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Introduction: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the serum level of vitamin C in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without periodontitis, and also to interpret whether raised or lessened serum vitamin C levels might be associated to a possibility for building oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus with periodontitis. Material and Methods: Investigation was conducted on diabetic subjects with and without periodontitis. The serum vitamin C level was determined using the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method, and the spectrometer was used to read the concentration of serum vitamin C. The data attained were statistically calculated using the ANOVA test and post-hoc test. Results: The findings revealed that average serum vitamin C levels were reduced considerably among test groups (groups B, C, D) (p< 0.0001) in contrary to the healthy control group. Conclusion: The existing results are proof that reduced concentration of antioxidants such as vitamin C is related to a greater threat to the increase of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background-Oral hygiene is highly personalised concept and major public health concern that relies on an individual's culture and socio-economic status. Hence, it is imperative that health services should be made available to all rural/semi urban areas as well. Thus it is important to create awareness through various public health programs regarding oral hygiene and its effects on general health in order to change the total perspective of the patients towards dental problems to lead a healthy quality life. Objective-Thus the aim of this study is to assess the oral hygiene awareness and their knowledge on different oral hygiene practices. Materials and Methods- A total of 369 patients participated in the study. The patients were interviewed on questionnaire basis. A self-reported questionnaire consisting of 26 multiple choice questions written in English were given to the patients. Statistical analysis-Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage was used to assess the oral health awareness and oral hygiene practice among the subjects who are attending A.B Shetty Memorial Institute Of Dental Sciences, Derlakatte, Mangalore. Results- The result of this study showed an acute lack of oral hygiene awareness and limited knowledge of oral hygiene practices. Most of the patients were not aware of the relationship between systemic and general health. Conclusion- Hence there is an urgent need to educate and motivate the patients for better oral hygiene awareness and practisesand conduct various health programsforthesame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Pre and post-operative nutritional status are not often tested on a consistent basis when patients are analyzed and diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) or have chronic periodontitis. Thus, this study pursues to evaluate the predictive value of serum vitamin C and lead levels in this population at baseline and after periodontal treatment. Materials and Methods: In an interventional study setting we enrolled 120 subjects which were later categorized into four sub-groups: set 1 - individuals with chronic periodontitis, set 2 - individuals with T2DM, set 3 - individuals with T2DM and chronic periodontitis respectively set 4 - healthy individuals as control group. Scaling and root planing was performed only to individuals with periodontitis and T2DM. At baseline and 21 days after periodontitis treatment blood was obtained from the subjects and analysis of serum vitamin C and serum lead was done and data obtained was statisticaly analysed. Results: ANOVA test showed baseline values of both the parameters to be statistically significant different between groups and within groups (p<0.001). Alteration was seen in the parameters postoperatively regarding serum vitamin C was increased and lead level decreased; paired t-test showed statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Conclusion: Serum Vitamin C can be considered a key biomarker. Increased lead level can be a risk factor for commencement and progression of T2DM and chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Percutaneous injuries constitute one of the most common occupational health hazards in healthcare profession. Dental professionals are at more risk of acquiring these injuries due to their limited and restricted working area in mouth. This was a cross-sectional study done among dental professionals in Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka state India to access Knowledge awareness and complianceamong dental professionals regarding percutaneous exposure incidents. This study concludes that Dental professionals are at a high risk of occupational disease due to accidental exposure to infected blood and body fluids. forwhich appropriatemeasures not taken after one such exposure There is a need of clearing the present misconceptions through educational training programs early in the study period and providing facilities for reporting, documenting, supportive and proper guidelines regarding percutaneous injuries inwork place for healthy community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontal diseases are a group of inflammatory conditions resulting from interaction between a pathogenic bacterial biofilm and susceptible host's inflammatory response eventually leading to the destruction of periodontal structures and subsequent tooth loss. Hence, investigation of salivary proteins in individuals with periodontal diseases may be useful to enhance the knowledge of their roles in these diseases. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted at A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore. The study comprised of 90 patients of age between 25-60 years who were clinically examined and divided into three groups of 30 each: namely clinically healthy, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. These were classified according to the values of gingival index score, clinical attachment loss and probing pocket depth. Unstimulated saliva was collected and salivary mucin, amylase and total protein levels were determined. Statistical analysis: Results obtained were tabulated and statistically analyzed using ANOVA test and Karl pearson's correlation test. Results: The results of the study showed an increased concentration of salivary mucin, amylase and total protein in gingivitis patients and increased levels of amylase and total protein in saliva of chronic periodontitis patients compared to healthy individuals which were statistically significant. Adecrease in mucin concentration was observed in the periodontitis group compared to gingivitis group. A positive correlation was present between salivary mucin, amylase and total protein levels in the three groups. Conclusion: Salivary mucin, amylase and total protein may serve as an important biochemical parameter of inflammation of the periodontium. Also, it can be hypothesized that various enzyme inhibitors might be useful as a part of host modulation therapy in the treatment of periodontal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lasers have revolutionised dental treatment since three and a half decades of the twentieth century. Theodore maiman in 1960 invented the ruby laser, since then laser is one of the most captivating technologies in dental practice. Lasers have been used in initial periodontal therapy, surgery, and also in implant treatment. Further research is necessary so that laser can become a part of the dental armamentarium. This paper gives an insight to laser in Periodontics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth wear (attrition, erosion and abrasion) is perceived internationally as a growing problem .The loss of tooth substance at the cemento- enamel junction because of causes other than dental caries has been identified as non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) or cervical wear. NCCLs can lead to hypersensitivity, plaque retention, pulpal involvement, root fracture and aesthetic problems. Hence study was done to evaluate association of cervical wear with occlusal wear from clinical periodontal prospective in individuals with chronic periodontitis. Periodontal parameters like plaque index, gingival index, gingival recession and tooth mobility were assessed .The levels of cervical wear and occlusal wear were determined according to tooth wear index. Premolars were more likely to develop cervical wear than anterior teeth (incisors, canines) and molars. In conclusion, the significant association of cervical wear with the periodontal status suggested the role of abrasion and its possible combined action of erosion in the etiology of NCCLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Magnesium is an essential cation playing a crucial role in many physiological functions and its imbalance is associated with greater number of pathological situations. Oxidative stress is usually increased due to decreased essential nutrients. Hence, any imbalance of essential nutrients like serum magnesium can significantly play a role in the pathobiology of periodontitis in the presence of diabetes, as diabetes and chronic periodontitis are two chronic diseases that have been biologically linked. Aim: To evaluate the association of serum magnesium in type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis patients, also to evaluate and associate the influence of serum magnesium on periodontal health. Materials and Methods: A single blinded, randomized study was conducted that comprised of 120 subjects divided into four groups. Individuals with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus formed the test group. Subjects with chronic periodontitis diagnosed clinically according to 1999 American Academy of Periodontology classification, without any medical history and drug history were included as the study subjects. Gingival Index and Plaque Index were scored for all the groups at baseline and after 21 days of scaling and root planing. Scaling and root planing was done only in the test group. Blood was drawn from the patients at baseline and 21 days after scaling and root planning and estimation of serum magnesium level was done using semi-autoanalyzer. Data obtained was statistically analyzed using the paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, post-hoc test. Results: The result of the present study showed that mean serum magnesium among healthy was 1.40±0.565mmol/l as compared to 1.01±0.287mmol/l among subjects with periodontitis, 0.920±0.23mmol/l among diabetics with periodontitis and 0.93±0.29mmol/l among diabetics without periodontitis. Serum magnesium was significantly decreased in chronic periodontitis and diabetic patients with and without chronic periodontitis as compared to controls. Conclusion: Imbalance of serum magnesium level was seen in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hence, it can be a biomarker which can predict the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to estimate the knowledge, attitude and behaviour regarding oral health among para medical students Materials and method : A cross sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among 150 para medical professionals in Mangalore. The health care professionals include from physiotherapy, nursing and medical lab technicians. They were asked to answer a questionnaire that contained 15 questions regarding knowledge and behaviour towards oral health. Results and conclusion : Majority of para medical students were practising a convincing oral hygiene methods they believed oral health play a role in general health had a positive attitude in educating their patients when required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyogenic granuloma is an inflammatory hyperplasia affecting the oral tissues. It is a tumour-like growth of the oral cavity, which usually arises in response to nonspecific infection. Because of the high frequency of pyogenic granuloma in the oral cavity, this case report describes a pyogenic granuloma in a 59-year-old male patient, discussing the clinical features and histopathologic features that distinguish this lesion from other similar oral mucosa lesions and also the successful management of the lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Periodontal disease is one of the common inflammatory diseases with complex etiology and is multifactorial in origin. Several enzymes are evaluated for the early diagnosis of periodontal disease. The enzyme ALP plays a role in bone metabolism. In the periodontium, ALP is very important enzyme as it is part of normal turnover of periodontal ligament, root cementum, and bone homeostasis. The deficiency of estrogen in women at menopause is contributing factor to osteoporosis and considered one of the risk factors for periodontal disease. It has been hypothesized that osteoporosis decreases alveolar bone density and in turn increases its susceptibility to resorption due to periodontal inflammation. Accelerated bone loss in menopause is related to increased bone turnover. This is accompanied by increased levels of biochemical markers such as Alkaline Phosphatase. Alteration in salivary Alkaline Phosphatase levels might be expected as an indication of periodontal disease activity. Methods: The study included 40 subjects, 20 in each group in the age group of 50-60 years. Group 1 comprised of 20 Postmenopausal women without chronic periodontitis. Group 2 comprised of 20 Postmenopausal women with chronic periodontitis. Each saliva sample was estimated for ALP levels. Results: The present study showed significant increase in Alkaline Phosphatase in postmenopausal women with periodontitis (Group 2) with p value <0.0001. Interpretation and conclusion: Alkaline phosphatase can be used as a diagnostic marker of Periodontitis in postmenopausal women. However ALP cannot be solely responsible for Periodontitis but it can be used as a additional aid in diagnosing Periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The objective of the study was to understand and analyze the prescription patterns of dentists across various demographic locations for managing oral infections and pain with antibiotics and explore the evidence-based practices by clinicians as well as the need for further education. Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out using an online questionnaire framed to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practices among dentists with varying levels of experience and qualifications, regarding antimicrobial prescription. The questions were validated from previous published studies that explored the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) with respect to antimicrobial prescription. In total, N = 300 of dentists from four different countries responded to the online questionnaire out of which 53% were specialists while 47% were general dentists. After data collection, descriptive analysis was carried out along with a one-sided hypothesis test to depict the power of the sample. Results. It was seen from the results of the study that the first-choice antibiotics for 67.8% of dentists were found to be the β-lactam group while sulfonamides and tetracyclines at 20% were the second most prescribed group. Another important finding was that 45.6% of dentists ignored hypersensitivity testing before prescription of antibiotics even though 83.3% of the total dentists interviewed were aware of the increase in antibiotic resistance. Conclusion. In conclusion, the dentists are partially aware of the guidelines but need further training and education on antimicrobial prescription that enables evidence-based decision-making for better practices and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Orthodontic treatment helps in improving aesthetics, oral hygiene as well as functional occlusion. Also, importance of oral hygiene in orthodontic patients is always intensified to prevent any further periodontal disease. Regular oral hygiene maintenance is important for the maintenance of gingival health during and after orthodontic therapy as it helps in preservation ofthe health of gingiva as well as overall oral health. Objective: To assess the extent of oral hygiene awareness and impact of orthodontic treatment on of periodontal health, among medical students. Method: A cross sectional survey containing 19 questions was answered by 150 medical students who had undergone fixed Orthodontic treatment from various colleges in Mangalore, Karnataka. Results and Conclusion: The results of this survey showed that medical students have adequate knowledge of oral hygiene practices. Majority of medical students who had undergone orthodontic treatment showed increased bleeding from gums, increased sensitivity and difficulty in brushing and flossing indicating that orthodontic treatment does have impact on maintenance of oral hygiene. Thus, a thorough assessment of the periodontal health is recommended prior to orthodontic treatment. Equal emphasis should also be laid on the necessity of good oral hygiene and regular periodontal maintenance for the best outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Fibromas are proliferative fibrous lesions of the gingiva and oralmucosa thatmay cause esthetic and functional problems. Fibrous hyperplasia and Fibro-epithelial hyperplasia are histological variants of these non-neoplasticlesions. Methods: This article addresses the diagnosis, histological features and treatment of two cases of fibroma. Results: These lesions are a result of trauma/chronic irritation, or arise fromcells of periodontium, periodontal ligament, or periosteum. Conclusion: The cases demonstrate the need for proper diagnosis, role of biopsy and histologic evaluation in management of these lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Furcation regions present some of the most significant challenges to the successful outcome of periodontal therapy. Due to their anatomical complexities, the areas become inaccessible, and instrumentation is generally tricky and often incomplete. Hence, it is essential to have a thorough knowledge of molar anatomy to assess the case difficulty, appropriate diagnosis, and treatment planning. Aim: To radiographically evaluate and classify the furcation anatomy of mandibular first and second molars based on root trunk length and root divergence angle. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was carried out in AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental sciences, Mangalore between February and March 2020. Orthopantomograms (OPG) with permanent healthy first (25 right and 25 left) and second mandibular molars (25 right and 25 left) with no alveolar bone loss obtained from systemically healthy individuals were selected for the study. They were screened for root divergence angle and root length to root trunk length ratio. According to the root divergence angle, the total sample was classified as Group I (with angle <30°), Group II (with angle 30°to 60°), Group III (with angle >60°). They were classified into Type A, B, and C based on Hou and Tsai classification. Type A root trunks involving the cervical third or less, Type B involves upto cervical half of the length of the root and Type C involves cervical two-thirds of the root, respectively. The data were collected and entered in the Microsoft Excel sheet. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for root divergence. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Student t-test was used to compare intragroup variations in root divergence in the left and right molars. The p<0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Total 100 teeth (50 mandibular first molar (25 left and 25 right) and 50 mandibular second molars (25 left and 25 right)) were included in the study and analysed. In terms of Furcation Angle (FA), mandibular left first molar showed an increased frequency of Group II (48%) and Group III (48%), while mandibular left second molar showed an increased frequency of Group II (68%). Among mandibular right first molar Group III (56%) showed an increased frequency, while Group II (92%) was commonly seen in right second molar. Intergroup comparison revealed a statistically significant difference in divergence between mandibular left first and second molars (36 and 37) p<0.01, mandibular right first and second molars (46 and 47) (p<0.01). Divergence of furcation was more significant in 36 and 46 than 37 and 47, respectively. The current study results showed a higher frequency of Type A in all the four involved teeth, i.e., left first (96%) and second (68%) molars, right first (92%) and second (88%) molars. Conclusion: The study results showed an increased frequency of Group II FA and Type A root trunks. The divergence of furcation was greater in first molars compared to the second molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a fact that diabetes affects 9.3% of the world's population and the number of afflicted individuals is anticipated to increase by 11% by 2045. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a category of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia caused by abnormalities in insulin production, insulin action, or both. It is also attributed to a number of micro and macrovascular problems, the etiology of which is complicated and involves metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and immunological dysfunction. Since the oral cavity is likewise extensively vascularized and innervated, diabetic oral sequelae are to be expected. Despite the fact that there is significant data supporting the link between diabetes and dental health, there is a lack of oral health knowledge among health professionals and even diabetic patients. In this review, we will assess potential oral complications, elaborate on the pathogenic mechanisms and some literature studies that might explain the associations between DM and potential oral manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanotic macule isthe most common benign pigmented lesion of the oral cavity characterised by a focal increase in the melanin deposition. A 34 year old female patient reported with a chief complaint of black pigmentation with respect to maxillary gingiva between the central incisors since one year. An excisional biopsy was done for histo pathological examination, which revealed the lesion as melanotic macule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]