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Bovine anaplasmosis is an infectious, non-contagious, tick-borne disease of domestic as well as wild ruminants caused by obligate intraerythrocytic parasites of family Anaplasmataceae and genus Anaplasma. Fifty blood samples were collected from crossbred cattle in a dairy farm with a history of a drastic decrease in milk yield and fever in a few animals. Six (12%) samples showed characteristic Anaplasma organisms when stained with Giemsa's stain, whereas 19 (38%) samples were found positive for A. marginale by PCR assay. Low hemoglobin and total erythrocyte count were observed, whereas an increase in total leucocyte count was noted in Anaplasma affected animals compared to healthy animals at the same farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic diseases are one of the major problems in livestock animals, and also protozoan diseases have a great importance in parasitic disease in ruminants. Different intestinal protozoa are responsible for causing diarrhoea and even death in neonatal and young bovine calves. Buxtonella sulcata (B. sulcata) is an opportunistic ciliate protozoan that inhabits colon of bovines. B. sulcata infection in ruminants is associated with diarrhoea although there is controversy regarding its pathogenic nature. The protozoa have two stages: trophozoite and cyst stages. The trophozoites colonize and invade the colonic wall and cause diarrhoea. The protozoan multiplies fast in neonates and immune compromised calves prompting clinical disease with diarrhoea, debility and death, in untreated animals. It is often misdiagnosed as Balantidium coli, a ciliate protozoan found in caecum and colon of pigs, humans and nonhuman primates. The objective of the current study was to assess the occurrence of B. sulcata in bovines in different districts of Haryana. The data of faecal sample testing from five Disease Investigation Labs Ambala, Bhiwani, Mahendergarh, Rohtak and Sirsa during period July 2019-June 2020 was compiled and analysed. A total of 2050 faecal samples with the history of digestive disturbances/disorders from cattle (589) and buffaloes (1461) were tested. Of these, 338 (16.5%) animals were found positive for B. sulcata. The per cent positivity in cattle and buffaloes was estimated, respectively as 12.9% (76/589) and 17.9% (262/1461). The multifactorial nature of digestive disturbances/disorders makes it tough to effectively control but understanding the etiologic agents is must to propose intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contagious agalactia caused byMycoplasma agalactiaeis an economically important disease of sheep and goats and has been prevalent worldwide including India. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the membrane protein P48 ofM. agalactiaefor specific diagnosis of disease. For this,p48gene of the organism was amplified by PCR and subjected to site directed mutagenesis to convert three TGA codons to TGG’s and, subsequently, cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pPRO EX HTb. Purified recombinant P48 protein reacted to anti-P48 serum in western blotting, which confirmed its immunogenic nature. Furthermore, the immune-blotting of the cell lysates from various Indian isolates ofM. agalactiaeagainst anti-P48 serum resulted in a single band at ∼ 48 kDa among all isolates, indicating the conserved nature of P48 antigen inM. agalactiae. Also, the cross reactivity of P48 antigen among variousMycoplasma spp. was checked by western blotting which revealed reactivity only withM. agalactiaeandM. bovis. Hence, this antigen could be exploited to differentiateM. agalactiaefrom other pathogenic Mycoplasma species exceptM. bovis. However, the inability of P48 to distinguishM. agalactiaefromM. bovisdoes not downgrade the significance of P48 as the two species are usually host specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out on 15 randomly selected milch buffaloes divided into three groups on the basis of lactation of an organized farm, to study the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMD V) type specific antibodies in milk and serum following FMD vaccination. Milk and serum samples collected before vaccination i.e. 0 day and on 7,14,28, 42 and 56 days post vaccination, were analyzed for the detection of FMD virus type specific antibodies by liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE). Milk LPBE antibody titres against different FMD virus types were significantly different showing higher antibody titres against FMD virus type O followed by A and Asia 1. Serum LPBE antibody titres against FMD virus type O and Asia 1 were not significantly different, except for type A. Milk and serum LPBE antibody titres were positively correlated with value of regression coefficient (R) as 0.6376 and correlation was highly significant (P<0.01). Testing milk in place of sera is useful and practically advantageous in large scale epidemiological studies on milch animals after demonstration of a significant correlation between milk antibody titres and corresponding serum antibody titres in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serum samples of clinically ill lactating cows (n= 263) and buffaloes (n=489) were analyzed for calcium level to determine the proportion of subclinical and clinical hypocalcaemia. In the present investigation occurrence of subclinical hypocalcaemia was observed to be 22.8% in cattle and 20.44% in buffaloes; whereas clinical hypocalcaemia was observed in 6.4% cattle and in 12.06 % buffaloes. These results suggest a probable predisposing role of subclinical hypocalcaemia to make the transition dairy cows and buffaloes more susceptible to secondary diseases. Therefore, it is utmost importance that both clinical and subclinical hypocalcaemia are prevented to a large extent by proper monitoring, efficient dry cow management and appropriate nutritional interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the use of blood direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting subclinical cattle infection of Trypanosoma (T.) evansi. Methodology include collection of blood samples from emaciated crossbred cows, use of Giemsa stain and Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) analysis. Conclusions indicated the use of Phusin Blood Direct PCR assay as a more specific, highly sensitive and less time consuming way to detecting T. evansi and undertaking chemotherapy in animals.

This article describes a case study of generalized tetanus in a two-and-half-month-old German Shepherd puppy. The puppy was presented with a history of anorexia, hypersalivation, fever and general body stiffness. It was suffering from progressively increasing stiffness of all the body parts. Details of the treatment are included as well as a discussion on the disease.

A ovine flock owner reported death of 20 sheep in flock of 60. Severe anaemia due to heamonchus parasite in the sheep flock was diagnosed on basis of clinical examination and laboratory investigations. Post mortem examination revealed extremely high proportion of adult worms in abomasum. The animals were treated with broad spectrum anthelmintic and haematinic preparations with complete recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirteen crossbred cattle with hyperpyrexia were diagnosed to be positive for Theileriosis based on blood smear examination. The animals were treated with Buparvaquone along with supportive therapy. The efficacy of therapy was judged on basis of clinical recovery and absence of haemoprotozoan in blood smear. All animals recovered after 3 days with single dose of Buparvaquone along with supportive treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a case of dicephalus thoraco-sternopagus Siamese montrosity in a Murrah buffalo in Karnal, India. A 7-year-old buffalo was presented in its second lactation to a veterinary center with a history of having completed gestation length and straining from about last 4 hours after the rupture of water bag. The dead Siamese twin fetus was delivered after caesarean section. The female fetuses were conjoined completely at the thoracic and partially at abdominal regions.

The article describes the case of an acute tropical theileriosis in a two-month-old cow calf. It is noted that tropical theileriosis is caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria annulata and is transmitted by ticks of the genus Hyalomma. Other topics discussed include the medical history of the animal, results of clinical examination and disease management.