was found positive for Gram-positive bacterium that was identified as Clostridium perfringens. The bacterium was screened for 40 antibiotics, and among all the antibiotics, it was found sensitive for only Piperacillin/Tazobactam antibiotic combination. C. perfringens bacterium caused the gas gangrene in the infected wound part of the patient. Amputation of the gangrene – affected foot part was performed by surgery, and with good medical care, the person recovered fast. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-ever report of MDRC. perfringens single isolate harboring resistance against at least 40 antibiotics tested. More research is needed to develop really new and effective medicines that do not cross-react with antibiotics now in use and have robust activity against MDR organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: C. Jaideep, D. Bhargava Sir, Arthroscopic repairs of the cruciate ligaments of the knee are fairly common place surgeries. Both anterior and posterior ligaments are commonly repaired at the [...]

This study aims to explore equivalence between active and passive flow control techniques in reducing the wave drag and surface heat flux over a blunt cone model kept in Mach 8 stream. Computational investigations were carried out by using finite volume-based compressible flow solver. Throughout the study, the solution of governing equations is sought by assuming two dimensional-axisymmetric nature of the flowfield. Both counter flow-stagnation point injection and forward facing-physical spike are considered to mitigate the excess drag and heat flux experienced by a blunt body representing the nose cone section of a hypersonic vehicle. Eventually, based on identified drag reductions, the present study proposes equivalence cases between these two methods. It is shown that a pointed spike of L/D=1 provides almost the same drag reduction as the counterflow injection jet with a pressure ratio of 8.25. Similarly, other equivalence cases are identified and the physics behind them is explored. The identified equivalence is expected to help the designers in effectively replacing one technique with another according to the requirement. Equivalence matrix is presented for different spike cases in terms of injection ratios of counterflow injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectrum detecting is the essential and crucial mechanisms of cognitive radio (CR) to the invention the unemployed spectrum. CR system has been suggested as a conceivable resolution for enhancing the spectrum use by empowering unprincipled spectrum sharing. The principal prerequisite for enabling CR to utilize authorized range on an optional premise is not making interfering to primary users. The principal goal of CR is to use rare and limited natural resource efficiently with no obstruction to the primary users (PUs). This work presents an overview of CR architecture, discusses the characteristics and benefits of a CR. Energy identification, matched channel filter detection, and cyclostationary recognitions are most conventional techniques for spectrum sensing. The explanation behind picking energy detection procedure, it did not need any previous info from the primary user transmission. Additionally, the particular result of energy detection technique corrupts with a lower sign to noise ratio (SNR) level signal area. General detection performance of energy detection exceptionally depends upon noise, mainly while the SNR is low for PU. To consider this issue, this paper shows a remarkable, augmented threshold model for efficient energy detection procedure to improve the detection execution at low SNR level. The simulation results demonstrate the energy detection performance utilizing proposed system model is excellent than a fixed threshold at low SNR signal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]