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Artificial intelligence is generating substantial interest in the field of medicine. One form of artificial intelligence, deep learning, has led to rapid advances in automated image analysis. In 2017, an algorithm demonstrated the ability to diagnose certain skin cancers from clinical photographs with the accuracy of an expert dermatologist. Subsequently, deep learning has been applied to a range of dermatology applications. Although experts will never be replaced by artificial intelligence, it will certainly affect the specialty of dermatology. In this first article of a 2-part series, the basic concepts of deep learning will be reviewed with the goal of laying the groundwork for effective communication between clinicians and technical colleagues. In part 2 of the series, the clinical applications of deep learning in dermatology will be reviewed and limitations and opportunities will be considered., (Copyright © 2020 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Because of a convergence of the availability of large data sets, graphics-specific computer hardware, and important theoretical advancements, artificial intelligence has recently contributed to dramatic progress in medicine. One type of artificial intelligence known as deep learning has been particularly impactful for medical image analysis. Deep learning applications have shown promising results in dermatology and other specialties, including radiology, cardiology, and ophthalmology. The modern clinician will benefit from an understanding of the basic features of deep learning to effectively use new applications and to better gauge their utility and limitations. In this second article of a 2-part series, we review the existing and emerging clinical applications of deep learning in dermatology and discuss future opportunities and limitations. Part 1 of this series offered an introduction to the basic concepts of deep learning to facilitate effective communication between clinicians and technical experts., (Copyright © 2020 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Perioperative anxiety can negatively impact patient satisfaction and can complicate outpatient dermatologic procedures., Objective: Evaluate adverse events associated with oral midazolam as a perioperative anxiolytic during dermatologic surgery and assess whether an enhanced monitoring approach is associated with an increased detection rate., Materials and Methods: Five hundred cases (250 before and after change in monitoring) where patients were administered oral midazolam between July 2015 and May 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The number of procedures, type of procedures, dose in milligrams, number of doses, major and minor adverse events, and vital signs were recorded., Results: The difference in number of treatment sites, types of procedures, and total dose administered was not significant. There were minor but significant differences in the mean change in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale score before and after the procedure but not oxygen saturation. These vital sign changes were not clinically significant. There were zero major adverse events in both groups. There were 2 patients who became transiently hypoxic., Conclusion: Oral midazolam administration was not associated with major adverse events including in the more intensively monitored group. This supports its use as an anxiolytic for outpatient dermatologic procedures.

Dermatologists are among the most inventive physicians, trained in the multiple disciplines of medical dermatology, surgical dermatology, and dermatopathology. Many of the advances in dermatology practice have been derived from inventive colleagues who identify opportunities for improvement in practice, develop viable prototypes to address these practice opportunities, and persevere through the hard work of developing new technologies to advance the practice of dermatology. In this article, we will review the basic elements of invention, patents, and the range of outcomes associated with the pursuit of invention. Examples of innovative dermatologic technologies and approaches will be reviewed. Opportunities abound for dermatologists to contribute to the advancement of medical care through invention in our specialty. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(9):904-908.

Objective: To describe the clinical features and epidemiology of leprosy in patients evaluated in a Midwestern dermatology clinic., Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of clinical and laboratory data from patients with leprosy who were evaluated in the Department of Dermatology at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1, 1994, through December 31, 2017., Results: Nine patients, 7 male and 2 female, were identified, ranging in age from 15 to 63 years (mean age, 38 years). Six of the 9 patients (67%) were foreign-born: 3 from Oceania (2 from Micronesia and 1 from Guam), 1 from Southeast Asia (Indonesia), and 2 from Mexico. Three patients were born in the United States. All 9 patients presented with skin lesions (granulomatous histopathologic type), and 8 had neuropathy. Leprosy was multibacillary in 8 patients and paucibacillary in 1. Two patients experienced a type 1 treatment reaction, and 5 had type 2 reactions. Three of the 9 patients had speciation by polymerase chain reaction (Mycobacterium leprae in 2 and Mycobacterium lepromatosis in 1)., Conclusion: Despite its rarity in the United States, leprosy should be considered in the differential diagnosis when evaluating both foreign- and US-born patients with granulomatous dermatitis and peripheral neuropathy. Because M lepromatosis was not identified until 2008 and requires polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis, the incidence of this species among patients with leprosy diagnosed in earlier years is unknown., (Copyright © 2018 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We report Mycobacterium lepromatosis infection in a US-born person with an extensive international travel history. Clinical symptoms, histopathology, and management are similar to those of infections caused by M. leprae. Clinicians should consider this pathogen in the diagnosis of patients with symptoms of leprosy who have traveled to endemic areas.

Importance: Self-healing juvenile cutaneous mucinosis is a very rare, self-limiting disease characterized by the abrupt onset of asymptomatic papules and nodules located primarily on the face and periarticular regions of a juvenile patient. There have been less than 20 cases reported since it was first described in 1973., Observations: Most cases have been reported in children 15 years and younger. Herein we present a case affecting a 17-year-old. To our knowledge, this the oldest reported patient with this condition in the USA., Conclusions and Relevance: Despite the rarity of this disease, it is important to keep SHJCM on the differential in pediatric patients presenting with proliferating papules and nodules. Knowledge of this entity may prevent unnecessary diagnostic testing and aggressive treatment in the pediatric population with this self-limited disease.