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The article presents the discussion on the importance of human milk (HM) for the nutrition of newborns especially preterm infants. Topics include donor human milk (DHM) developing illnesses and infections in preterm infants leading to better outcomes both in the short- and long-term; and causing food outbreaks through the secretion of enterotoxins and degradative enzymes in the food ingested by the host.

The number of people adopting vegetarian diets is constantly increasing, and many among them are young parents who decide to share their diet with their children. The aim of this study was to investigate health professionals’ knowledge regarding the adoption of vegetarian diets from pregnancy to adolescence. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. The administered questionnaire, which was based on the recommendations of the most up-to-date guidelines, included two macro areas: The first investigated the sociodemographic and professional profile of the interviewees and the second addressed the knowledge of the participants regarding vegetarian diets. A total of 418 health professionals in Italy were interviewed, of whom 65.8% were nursing staff. Among the participants, 79.9% had not attended a nutrition course in the previous five years. A correct definition of a vegetarian/vegan diet was provided by 34.1% of the participants. The answers regarding knowledge of nutrients were correct in 20% of cases, whereas correct answers to questions assessing knowledge of the risk and benefits of a vegetarian diet and the adoption of a vegetarian diet throughout the life cycle were given by 45% and 39.4% of the participants, respectively. A significant correlation between the items of the second macro area that investigated the knowledge and dietary habits of the participants was found for seven items. The results of the study indicate that health professionals do not have complete and exhaustive knowledge about vegetarian diets and lack information on health outcomes and the adoption of a vegetarian diet throughout the different life cycles and nutrients. Improving pre- and in-service learning opportunities in vegetarian nutrition for health professionals is strongly advisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science / Infermieri dei Bambini: Giornale Italiano di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche is the property of Societa Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science / Infermieri dei Bambini: Giornale Italiano di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche is the property of Societa Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science / Infermieri dei Bambini: Giornale Italiano di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche is the property of Societa Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science / Infermieri dei Bambini: Giornale Italiano di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche is the property of Societa Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science / Infermieri dei Bambini: Giornale Italiano di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche is the property of Societa Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science / Infermieri dei Bambini: Giornale Italiano di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche is the property of Societa Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science / Infermieri dei Bambini: Giornale Italiano di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche is the property of Societa Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science / Infermieri dei Bambini: Giornale Italiano di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche is the property of Societa Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science / Infermieri dei Bambini: Giornale Italiano di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche is the property of Societa Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science / Infermieri dei Bambini: Giornale Italiano di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche is the property of Societa Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science / Infermieri dei Bambini: Giornale Italiano di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche is the property of Societa Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although breast milk is the normative feeding for infants, breastfeeding rates are lower than recommended. We investigated breastfeeding difficulties experienced by mothers in the first months after delivery and their association with early breastfeeding discontinuation. We conducted a prospective observational study. Mothers breastfeeding singleton healthy term newborns at hospital discharge were enrolled and, at three months post-delivery, were administered a questionnaire on their breastfeeding experience. Association among neonatal/maternal characteristics, breastfeeding difficulties and support after hospital discharge, and type of feeding at three months was assessed using multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. We enrolled 792 mothers, 552 completed the study. Around 70.3% of mothers experienced breastfeeding difficulties, reporting cracked nipples, perception of insufficient amount of milk, pain, and fatigue. Difficulties occurred mostly within the first month. Half of mothers with breastfeeding issues felt well-supported by health professionals. Maternal perception of not having a sufficient amount of milk, infant's failure to thrive, mastitis, and the return to work were associated with a higher risk of non-exclusive breastfeeding at three months whereas vaginal delivery and breastfeeding support after hospital discharge were associated with a decreased risk. These results underline the importance of continued, tailored professional breastfeeding support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Feeding difficulties frequently occur in preterm infants, thus contributing to delayed growth and hospital discharge.Aims: To evaluate the effect of Kangaroo mother care implementation and parental involvement in infants' feeding on the timing of achievement of full oral feeding in preterm infants.Study Design: Prospective, observational, single-centre study.Subjects: A total of 81 infants born at a gestational age ≤32weeks, consecutively admitted to a tertiary neonatal unit between June 2014 and May 2015.Outcome Measures: The timing of the achievement of full oral feeding of preterm infants.Results: Full oral feeding was achieved at a mean postmenstrual age of 35.5±2.1weeks. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that a low birth weight, the occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and the need for gastrointestinal surgical procedures were associated with a higher postmenstrual age at achievement of full oral feedings. By contrast, the earlier that parents fed their infants and the earlier that Kangaroo mother care was started, the lower the postmenstrual age at the achievement of full oral feeding.Conclusions: These findings indicate that an early start of Kangaroo mother care and early parental involvement in infants' feeding positively affect the achievement of independent oral feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]