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Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality all around the world. Recent studies have pointed out increased oxidative stress and also DNA damage in peripheral blood in PTB. Till date, to the best of our knowledge, no study has so far been conducted to show the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions mapping in PTB patients. Therefore we performed the present study with the aim to investigate oxidative stress parameters along with mtDNA damage in newly diagnosed untreated PTB patients.This is a prospective study carried out in Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram,Wardha, Maharashtra during september 2017 to september 2018.Thirty newly diagnosed untreated PTB patients and thirty age matched healthy controls were enrolled in the present study. Analysis of Oxidative stress parameters such as nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were done by calorimetric methods. Assessment of mitochondrial DNA damage was carried out by mtDNA deletions mapping using primer shift long range polymerase chain reaction technique.There was significant increase in levels of oxidative stress parameters, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde, in PTB patients compared to controls (p 0.01). Generally there are two common deletion sites of "13 bp direct repeats" (ACCTCCCTCACCA) in mtDNA. One at the junction sites from bp 8470 to 8482 bp and another from bp 13447 to 13460 bp which make mtDNA more prone for 4977bp deletion. Out of thirty cases of PTB, two cases showed mtDNA damage in the form of mtDNA deletion of 4977bp. There was no mtDNA deletion in any control which can be attributed to continuous generation of oxidative stress.This pilot study has been able to demonstrate that compared to controls, in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients some mtDNA damage did occur and was probably due to continuous generation of oxidative stress in tuberculous patients. However, sample size is too small to draw any conclusions but definitely a more comprehensive study, by recruiting more number of pulmonary tuberculosis patients is warranted to establish correlation between oxidative stress and mtDNA damage in PTB.

Infertility affects very high percentage (15%) of couples and nearly 50% of these are accountable to the male partners. Reproduction encompassed two important biological processes are successful gametogenesis and fertility. Mainly, male infertility is influenced by the sperm quantity and quality. Male infertility is genetically heterogeneous. Numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities are associated with male infertility. Genetic studies on male infertility suggest that mutations in some Y chromosomal genes lead to male infertility. The major spermatogenic candidate genes are present in the Azoospermia factor loci (AZFa, AZFb and AZFc) of Y chromosome that largely control the successful spermatogenesis. Deletions or mutations in these genes results in abnormal spermatogenesis or abnormal semen profile affecting the fertility. The gr/gr deletion, a partial 1.6 Mb deletions in AZFc region of Y chromosome, has also been described specifically in infertile men with varying degrees of spermatogenic failure. A number of X-chromosomal and autosomal genes mutations have also been implicated for male infertility. It is suggested that impaired sperm chromatin integrity or sperm nuclear DNA damage has been associated with male infertility. It is not only genetic but genomic imprinting, an epigenetic phenomena, play a crucial role in male infertility. PLOG (DNA polymerase gamma) gene mapped to the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q25) includes CAG repeats and its mutations may affect the adenosine triphosphate production and fertility. Studies on mitochondrial genes revealed that mitochondrial genes are involved in normal growth, development and differentiation of sperms, and are also responsible for flagellar movement of sperms after ejaculation. Mutations in these mitochondrial genes result in abnormal semen parameters and impaired sperm flagellar movements which result in problem in fertilization and ultimately in infertility.

In urological and nephrological practices, evaluation of kidney size imparts a valuable diagnostic parameter. Age, gender, body mass index, pregnancy and co-morbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension are supposed to affect the renal size. Measurements of renal dimensions can be carried out by using different modern techniques like ultrasonography, CT scan and MRI. On the other hand body mass index (BMI) provides information to know the patient’s obesity which is based on patient’s height and weight. Information available from one particular region may not satisfy the other region as renal parameters varies with different ethnic group and body size. In this prospective, reviewing literature of different studies evaluated so far to predict the relationship between renal dimensions and BMI is carried out. These studies revealed that most of renal parameters were positively correlated with body size of an individual, therefore they can be used to estimate the size and volume of kidney. Moreover, the standard normal reference ranges for renal volume and size can serve as gold standard and acts as an adjunct to judge the atrophic or hypertrophic condition of kidney. Hence, establishing relationship between measured renal dimensions and BMI will serve as a useful guideline for detection of diseased condition of kidney. This paper sets out to present published data on researches that has fortified knowledge and understanding of correlation between different renal parameters and BMI, keeping in mind different demographic background. Thus here we are putting a comprehensive account of the studies carried out globally to establish the inter-relationship between renal dimensions with BMI which definitely helps the nephrologists in early diagnosing the renal diseases.

Background: Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of the skin ridge patterns on the fingers, toes, palms of the hands and soles of feet. Dermatoglyphics is in use as a supportive diagnostic tool in genetic or chromosomal disorders as well as in clinical conditions with genetic etiologies. Primary amenorrhoea and Dermatoglyphics, both have the suspected multifactorial (genetic and environmental) aetiologies. Objective: In the present study the finger dermatoglyphic patterns were studied in primary amenorrhoea cases and age matched fertile control females and also attention was given to find out whether a specific dermatoglyphic trait exists in primary amenorrhoea cases and whether it was statistically significant. Materials and Methods: To study the role of dermatoglyphics in primary amenorrhoea, a study was conducted on 30 subjects with primary amenorrhoea (as cases) and compared it with equal number of age matched fertile females (as controls). We studied fingertip patterns in all the subjects enrolled. Simultaneously we have assessed the Karyotype of primary amenorrhoea cases. Result and Conclusion: Two subjects in experimental group have shown abnormal Karyotypes. The most significant finding in present study was increased total finger ridge count (TFRC) in primary amenorrhoea cases which was statistically significant. We also found higher frequency of loops and arches in primary amenorrhoea with abnormal karyotypes. This type of study may be quite useful as a supportive investigation, in stating the predisposition of an individual to primary amenorrhoea and referral of an individual for karyotyping.

Flexor digitorum accessorius is one of the muscles present in the second layer of sole. After its origin from calcaneus, it gets inserted into the tendon of flexor digitorum longus. Its name implies that it assists flexor digitorum longus in straightening its pull on toes. A variation in its morphology is not uncommon. Its variations like high origin have been implicated in the causation of tarsal tunnel syndrome. In routine dissection of 10 lower extremities we observed unilateral variation in flexor digitorum accessorius in the left sided sole of a male cadaver. This muscle was supplied as usual by a branch from the stem of lateral planter nerve. This type of variation is important not only to anatomist, but also to clinicians, sport's player and physiotherapist.