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Aims:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of the most dreaded diseases which has emerged as a global crisis. Immunodeficiency.CD4+ lymphocyte count in peripheral blood is important when evaluating immune status of host. Oral lesions are often among the first symptoms to be noted in HIV patients and have been associated with decreased numbers of CD4+ count. Therefore, the objective of this study is to correlate the presence of oral manifestations with CD4+ counts, and discuss their role in the disease progression. Methods and Material:A study was conducted among selected 100 unselected patientsregistered in the ART Centre, SMS hospital, Jaipur, India and demographic data, CD4 count, were correlated with site, age, gender, habits and the type of lesions in the oral cavity. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, (IBM SPSS), version 20 (Chicago, IL, USA), with the chi-square test, and the significant P value for all the parameters was considered as <0.05. Results:Of 100 patients who were serologically positive for HIV Infection, 64% of the affected patients were males and mostly in the age group <35 years. Heterosexual mode of transmission (30%) was found out to be the most common mode. The most common oral manifestations observed were Oral Candidiasis(41%), Periodontitis(11%), Oral Hairy Leukoplakia ( 9%) Conclusions:The study shows that as the number of concurrent oral lesions increased, the mean CD4+ Counts decreased, making them indispensable for the diagnosis and treatment of HIV-AIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The placement of implants in atrophic bone has always posed a challenge to the clinicians in terms of good surgical and esthetic results. The placement of implants palatal to the alveolar crest in maxilla allows maximum use of the available bone in patient with severe bone resorption. Objective: To evaluate the quantitative changes in crestal bone levels in palatally positioned two-piece endosseous implants in maxillary posterior region. Materials and methods: Ten Adin (TouaregTM) – root form, threaded collar, two-piece, endosseous, internal hex implant were placed palatally in atrophic posterior maxilla. 25o abutments were used in four patients and 15o abutments were used in remaining six patients out of ten so as to achieve a proper esthetic appearance. Radiographic evaluation of crestal bone was done on on mesial side (Group I) and distal side(Group II) of implant at the time of implant placement, after3 months (time of implant loading) andafter 6 months (3 months post loading). Result: Among Group I (crestal bone level evaluated on mesial side using RVG), three months post implant placement showed the highest Crestal Bone Loss i.e. 0.66±0.070 mm and immediately post implant placement evaluation showed the least value i.e. 0.04±0.07 mm which was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). Among Group II (crestal bone level evaluated on distal side using RVG), three months post implant placement evaluation showed the highest Crestal Bone Loss i.e. 0.66±0.070 mm and immediately post implant placement evaluation showed the least value i.e. 0.04±0.07 mm which was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion : The mean Crestal Bone loss at the end of 3 months post implant placement observed was 0.29mm and at the end of 6 months post implant placement observed was 0.66mm.The effect of tilting the implants palatally by 15 to 25 degrees did not considerably influence the Crestal Bone Levels around the implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the growing incidence of liver cirrhosis among Asians, the use of a biomarker such as prolactin indicates the severity of the disease, its complications, and serves as a tool for the early intervention. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess the correlation of serum prolactin level to the Child-Pugh Scoring System in liver cirrhosis patients and to find out its prognostic importance in liver cirrhosis. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study including 60 patients of liver cirrhosis. Complete history taking, physical examination, and relevant investigations were done. Frequency and percentage were calculated and Chi-square test was applied for significance. Correlation was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results: Mean age was 44±12.8 years. Cirrhosis was alcohol induced in 55%, hepatitis B related in 18.3%, and other causes related in 7.8%. Mean prolactin levels were 18.1±11.3 μg/l. Strong positive correlation was found between prolactin level and bilirubin level (rs=0.372, P=0.003) and prolactin level and prothrombin time (rs=0.490, P=0.003). Statistically significant association was found between Child-Pugh score and prolactin level (x2=12.2, P=0.003). We found no significant association of prolactin level with age, albumin, creatinine, ascites, esophageal varices, etiology of cirrhosis, and hepatic encephalopathy. Conclusion: We observed that there was a strong correlation between Child- Pugh score and serum prolactin level. Although, Child-Pugh scoring system is a predictor of morbidity in liver cirrhosis patients, serum prolactin level can also be used as an indicator for predicting patients at high risk of developing complications and mortality due to liver cirrhosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to provide an overview of the feasibility, utility, merits, and demerits of virtual microscopy (VM) in pathological diagnostics and (2) to evaluate its advantages in dental and medical teaching over conventional microscopes. Materials and Methods: A literature survey was carried out in August 2020 in electronic databases such as PubMed using keywords such as virtual microscopy and whole slide imaging. The searches revealed 956 articles out of which 36 were selected after reading the full-text articles. Results: The review of 36 articles revealed that VM or whole-slide imaging (WSI) allows access to entire scanned sections of tissue that can be viewed on a computer in exactly the same way as conventional glass slides with a microscope and can be explored at several magnifications. VM offers many advantages like ease of accessibility through the Internet anytime or in any place, and moreover, the virtual slide does not get damaged or fade away like glass slide. Since it increases learning and comprehension, virtual microscopes have been used extensively in dental and medical education. Conclusions: VM opens a new world in tissue-based diagnosis through digitization of slides. The experiences of telepathology applications have already proved that it is a promising technology which has been adopted by histopathologists and cytologists across the world and contributing immensely to telepathology consultation in underserved areas. It is a feasible, valid, and approved technology for pathological diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour (CEOT) is a rare but well recognized benign odontogenic tumour for any Pathologist. Histologically, it shows sheets of polyhedral epithelial cells with prominent intercellular bridges, hyperchromatic nuclei and globules of amyloid-like material among tumour cells which undergoes calcification. We present a case of CEOT with classical histopathological picture in a 37-year-old HIV positive patient with long evolution history. Its association with HIV positivity, long clinical history and delay in surgical treatment make it a challenging case to report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Recent advances in techniques for detecting oral premalignant lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma have improved the chances of early diagnosis. Adjuncts for detection of lesions include toluidine blue staining and cytologic examination. The primary objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of 1% toluidine blue (modified Mashberg technique) and cytology in detection of oral premalignant lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Method and Materials: The study included 86 participants suspected of having oral premalignant lesions or oral squamous cell carcinoma. One percent toluidine blue was applied to the lesions, followed by cytology. A biopsy was then performed on the tissue. Histopathologically proven oral premalignant lesions/oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions were analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of both screening techniques. The association of screening techniques and histopathologic diagnosis among the oral premalignant lesions, oral squamous cell carcinoma and benign groups were analyzed using the Fisher exact test. P<.05 was considered significant. Results: The specificity and sensitivity for oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral premalignant lesions detection of 1% toluidine blue was 81.35% and 66.67%, respectively, while cytology attained 77.97% and 70.37%, respectively. Negative predictive value and positive predictive value were 84.21% and 62.06% for 1% toluidine blue and 85.18% and 59.37% for cytologic examination, respectively. Comparison of 1% toluidine blue and cytology with histopathologic diagnosis shows a significant difference between carcinoma/epithelial dysplasia and no dysplasia and carcinoma/epithelial dysplasia and benign lesions (all, P< .05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that 1% toluidine blue and cytology have high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in detecting oral premalignant lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma and can be used as an adjunct for early detection of such lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]