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Background: Preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have lifelong increased risk of respiratory morbidities associated with environmental pathogen exposure and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The resident immune cells of the lung play vital roles in host defense. However, the effect of perinatal events associated with BPD on pulmonary-specific immune cells is not well understood., Methods: We used a double-hit model of BPD induced by prenatal chorioamnionitis followed by postnatal hyperoxia, and performed a global transcriptome analysis of all resident pulmonary immune cells., Results: We show significant up-regulation of genes involved in chemokine-mediated signaling and immune cell chemotaxis, and down-regulation of genes involved in multiple T lymphocyte functions. Multiple genes involved in T cell receptor signaling are downregulated and Cd8a gene expression remains downregulated at 2 months of age in spite of recovery in normoxia for 6 weeks. Furthermore, the proportion of CD8a+CD3+ pulmonary immune cells is decreased., Conclusions: Our study has highlighted that perinatal lung inflammation in a double-hit model of BPD results in short- and long-term dysregulation of genes associated with the pulmonary T cell receptor signaling pathway, which may contribute to increased environmental pathogen-associated respiratory morbidities seen in children and adults with BPD., Impact: In a translationally relevant double-hit model of BPD induced by chorioamnionitis and postnatal hyperoxia, we identified pulmonary immune cell-specific transcriptomic changes and showed that T cell receptor signaling genes are downregulated in short term and long term. This is the first comprehensive report delineating transcriptomic changes in resident immune cells of the lung in a translationally relevant double-hit model of BPD. Our study identifies novel resident pulmonary immune cell-specific targets for potential therapeutic modulation to improve short- and long-term respiratory health of preterm infants with BPD., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc.)

Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is an important component for evaluating the outcome of experimental rodent models of respiratory diseases. Respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) provides a noninvasive method of PFT requiring minimal cooperation. RIP measures work of breathing (WOB) indices including phase angle (Ф), percent rib cage (RC %), breaths per minute (BPM), and labored breathing index (LBI) on an iPad. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of a recently developed research instrument, pneuRIP, for evaluation of WOB indices in a developmental rat model. Sprague Dawley rats (2 months old) were commercially acquired and anaesthetised with isoflurane. The pneuRIP system uses two elastic bands: one band (RC) placed around the rib cage under the upper armpit and another band (AB) around the abdomen. The typical thoracoabdominal motion (TAM) plot showed the abdomen and rib cage motion in synchrony. The plots of phase angle and LBI as a function of data point number showed that values were within the range. The distribution for phase angle and LBI was within a narrow range. pneuRIP testing provided instantaneous PFT results. This study demonstrated the utility of RIP as a rapid, noninvasive approach for evaluating treatment interventions in the rodent model.

Background: Hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury (HALI) is characterized by increased permeability and infiltration of inflammatory cells, impairment of alveolar development, and compromised lung function. Recent evidence has determined that microRNAs (miRs) are implicated in hyperoxia-induced lung injury, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). However, the expression profile and functional role of miR199a-5p in developing lungs have not been reported., Methods: The present study was undertaken to explore the role of miR199a-5p in developing mice lungs and human neonates. We exposed neonatal mice for 7 days, mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE12), mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs), and macrophages (RAW246.7), to hyperoxia at different time points., Results: Our results demonstrated enhanced miR199a-5p expression in hyperoxia-exposed mice lungs and cells, as well as in tracheal aspirates of infants developing BPD, with significant reduction in the expression of its target, caveolin-1. Next, we observed that miR199a-5p-mimic worsens HALI as evidenced by increased inflammatory cells, cytokines, and lung vascular markers. Conversely, miR199a-5p-inhibitor treatment attenuated HALI., Conclusion: Thus, our findings suggest that miR199a-5p is a potential target for attenuating HALI pathophysiology in the developing lung. Moreover, miR199a-5p-inhibitor could be part of a novel therapeutic strategy for improving BPD in preterm neonates.