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The consequences of frontotemporal lobar degeneration include changes in prefrontal cortical neurophysiology, with abnormalities of neural dynamics reported in the beta frequency range (14–30 Hz) that correlate with functional severity. We examined beta dynamics in two clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration: the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Whilst these two syndromes are partially convergent in cognitive effects, they differ in disease mechanisms such as molecular pathologies and prefrontal atrophy. Whether bvFTD and PSP also differ in neurophysiology remains to be fully investigated. We compared magnetoencephalography from 20 controls, 23 people with bvFTD and 21 people with PSP (Richardson’s syndrome) during an auditory roving oddball paradigm. We measured changes in low and high total beta power responses (14–22 and 22–30 Hz respectively) over frontotemporal cortex in the period of the mismatch negativity response (100–250 ms post-stimulus). In controls, we found increased 14–22 Hz beta power following unexpected sensory events (i.e. increased deviant versus standard response), from right prefrontal cortex. Relative to controls, PSP reversed the mismatch response in this time–frequency window, reflecting reduced responses to the deviant stimuli (relative to standard stimuli). Abnormal beta at baseline in PSP could account for the reduced task-modulation of beta. Across bvFTD and PSP groups, the beta response to deviant stimuli (relative to standard stimuli) correlated with clinical severity, but not with atrophy of the prefrontal source region. These findings confirm the proposed importance of higher-order cortical regions, and their beta-power generators, in sensory change detection and context-updating during oddball paradigms. The physiological effects are proposed to result from changes in synaptic density, cortical neurotransmitters and subcortical connections, rather than merely atrophy. Beta-power changes may assist clinical stratification and provide intermediate outcomes for experimental medicine studies of novel therapeutic strategies.

Background: Sensation Seeking, the proclivity toward novel and stimulating experiences, is associated with greater left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) activity during uncertain reward expectancy. Here, we examined relationships between sensation seeking and vlPFC oscillatory dynamics using electroencephalography (EEG).Methods: In 26 adolescents/young adults (16 female; 22.3 ± 1.7yrs), EEG was measured during uncertain reward expectancy. Event-related spectral perturbations (ERSP) from 15-80 Hz (beta/gamma bands) were compared as a function of uncertain reward expected value and assessed for relationships with feedback-related negativity (FRN) response to outcome feedback and response tendency measures of risk for BD.Results: Event-related synchronization (ERS) between 15-25 Hz (beta) over left vlPFC was sensitive to the expected value of uncertain reward (rho=0.46; p = 0.048), and correlated with sensation seeking (r = 0.49, p < 0.01) and feedback-related negativity (FRN), where greater beta ERS was related to larger FRN (r = -0.39, p = 0.047). FRN was also related to behavioral inhibition (r = 0.49, p < 0.01).Limitations: It is unknown whether results may extrapolate to clinical populations, given the healthy sample used here. Further, although we have confidence that the beta-band signal we measure in this study arises from left prefrontal cortex, we largely infer a left vlPFC source.Conclusions: These findings highlight the role of left vlPFC in evaluation of immediate rewards. We now provide a link between reward expectancy-related left vlPFC activity and the well-characterized FRN, with a known role in attentive processing. These findings can guide treatment development for mania/hypomania at-risk individuals, including transcranial alternating current stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to show that short-lasting (90 s) transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at 20 Hz delivered over the left primary motor cortex (M1) is able to change the shape of recruitment curve of the corticospinal pathway. Methods: The corticospinal pathway was studied during tACS by means of the relationship between the intensity of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered over the left M1 and corresponding motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from the right first dorsal interosseus muscle (FDI), in nine healthy subjects. In order to extract characteristics of the input–output relationship that have particular physiological relevance, data were fitted to the Boltzmann sigmoidal function by the Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear, least mean squares algorithm. Results: The β-rhythm tACS influenced the shape and parameters of the input–output relation, so that the initial segment of the conditioned curve (from threshold to 30% of maximum muscle size) diverged, while the subsequent segment converged to overlap the unconditioned control curve. Discussion: β-rhythm tACS conditions only a definite subset of corticospinal elements influencing less than 30% of the entire motoneuronal pool. The fact that β-rhythm tACS mainly affects the most excitable motoneurons could explain the observed antikinetic effect of the tACS at β-rhythm applied in the motor regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar behavioral deficits are shared between individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their first-degree relatives, such as impaired face memory, object recognition, and some language aspects. Functional neuroimaging studies have reported abnormalities in ASD in at least one brain area implicated in those functions, the fusiform gyrus (FG). High frequency oscillations have also been described as abnormal in ASD in a separate line of research. The present study examined whether low- and high-frequency oscillatory power, localized in part to FG and other language-related regions, differs in ASD subjects and first-degree relatives. Twelve individuals with ASD, 16 parents of children with ASD, and 35 healthy controls participated in a picture-naming task using magnetoencephalography (MEG) to assess oscillatory power and connectivity. Relative to controls, we observed reduced evoked high-gamma activity in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) and reduced high-beta/low-gamma evoked power in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in the ASD group. Finally, reductions in phase-locked beta-band were also seen in the ASD group relative to controls, especially in the occipital lobes (OCC). First degree relatives, in contrast, exhibited higher high-gamma band power in the left STG compared with controls, as well as increased high-beta/low-gamma evoked power in the left FG. In the left hemisphere, beta- and gamma-band functional connectivity between the IFG and FG and between STG and OCC were higher in the autism group than in controls. This suggests that, contrary to what has been previously described, reduced connectivity is not observed across all scales of observation in autism. The lack of behavioral correlation for the findings warrants some caution in interpreting the relevance of such changes for language function in ASD. Our findings in parents implicates the gamma- and beta-band ranges as potential compensatory phenomena in autism relatives.

Recent studies in animals have convincingly demonstrated that respiration cyclically modulates oscillatory neural activity across diverse brain areas. To what extent this generalises to humans in a way that is relevant for behaviour is yet unclear. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to assess the potential influence of respiration depth and respiration phase on the human motor system. We obtained simultaneous recordings of brain activity, muscle activity, and respiration while participants performed a steady contraction task. We used corticomuscular coherence as a measure of efficient long-range cortico-peripheral communication.We found coherence within the beta range over sensorimotor cortex to be reduced during voluntary deep compared to involuntary normal breathing. Moreover, beta coherence was found to be cyclically modulated by respiration phase in both conditions. Overall, these results demonstrate how respiratory rhythms influence the synchrony of brain oscillations, conceivably regulating computational efficiency through neural excitability. Intriguing questions remain with regard to the shape of these modulatory processes and how they influence perception, cognition, and behaviour.

Globus pallidus internus (GPi) neurons in the basal ganglia are traditionally thought to play a significant role in the promotion and suppression of movement via a change in firing rates. Here, we hypothesize that a primary mechanism of movement control by GPi neurons is through specific modulations in their oscillatory patterns. We analyzed neuronal spiking activity of 83 GPi neurons recorded from two healthy nonhuman primates executing a radial center-out motor task. We found that, in directionally tuned neurons, the power in the gamma band is significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that in the beta band (a “cross-over” effect), during the planning stages of movements in their preferred direction. This cross-over effect is not observed in the non-directionally tuned neurons. These data suggest that, during movement planning, information encoding by GPi neurons may be governed by a sudden emergence and suppression of oscillatory activities, rather than simply by a change in average firing rates.

Globus pallidus internus (GPi) neurons in the basal ganglia are traditionally thought to play a significant role in the promotion and suppression of movement via a change in firing rates. Here, we hypothesize that a primary mechanism of movement control by GPi neurons is through specific modulations in their oscillatory patterns. We analyzed neuronal spiking activity of 83 GPi neurons recorded from two healthy nonhuman primates executing a radial center-out motor task. We found that, in directionally tuned neurons, the power in the gamma band is significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that in the beta band (a "cross-over" effect), during the planning stages of movements in their preferred direction. This cross-over effect is not observed in the non-directionally tuned neurons. These data suggest that, during movement planning, information encoding by GPi neurons may be governed by a sudden emergence and suppression of oscillatory activities, rather than simply by a change in average firing rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that when incentives are provided during movement preparation, activity in parieto-frontal regions reflects both expected value and motivational salience. Yet behavioral work suggests that the processing of rewards is faster than for punishments, raising the possibility that expected value and motivational salience manifest at different latencies during movement planning. Given the role of beta oscillations (13-30 Hz) in movement preparation and in communication within the reward circuit, this study investigated how beta activity is modulated by positive and negative monetary incentives during reach planning, and in particular whether it reflects expected value and motivational salience at different latencies. Electroencephalography was recorded while male and female humans performed a reaching task in which reward or punishment delivery depended on movement accuracy. Before a preparatory delay period, participants were informed of the consequences of hitting or missing the target, according to four experimental conditions: Neutral (hit/miss:+ 0 /--0

Aging is associated with reduced maximum force production and force steadiness during low-force tasks, but both can be improved by training. Intermuscular coherence measures coupling between two peripheral surface electromyography (EMG) signals in the frequency domain. It is thought to represent the presence of common input to alpha-motoneurons, but the functional meaning of intermuscular coherence, particularly regarding aging and training, remain unclear. This study investigated knee extensor intermuscular coherence in previously sedentary young (18–30 years) and older (67–73 years) subjects before and after a 14-week strength training intervention. YOUNG and OLDER groups performed maximum unilateral isometric knee extensions [100% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)], as well as force steadiness tests at 20 and 70% MVC, pre- and post-training. Intermuscular (i.e., EMG-EMG) coherence analyses were performed for all (three) contraction intensities in vastus lateralis and medialis muscles. Pre-training coefficient of force variation (i.e., force steadiness) and MVC (i.e., maximum torque) were similar between groups. Both groups improved MVC through training, but YOUNG improved more than OLDER (42 ± 27 Nm versus 18 ± 16 Nm, P = 0.022). Force steadiness did not change during 20% MVC trials in either group, but YOUNG demonstrated increased coefficient of force variation during 70% MVC trials (1.28 ± 0.46 to 1.57 ± 0.70, P = 0.01). YOUNG demonstrated greater pre-training coherence during 20% and 70% MVC trials, particularly within the 8–14 Hz (e.g., 20%: 0.105 ± 0.119 versus 0.016 ± 0.009, P = 0.001) and 16–30 Hz (20%: 0.063 ± 0.078 versus 0.012 ± 0.007, P = 0.002) bands, but not during 100% MVC trials. Strength training led to increases in intermuscular coherence within the 40–60 Hz band during 70% MVC trials in YOUNG only, while OLDER decreased within the 8–14 Hz band during 100% MVC trials. Age-related differences in intermuscular coherence were observed between young and older individuals, even when neuromuscular performance levels were similar. The functional significance of intermuscular coherence remains unclear, since coherence within different frequency bands did not explain any of the variance in the regression models for maximum strength or force steadiness during 20 and 70% MVC trials.

Aging is associated with reduced maximum force production and force steadiness during low-force tasks, but both can be improved by training. Intermuscular coherence measures coupling between two peripheral surface electromyography (EMG) signals in the frequency domain. It is thought to represent the presence of common input to alpha-motoneurons, but the functional meaning of intermuscular coherence, particularly regarding aging and training, remain unclear. This study investigated knee extensor intermuscular coherence in previously sedentary young (18–30 years) and older (67–73 years) subjects before and after a 14-week strength training intervention. YOUNG and OLDER groups performed maximum unilateral isometric knee extensions [100% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)], as well as force steadiness tests at 20 and 70% MVC, pre- and post-training. Intermuscular (i.e., EMG-EMG) coherence analyses were performed for all (three) contraction intensities in vastus lateralis and medialis muscles. Pre-training coefficient of force variation (i.e., force steadiness) and MVC (i.e., maximum torque) were similar between groups. Both groups improved MVC through training, but YOUNG improved more than OLDER (42 ± 27 Nm versus 18 ± 16 Nm, P = 0.022). Force steadiness did not change during 20% MVC trials in either group, but YOUNG demonstrated increased coefficient of force variation during 70% MVC trials (1.28 ± 0.46 to 1.57 ± 0.70, P = 0.01). YOUNG demonstrated greater pre-training coherence during 20% and 70% MVC trials, particularly within the 8–14 Hz (e.g., 20%: 0.105 ± 0.119 versus 0.016 ± 0.009, P = 0.001) and 16–30 Hz (20%: 0.063 ± 0.078 versus 0.012 ± 0.007, P = 0.002) bands, but not during 100% MVC trials. Strength training led to increases in intermuscular coherence within the 40–60 Hz band during 70% MVC trials in YOUNG only, while OLDER decreased within the 8–14 Hz band during 100% MVC trials. Age-related differences in intermuscular coherence were observed between young and older individuals, even when neuromuscular performance levels were similar. The functional significance of intermuscular coherence remains unclear, since coherence within different frequency bands did not explain any of the variance in the regression models for maximum strength or force steadiness during 20 and 70% MVC trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monetary rewards and punishments have been shown to respectively enhance retention of motor memories and short-term motor performance, but their underlying neural bases in the context of motor control tasks remain unclear. Using electroencephalography (EEG), the present study tested the hypothesis that monetary rewards and punishments are respectively reflected in post-feedback beta-band (20–30 Hz) and theta-band (3–8 Hz) oscillatory power. While participants performed upper limb reaching movements toward visual targets using their right hand, the delivery of monetary rewards and punishments was manipulated as well as their probability (i.e., by changing target size). Compared to unrewarded and unpunished trials, monetary rewards and the successful avoidance of punishments both entailed greater beta-band power at left central electrodes overlaying contralateral motor areas. In contrast, monetary punishments and reward omissions both entailed increased theta-band power at fronto-central scalp sites. Additional analyses revealed that beta-band power was further increased when rewards were lowly probable. In light of previous work demonstrating similar beta-band modulations in basal ganglia during reward processing, the present results may reflect functional communication of reward-related information between the basal ganglia and motor cortical regions. In turn, the increase in fronto-central theta-band power after monetary punishments may reflect an emphasized cognitive need for behavioral adjustments. Globally, the present work identifies possible neural substrates for the growing behavioral evidence showing beneficial effects of monetary feedback on motor learning and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockade of the scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) is a well-known phenomenon following attempted or executed motor functions. Such a frequency-specific power attenuation of the SMR occurs in the alpha and beta frequency bands and is spatially registered at primary somatosensory and motor cortices. Here, we hypothesized that resting-state fluctuations of the SMR in the alpha and beta frequency bands also covary with resting-state sensorimotor cortical activity, without involving task-related neural dynamics. The present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural regions whose activities were correlated with the simultaneously recorded SMR power fluctuations. The SMR power fluctuations were convolved with a canonical hemodynamic response function and correlated with blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signals obtained from the entire brain. Our findings show that the alpha and beta power components of the SMR correlate with activities of the pericentral area. Furthermore, brain regions with correlations between BOLD signals and the alpha-band SMR fluctuations were located posterior to those with correlations between BOLD signals and the beta-band SMR. These results are consistent with those of event-related studies of SMR modulation induced by sensory input or motor output. Our findings may help to understand the role of the sensorimotor cortex activity in contributing to the amplitude modulation of SMR during the resting state. This knowledge may be applied to the diagnosis of pathological conditions in the pericentral areas or the refinement of brain–computer interfaces using SMR in the future.

Background Single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses activate different components of the motor cortex neural circuitry in a stimulation intensity-dependent way and may lead to a cumulative increase of corticospinal excitability (CSE) during the same stimulation session. Furthermore, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been shown to increase in a frequency-specific way the level of CSE probed by single-pulse TMS. The interaction of these two phenomena, i.e. cumulative increases and baseline shifts of CSE, and the involved neural circuitry has not been studied yet. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate stimulation intensity-specific online effects of simultaneous TMS and tACS on CSE. Methods Single-pulse TMS was applied concurrent to 20 Hz tACS over the left primary motor cortex of thirteen healthy subjects to probe CSE indexed by motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from the contralateral extensor carpi radialis muscle of the right hand during rest. Six different TMS intensities (90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, and 140% of resting motor threshold, RMT) were studied in a randomized blocked design. In each block, 40 pulses were applied with an inter-stimulus interval of 5 s and a jitter of ±0.5 s, i.e. at a stimulation frequency of 0.2–0.25 Hz. Results Beta-tACS has a general facilitatory effect on CSE across the tested TMS intensities. The results of the block wise regression of the MEP amplitudes show a more specific effect. Combining tACS and TMS leads to a cumulative increase in CSE for the stimulation intensity of 120% RMT only (p = 0.0004). Conclusion CSE increases due to beta-tACS and cumulative TMS pulses may be mediated by different neuronal mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vestibular organ senses linear and rotational acceleration of the head during active and passive motion. These signals are necessary for bipedal locomotion, navigation, the coordination of eye and head movements in 3D space. The temporal dynamics of vestibular processing in cortical structures have hardly been studied in humans, let alone with natural stimulation. The aim was to investigate the cortical vestibular network related to natural otolith stimulation using a hexapod motion platform. We conducted two experiments, 1. to estimate the sources of the vestibular evoked potentials (VestEPs) by means of distributed source localization (n=49), and 2. to reveal modulations of the VestEPs through the underlying acceleration intensity (n=24). For both experiments subjects were accelerated along the main axis (left/right, up/down, fore/aft) while the EEG was recorded. We were able to identify five VestEPs (P1, N1, P2, N2, P3) with latencies between 38 and 461 ms as well as an evoked beta-band response peaking with a latency of 68 ms in all subjects and for all acceleration directions. Source localization gave the cingulate sulcus visual (CSv) area and the opercular-insular region as the main origin of the evoked potentials. No lateralization effects due to handedness could be observed. In the second experiment, area CSv was shown to be integral in the processing of acceleration intensities as sensed by the otolith organs, hinting at its potential role in ego-motion detection. These robust VestEPs could be used to investigate the mechanisms of inter-regional interaction in the natural context of vestibular processing and multisensory integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During force production, hand muscle activity is known to be coherent with activity in primary motor cortex, specifically in the beta-band (15-30 Hz) frequency range. It is not clear, however, if this coherence reflects the control strategy selected by the nervous system for a given task, or if it instead reflects an intrinsic property of cortico-spinal communication. Here, we measured corticomuscular and intermuscular coherence between muscles of index finger and thumb while a two-finger pinch grip of identical net force was applied to objects which were either stable (allowing synergistic activation of finger muscles) or unstable (requiring individuated finger control). We found that beta-band corticomuscular coherence with the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles, as well as their beta-band coherence with each other, was significantly reduced when individuated control of the thumb and index finger was required. We interpret these findings to show that beta-band coherence is reflective of a synergistic control strategy in which the cortex binds task-related motor neurons into functional units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pairing peripheral electrical stimulation (ES) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) increases corticospinal excitability when applied with a specific temporal pattern. When the two stimulation techniques are applied separately, motor imagery (MI)-related oscillatory modulation amplifies both ES-related cortical effects -sensorimotor event-related desynchronization (ERD) - and TMS-induced peripheral responses - motor-evoked potentials (MEP). However, the influence of brain self-regulation on the associative pairing of these stimulation techniques is still unclear.Objective: The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of MI-related ERD during associative ES and TMS on subsequent corticospinal excitability. Method: The paired application of functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscle and subsequent single-pulse TMS (110% resting motor threshold) of the contralateral primary motor cortex was controlled by beta-band (16-22Hz) ERD during motor-imagery of finger extension and applied within a brain-machine interface environment in six healthy subjects. Neural correlates were probed by acquiring the stimulus-response curve (SRC) of both MEP peak-to-peak amplitude and area under the curve (AUC) before and after the intervention. Result: The application of approximately 150 pairs of associative FES and TMS resulted in a significant increase of MEP amplitudes and AUC, indicating that the induced increase of corticospinal excitability was mediated by the recruitment of additional neuronal pools. MEP increases were brain-state dependent and correlated with beta-band ERD, but not with the background EDC muscle activity; this finding was independent of the FES intensity applied.Conclusion: These results could be relevant for developing closed-loop therapeutic approaches such as the application of brain state-dependent, paired associative stimulation in the context of neurorehabilitation.

In time-constraint activities, such as sports, it is advantageous to be prepared to act even before knowing precisely what action will be needed. Here, we studied the relation between neural oscillations during motor preparation and amount of uncertainty about the direction of the upcoming target. Ten right-handed volunteers participated in a cued center-out task. A brief visual cue identified the region of space in which the target would appear. Three cue sizes were used to vary the amount of information about the direction of the upcoming target. The target appeared at a random location within the region indicated by the cue, and the participants moved a joystick-controlled cursor towards it. Time-frequency analyses showed phasic increases of power in low (delta/theta: 30 Hz) frequency-bands in relation to the onset of visual stimuli and of the motor response. More importantly in regard to motor preparation, there was a tonic reduction of power in the alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (14-30 Hz) bands during the period between cue presentation and target onset. During motor preparation, the main source of change of power of the alpha band was localized over the contralateral sensorimotor region and both parietal cortices, whereas for the beta-band the main source was the contralateral sensorimotor region. During cue presentation, the reduction of power of the alpha-band in the occipital lobe showed a brief differentiation of condition: the wider the visual cue, the more the power of the alpha-band decreased. However during motor preparation, only the power of the beta-band was dependent on directional uncertainty: the less the directional uncertainty, the more the power of the beta-band decreased. In conclusion, the results indicate that the power in the alpha-band is associated briefly with cue size, but is otherwise an undifferentiated indication of neural activation, whereas the power of the beta-band reflects the level of motor preparation.

Background: Rapid action stopping leads to global motor suppression. This is shown by studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation to measure corticospinal excitability of task-unrelated effectors (e.g., from the hand during speech stopping). We hypothesize that this global suppression relates to the STN of the basal ganglia. Several STN local field potential studies in PD patients have shown increased ß-band power during successful stopping.Objectives: Here, we aimed to test whether this STN ß-band activity indexes global motor suppression measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation.Methods: We studied 9 medicated PD patients (age, 47-67 years; mean, 55.8; 3 female) who were implanted with STN-DBS electrodes. Participants performed a vocal stop-signal task (i.e., they had to occasionally stop a vocal response) while we simultaneously recorded local field potentials from right STN and delivered transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary motor cortex to measure corticospinal excitability from a task-unrelated hand muscle (first dorsal interosseous).Results: Replicating previous results, STN ß-band power was increased (P < 0.005) and corticospinal excitability was reduced (P = 0.024; global motor suppression) during successful stopping. As hypothesized, global motor suppression was greater for successful stop trials with higher STN ß-power (median split: P = 0.043), which was further evident in a negative correlation between single-trial STN ß-power and corticospinal excitability (mean, r = -0.176; P = 0.011).Conclusion: These findings link stopping-related global motor suppression to STN ß-band activity through simultaneous recordings of STN and corticospinal excitability. The results support models of basal ganglia function that propose the STN has broad motor suppressive effects. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pairing peripheral electrical stimulation (ES) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) increases corticospinal excitability when applied with a specific temporal pattern. When the two stimulation techniques are applied separately, motor imagery (MI)-related oscillatory modulation amplifies both ES-related cortical effects--sensorimotor event-related desynchronization (ERD), and TMS-induced peripheral responses--motor-evoked potentials (MEP). However, the influence of brain self-regulation on the associative pairing of these stimulation techniques is still unclear. Objective: The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of MI-related ERD during associative ES and TMS on subsequent corticospinal excitability. Method: The paired application of functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscle and subsequent single-pulse TMS (110% resting motor threshold (RMT)) of the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) was controlled by beta-band (16-22 Hz) ERD during MI of finger extension and applied within a brainmachine interface environment in six healthy subjects. Neural correlates were probed by acquiring the stimulus-response curve (SRC) of both MEP peak-to-peak amplitude and area under the curve (AUC) before and after the intervention. Result: The application of approximately 150 pairs of associative FES and TMS resulted in a significant increase of MEP amplitudes and AUC, indicating that the induced increase of corticospinal excitability was mediated by the recruitment of additional neuronal pools. MEP increases were brain state-dependent and correlated with beta-band ERD, but not with the background EDC muscle activity; this finding was independent of the FES intensity applied. Conclusion: These results could be relevant for developing closed-loop therapeutic approaches such as the application of brain state-dependent, paired associative stimulation (PAS) in the context of neurorehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Desynchronization of sensorimotor rhythmic activity increases instantaneous corticospinal excitability, as indexed by amplitudes of motor-evoked potentials (MEP) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The accumulative effect of cortical stimulation in conjunction with sensorimotor desynchronization is, however, unclear. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of repetitive pairing event-related desynchronization (ERD) with TMS of the precentral gyrus on corticospinal excitability. Methods Closed-loop single-pulse TMS was controlled by beta-band (16–22 Hz) ERD during motor-imagery of finger extension and applied within a brain–computer interface environment in eleven healthy subjects. The same number and pattern of stimuli were applied in a control group of eleven subjects during rest, i.e. independent of ERD. To probe for plasticity resistant to depotentiation, stimulation protocols were followed by a depotentiation task. Results Brain state-dependent application of approximately 300 TMS pulses during beta-ERD resulted in a significant increase of corticospinal excitability. By contrast, the identical stimulation pattern applied independent of beta-ERD in the control experiment resulted in a decrease of corticospinal excitability. These effects persisted beyond the period of stimulation and the depotentiation task. Conclusion These results could be instrumental in developing new therapeutic approaches such as the application of closed-loop stimulation in the context of neurorehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity to rapidly suppress a behavioral act in response to sudden instruction to stop is a key cognitive function. This function, called reactive control, is tested in experimental settings using the stop signal task, which requires subjects to generate a movement in response to a go signal or suppress it when a stop signal appears. The ability to inhibit this movement fluctuates over time: sometimes, subjects can stop their response, and at other times, they can not. To determine the neural basis of this fluctuation, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) in the alpha (6-12 Hz) and beta (13-35 Hz) bands from the dorsal premotor cortex of 2 nonhuman primates that were performing the task. The ability to countermand a movement after a stop signal was predicted by the activity of both bands, each purportedly representing a distinct neural process. The beta band represents the level of movement preparation; higher beta power corresponds to a lower level of movement preparation, whereas the alpha band supports a proper phasic, reactive inhibitory response: movements are inhibited when alpha band power increases immediately after a stop signal. Our findings support the function of LFP bands in generating the signatures of various neural computations that are multiplexed in the brain.

In time-constraint activities, such as sports, it is advantageous to be prepared to act even before knowing precisely what action will be needed. Here, we studied the relation between neural oscillations during motor preparation and amount of uncertainty about the direction of the upcoming target. Ten right-handed volunteers participated in a cued center-out task. A brief visual cue identified the region of space in which the target would appear. Three cue sizes were used to vary the amount of information about the direction of the upcoming target. The target appeared at a random location within the region indicated by the cue, and the participants moved a joystick-controlled cursor towards it. Time-frequency analyses showed phasic increases of power in low (delta/theta: <7 Hz) and high (gamma: >30 Hz) frequency-bands in relation to the onset of visual stimuli and of the motor response. More importantly in regard to motor preparation, there was a tonic reduction of power in the alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (14-30 Hz) bands during the period between cue presentation and target onset. During motor preparation, the main source of change of power of the alpha band was localized over the contralateral sensorimotor region and both parietal cortices, whereas for the beta-band the main source was the contralateral sensorimotor region. During cue presentation, the reduction of power of the alpha-band in the occipital lobe showed a brief differentiation of condition: the wider the visual cue, the more the power of the alpha-band decreased. However during motor preparation, only the power of the beta-band was dependent on directional uncertainty: the less the directional uncertainty, the more the power of the beta-band decreased. In conclusion, the results indicate that the power in the alpha-band is associated briefly with cue size, but is otherwise an undifferentiated indication of neural activation, whereas the power of the beta-band reflects the level of motor preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar behavioral deficits are shared between individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their first-degree relatives, such as impaired face memory, object recognition and some language aspects. Functional neuroimaging studies have reported abnormalities in ASD in at least one brain area implicated in those functions, the fusiform gyrus (FG). High frequency oscillations have also been described as abnormal in ASD in a separate line of research. The present study examined whether low- and high-frequency oscillatory power, localized in part to FG and other language-related regions, differs in ASD subjects and first-degree relatives. Twelve individuals with ASD, 16 parents of children with ASD, and 35 healthy controls participated in a picture-naming task using magnetoencephalography (MEG) to assess oscillatory power and connectivity. Relative to controls, we observed reduced evoked high-gamma activity in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) and reduced high-beta/low-gamma evoked power in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in the ASD group. Finally, reductions in phase-locked beta-band were also seen in the ASD group relative to controls, especially in the occipital lobes (OCC). First degree relatives, in contrast, exhibited higher high-gamma band power in the left STG compared with controls, as well as increased high-beta/low-gamma evoked power in the left FG. In the left hemisphere, beta- and gamma-band functional connectivity between the IFG and FG and between STG and OCC were higher in the autism group than in controls. This suggests that intrahemispheric patterns of connectivity at different frequencies are different in autism. The lack of behavioral correlation for the findings warrants some caution in interpreting the relevance of such changes for language function in ASD. Our findings in parents further implicates the gamma- and beta-band ranges as potential endophenotypes in autism.

The capacity to rapidly suppress a behavioral act in response to sudden instruction to stop is a key cognitive function. This function, called reactive control, is tested in experimental settings using the stop signal task, which requires subjects to generate a movement in response to a go signal or suppress it when a stop signal appears. The ability to inhibit this movement fluctuates over time: sometimes, subjects can stop their response, and at other times, they can not. To determine the neural basis of this fluctuation, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) in the alpha (6-12 Hz) and beta (13-35 Hz) bands from the dorsal premotor cortex of two nonhuman primates that were performing the task. The ability to countermand a movement after a stop signal was predicted by the activity of both bands, each purportedly representing a distinct neural process. The beta band represents the level of movement preparation; higher beta power corresponds to a lower level of movement preparation, whereas the alpha band supports a proper phasic, reactive inhibitory response: movements are inhibited when alpha band power increases immediately after a stop signal. Our findings support the function of LFP bands in generating the signatures of various neural computations that are multiplexed in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) investigations of inter-regional amplitude correlations have yielded new insights into the organization and neurophysiology of resting-state networks (RSNs) first identified using fMRI. Inter-regional MEG amplitude correlations in adult RSNs have been shown to be most prominent in alpha and beta frequency ranges and to express strong congruence with RSN topologies found using fMRI. Despite such advances, little is known about how oscillatory connectivity in RSNs develops throughout childhood and adolescence. This study used a novel fMRI-guided MEG approach to investigate the maturation of resting-state amplitude correlations in physiologically relevant frequency ranges within and among six RSNs in 59 participants, aged 6-34 years. We report age-related increases in inter-regional amplitude correlations that were largest in alpha and beta frequency bands. In contrast to fMRI reports, these changes were observed both within and between the various RSNs analyzed. Our results provide the first evidence of developmental changes in spontaneous neurophysiological connectivity in source-resolved RSNs, which indicate increasing integration within and among intrinsic functional brain networks throughout childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5249-5261, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent reports have indicated that oscillations shared across distant cortical regions can enhance their connectivity, but do coherent oscillations ever diminish connectivity? We investigated oscillatory activity in two distinct reach-related regions in the awake behaving monkey (Macaca mulatto): the parietal reach region (PRR) and the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). PRR and PMd were found to oscillate at similar frequencies (beta, 15-30 Hz) during periods of fixation and movement planning. At first glance, the stronger oscillator of the two, PRR, would seem to drive the weaker, PMd. However, a more fine-grained measure, the partial spike-field coherence, revealed a different relationship. Relative to global beta-band activity in the brain, action potentials in PRR anti-synchronize with PMd oscillations. These data suggest that, rather than driving PMd during planning, PRR neurons fire in such a way that they are less likely to communicate information to PMd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal-directed behavior requires the flexible transformation of sensory evidence about our environment into motor actions. Studies of perceptual decision-making have shown that this transformation is distributed across several widely separated brain regions. Yet, little is known about how decision-making emerges from the dynamic interactions among these regions. Here, we review a series of studies, in which we characterized the cortical network interactions underlying a perceptual decision process in the human brain. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure the large-scale cortical population dynamics underlying each of the sub-processes involved in this decision: the encoding of sensory evidence and action plan, the mapping between the two, and the attentional selection of task-relevant evidence. We found that these sub-processes are mediated by neuronal oscillations within specific frequency ranges. Localized gamma-band oscillations in sensory and motor cortices reflect the encoding of the sensory evidence and motor plan. Large-scale oscillations across widespread cortical networks mediate the integrative processes connecting these local networks: Gamma- and beta-band oscillations across frontal, parietal and sensory cortices serve the selection of relevant sensory evidence and its flexible mapping onto action plans. In sum, our results suggest that perceptual decisions are mediated by oscillatory interactions within overlapping local and large-scale cortical networks.

Abstract.: We introduce a method of combing MEG and fMRI to generate estimates of synchronized oscillations on the cortex. This method suppresses locations without concordant fMRI activity to avoid over estimation of phase-locking values. Simulations suggest 80% fMRI provides optimal detection power. We demonstrate this method in human somatomotor data to characterize beta-band oscillations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Right Brain Damaged patients with left spatial neglect (N+), are characterised by poor allocation of attention in the contralesional left side of space. In a recent study (Lasaponara et al., 2018) we showed during orienting of spatial attention with endogenous central cues, both the EEG markers reflecting the early phases of orienting (Early Directing Attention Negativity) and those reflecting the late setting-up of sensory facilitation in the visual cortex (Late Directing Attention Positivity) are disturbed in N+ when these patients attend the left side of space. In the healthy brain, endogenous cues also elicit EEG activity related to the preparation of manual responses to upcoming spatial targets. Here, we wished to expand on our previous findings and investigate the EEG correlates of cue-related response preparation in N+ patients. To this aim we investigated the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) response and the pre-motor Beta-oscillatory activity evoked by spatially informative central cues during the performance of a Posner task. Due to concomitant contralesional motor impairments, N+ an N- patients performed the task only with the ipsilesional right-hand. Compared to healthy controls and patients without neglect, N+ displayed a pathological suppression of CNV component that was independent of cue direction. In addition, the amplitude of the CNV in response to right-pointing cues was positively correlated with neglect severity in line bisection. N+ also displayed a pathological enhancement of pre-motor Beta oscillations over the left hemisphere during the time period that preceded manual responses to targets in the left side of space, particularly to invalidly cued ones. Synchronization in the Beta-band (ERS) was also correlated with lower detection rate and slower RTs to Invalid targets in the left side of space. These results provide new insights on the premotor components of the spatial orienting deficits suffered by patients with left spatial neglect and can help improving its diagnosis and rehabilitation. • Right Brain Damage (RBD) can produce left spatial neglect. • Endogenous spatial cues evoke EEG activity related to response preparation. • We tested cue-related CNV and Beta EEG-activity in RBD patients with neglect (N+). • N+ show pathological suppression of the CNV. • N+ show synchronization of Beta to invalid targets in the left side of space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective . Identify the role of beta-band (13-30 Hz) power modulation in the human hippocampus during conflict processing. Approach . We investigated changes in the spectral power of the beta band (13-30 Hz) as measured by depth electrode leads in the hippocampus during a modified Stroop task in six patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Previous work done with direct electrophysiological recordings in humans has shown hippocampal theta-band (3-8 Hz) modulation during conflict processing. Local field potentials sampled at 2 k Hz were used for analysis and a non-parametric cluster-permutation t -test was used to identify the time period and frequency ranges of significant power change during cue processing (i.e. post-stimulus, pre-response). Main results . In five of the six patients, we observe a statistically significant increase in hippocampal beta-band power during successful conflict processing in the incongruent trial condition (cluster-based correction for multiple comparisons, p < 0.05). There was no significant beta-band power change observed during the cue-processing period of the congruent condition in the hippocampus of these patients. Significance . The beta-power changes during conflict processing represented here are consistent with previous studies suggesting that the hippocampus plays a role in conflict processing, but it is the first time that the beta band has been shown to be involved in humans with direct electrophysiological evidence. We propose that beta-band modulation plays a role in successful conflict detection and automatic response inhibition in the human hippocampus as studied during a conflict response task., (© 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

The article discusses a study for neurophysiological studies of neocortical functions by using common marmoset. Topics include implantation of high density multichannel electrocorticography (ECoG) array electrodes in epidural space; recording local field potentials (LFPs) during variety of reaching and grasping tasks; and ageing-related changes and development of mental disorders.

A subanesthetic dose of the noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine is known to induce a schizophrenia-like phenotype in humans and nonhuman primates alike. The transient behavioral changes mimic the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of the disease but the neural mechanisms behind these changes are poorly understood. A growing body of evidence indicates that the cognitive control processes associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions relies on groups of neurons synchronizing at narrow-band frequencies measurable in the local field potential (LFP). Here, we recorded LFPs from the caudo-lateral PFC of 2 macaque monkeys performing an antisaccade task, which requires the suppression of an automatic saccade toward a stimulus and the initiation of a goal-directed saccade in the opposite direction. Preketamine injection activity showed significant differences in a narrow 20-30 Hz beta frequency band between correct and error trials in the postsaccade response epoch. Ketamine significantly impaired the animals' performance and was associated with a loss of the differences in outcome-specific beta-band power. Instead, we observed a large increase in high-gamma-band activity. Our results suggest that the PFC employs beta-band synchronization to prepare for top-down cognitive control of saccades and the monitoring of task outcome., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social cognition. The biological basis of deficits in social cognition in ASD, and their difficulty in processing emotional face information in particular, remains unclear. Atypical communication within and between brain regions has been reported in ASD. Interregional phase-locking is a neurophysiological mechanism mediating communication among brain areas and is understood to support cognitive functions. In the present study we investigated interregional magnetoencephalographic phase synchronization during the perception of emotional faces in adolescents with ASD., Methods: A total of 22 adolescents with ASD (18 males, mean age =14.2 ± 1.15 years, 22 right-handed) with mild to no cognitive delay and 17 healthy controls (14 males, mean age =14.4 ± 0.33 years, 16 right-handed) performed an implicit emotional processing task requiring perception of happy, angry and neutral faces while we recorded neuromagnetic signals. The faces were presented rapidly (80 ms duration) to the left or right of a central fixation cross and participants responded to a scrambled pattern that was presented concurrently on the opposite side of the fixation point. Task-dependent interregional phase-locking was calculated among source-resolved brain regions., Results: Task-dependent increases in interregional beta synchronization were observed. Beta-band interregional phase-locking in adolescents with ASD was reduced, relative to controls, during the perception of angry faces in a distributed network involving the right fusiform gyrus and insula. No significant group differences were found for happy or neutral faces, or other analyzed frequency ranges. Significant reductions in task-dependent beta connectivity strength, clustering and eigenvector centrality (all P <0.001) in the right insula were found in adolescents with ASD, relative to controls., Conclusions: Reduced beta synchronization may reflect inadequate recruitment of task-relevant networks during emotional face processing in ASD. The right insula, specifically, was a hub of reduced functional connectivity and may play a prominent role in the inability to effectively extract emotional information from faces. These findings suggest that functional disconnection in brain networks mediating emotional processes may contribute to deficits in social cognition in this population.