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To determine the variation in anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and androstenedione (A4) concentrations in adolescent girls, with or without menstrual cycle disorder in relation to phenotypic features of. PCOS.Adolescent girls (n = 129), age range 14-19 years, were recruited in the cohort study. All participants were in the 4th or 5th year after menarche. Sixty-eight had menstrual irregularities, usually oligomenorrhea (OM), and 61 had regular menstruation (RM). AMH and A4 concentrations were measured. Hirsutism was recorded. Polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) was evaluated by transabdominal pelvic ultrasonography. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) features were defined according to Rotterdam consensus criteria.AMH and A4 were significantly higher in adolescent girls with OM than in girls with RM (p 0.05). A4 and body mass index (BMI) of adolescents with OM was significantly higher in those with hirsutism than those without hirsutism (p = 0.01 and 0.008, respectively). There was a positive correlation between A4 and BMI (r: 0.327, p 0.01). Logistic regression showed that the frequency of OM in the presence of PCOM was 10.8 times (95% CI 2.04-12.09) compared to those without PCOM. The highest AMH concentrations were found in girls with OM, hirsutism, and PCOM (p 0.05).AMH and A4 are elevated in adolescents with oligomenorrhoea. High A4 is more prominent in the presence of hirsutism and is associated with increased BMI. PCOM, increases the likelihood of oligomenorrhea by about 10 times. AMH increase as the combination of clinical features of PCOS increases in adolescents with menstrual irregularity.

Aim: Glycemic variability can be affected in diabetes camps as a result of sports, social activities and nutrition. Close glucose monitoring is necessary to reduce glycemic variability, especially hypoglycemia. The aim assessment of glycemic variability and time in range by use of the flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three children and adolescents between 10-18 years of age who participated in the 2018 diabetes camp of Ege University were included. Their glycemic variability indexes were recorded. Results: The mean age and duration of diabetes mellitus in the study group was 13.3 +/- 0.5 and 4.9 +/- 0.7 years respectively. Twelve (43%) of the participants were boys and 16 (57%) were girls. Ten (35.7%) of the participants used continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pump therapy while 18 (64.3%) used multiple dose insulin therapy. When the participants were evaluated according to time in range (TIR), the duration of TIR increased, and level 1 and level 2 hyperglycemia decreased during the camp. Participants using CSII had spent more time in level 2 hypoglycemia before camp, but during and after the camp, similar values were reached for both groups. Before the camp, participants with good metabolic control had a longer duration of hypoglycemia than those participants with poor metabolic control. During and after the camp, level 1 and level 2 hypoglycemia periods were similar between the two groups. Conclusion: In diabetes camp, healthy diet, regular exercise, and close glycemic control improve glycemic variability. By using FGMS, normoglycemia periods can be increased without increasing hypoglycemic attacks. As a result, using FGMS had a positive effect on diabetes management and the control of hypoglycemia periods during the diabetes camp.

The Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Kids is a self-reported weight-related quality of life measure that has been validated for children and adolescents aged between 11 and 19. Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Kids does not have a Turkish version. The aim of this study was to explore the reliability and validity of the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Kids in Turkish.The Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Kids was translated into Turkish using Mapi Research Institute's suggested international translation technique. The psychometric evaluation included test-retest reliability, internal consistency, discriminant validity, concurrent validity, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis.For the total score, the internal consistency of the scale (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) was 0.93. The item-total score correlation coefficients ranged from 0.178 to 0.785. The testretest coefficients were found to be 0.94 for the total score and the subscales ranged from 0.66 to 0.89 after 2 weeks. Discriminant validity analysis demonstrated that the instrument differentiated well between the obese and non-obese samples. Five variables were discovered via factor analysis that explained 66.9% of the total variation. The chi-square/degree of freedom ratio value was 3.535, the comparative fit index value was 0.834, and the value of root mean square error of approximation was 0.10, as determined by confirmatory factor analysis.Our results demonstrated the adequate reliability and validity of the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Kids, suggesting that this scale is a useful tool for screening Turkish children and adolescents for weight-related quality of life.

AimsA decrease in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures among obese (OB) and overweight (OW) children has been shown in several studies, but knowledge about the variables affecting HRQOL impairments is missing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between HRQOL and sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, metabolic parameters, mental symptoms and parental attitudes in a sample of OB/OW children.MethodsEighty-six OB/OW children, aged between 9 and 17 years, participated in the study. We performed sociodemographic questioning, anthropometric examinations and laboratory evaluations of the participants. HRQOL was assessed using the Pediatric Quality-of-Life Inventory (PedsQL), and levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured using the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Disorders (SCARED) questionnaire and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), respectively. Parental attitudes were assessed with the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) questionnaire.ResultsA statistically significant relationship was found between total scores of CDI and SCARED answered by children and the total and subscale scores of PedsQL. Scores of total quality of life subscale, physical functionality and emotional functionality subscales were significantly lower in children with a family history of mental illness. No relationship was found between PedsQL subscales, anthropometric and metabolic parameters.ConclusionsEmotional problems and parental psychological distress are important factors in models of HRQOL in the OB/OW pediatric population.

Objective: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is one of the new biomarkers for detecting acute renal injury. There are studies showing the relationship between NGAL and renal injury in obese children. The aim of this study was to investigate whether urinary levels of NGAL, kidney injury molecule-1, and serum cystatin C are increased in insulin resistance (IR) patients before the development of diabetes. Methods: Cross-sectional, case-controlled study that included non-diabetic obese children and adolescent patients with IR and a non-diabetic obese control group with no IR, who attended a tertiary center pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic between 2016-2018. Those with diabetes mellitus and/or known renal disease were excluded. NGAL and creatinine (Cr) levels were evaluated in the morning spot urine from all participants. Serum renal function was evaluated. Results: Thirty-six control and 63 IR patients were included in the study, of whom 68 (68.7%) were girls. The mean age of all participants was 13.12±2.64 years and no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of age or gender distribution. Median (range) spot urinary NGAL (u-NGAL) values in the IR group were significantly higher at 26.35 (7.01-108.7) ng/mL than in the control group at 19.5 (3.45-88.14) ng/mL (p=0.018). NGAL/Cr ratio was also significantly higher in the IR group compared to the control group (p=0.018). Conclusion: Obese pediatric patients with IR were shown to have elevated levels of u-NGAL, a marker of renal injury. u-NGAL examination may show early renal injury before development of diabetes.

Aims: We aimed to evaluate asymmetric dimethylarginine levels in young patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus according to diabetes duration and to examine the relationship between these levels and measures of atherosclerosis and myocardial function. Materials and methods: In total, 83 patients (8.5–22 years) with Type 1 diabetes mellitus were stratified by diabetes duration: 12–60 months (Group 1, n = 27), >60–120 months (Group 2, n = 29) and >120 months (Group 3, n = 27). Asymmetric dimethylarginine levels were assessed. Carotid intima–media thickness was measured. Myocardial function was assessed by M-mode, conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Results: Asymmetric dimethylarginine level was significantly higher in Group 1, while carotid intima–media thickness was significantly greater in Group 3 ( p Conclusion: In contrast to adult diabetics, asymmetric dimethylarginine concentration decreases as diabetes duration increases in young Type 1 diabetic patients and is associated with worsening measures of cardiovascular risk and poorer diastolic function.

Children with Growth Hormone deficiency (GHD) are prone to heart dysfunction and, if left untreated, will result in marked cardiac dysfunction in adulthood. The aim was to evaluate the effect of GHD and growth hormone (GH) therapy on cardiac structure in children and adolescents, and to investigate the role of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in this.M-mode, pulse-wave Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) were performed in 49 children with GHD who were divided into those with a peak GH response 7 μg/L and 7-10 μg/L after two GH stimulation tests, aged 8-16 years at baseline and at six and 12 months after GH initiation, and 49 healthy peers. IGF-1 concentration was measured.Although the left ventricular end diastolic and systolic diameters in both GH deficient groups were significantly lower than controls (p 0.01), both diameters increased significantly with one year of treatment and achieved normal values (p 0.05). Using TDI in both two patients group revealed increased E/A, prolonged isovolumic relaxation time, shortened ejection time, and a significant increase in myocardial performance index compared to controls (p 0.001). Significant improvement was observed in these parameters from the sixth month of GH treatment (p 0.001), this improvement does not match parameters measured in healthy peers, even after one year of treatment in both patients group. (p 0.001). No correlation was found between IGF-1 concentration and any echocardiographic parameter.Echocardiographic parameters were similar in children with a GH peak 7 μg/L and 7-10 μg/L. In TDI, both systolic and diastolic function was impaired in GHD children compared to controls. These parameters improved after one year of GH therapy but did not recover to healthy control levels.

Background Pediatric adrenocortical tumors are rare but significant causes of virilization and peripheral precocious puberty (PPP). Case A 4-year-old girl presented with development of breast, pubic hair, and facial acne. Her bone age was advanced, and her gonadotropin level did not elevate in a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) test. High levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estradiol, and testosterone, and detection of a tumor in the left adrenal gland of the abdomen using computed tomography led to a diagnosis of PPP due to adrenal tumor. Adrenal adenoma was diagnosed with pathology after the tumor was removed. Ultrasonography detected multicystic ovaries before surgery. Although the androgen levels decreased, high estrogen levels persisted after complete tumor resection. Approximately 1 year after the surgery, the patient's breast development persisted, bone age progressed rapidly, and gonadotropin levels increased in a GnRH test. Central precocious puberty was diagnosed, and treatment with GnRH analogues was started. Summary and Conclusion Adrenal adenoma might present with isosexual PPP as well as virilization in girls. The ovaries should be carefully assessed in these patients. Prolonged exposure to androgen and estrogen might cause ovarian multicysts leading to persistence of high estrogen levels and initiation of central precocious puberty. © 2017 North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology

Purpose:To determine the role of anthropometric indices such as waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist– height ratio, and weight for height in predicting metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents. Materials and methods: A total of 291 obese children and adolescents aged 6–16 years were included in this study. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Results:The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 22.3% and significantly higher in pubertal obese group than in pre-pubertal ones (p=0.004). Higher waist circumference and weight for height were found in obese children and adolescents with metabolic syndrome (p

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between serum uric acid concentration (SUAC) and the parameters of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance (IR). The secondary aim was to evaluate whether hyperuricemia is associated with renal injury and cardiovascular risk in obese (OB) and overweight (OW) children. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of OB/OW children and adolescents (ages: 8-18 years). Sex and age specific serum uric acid (SUA) olarak degistirilecek percentiles were used and a SUA >75th percentile was accepted as hyperuricemia. Anthropometric data, blood pressure (BP) measurements and biochemical parameters, including fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, homeostatic model assessments of IR (HOMA-IR) and SUAC were recorded. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed in all patients. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio >4 and TG/HDL-c ratio >2.2 were used as the atherogenic index (AI) indicating cardiovascular risk. Urinary albumin excretion in a 24-hour and also in a first-morning urine sample were measured. Renal injury was assessed by microalbuminuria according to the National Kidney Foundation criteria. Results: There were 128 participants; 52 (40%) had elevated (SUA >75th percentile) and 76 had (60%) normal SUAC. The mean±SD age was 13.1±2.6 years and 87 (67.4%) were female. The mean±SD weight was 73±18.97 kg and mean±SD height was 155.4±12.11 cm. There was no statistical difference between the groups with and without hyperuricemia in terms of age, sex, puberty stage and degree of obesity. Increased SUAC were significantly associated with higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting insulin levels and insulin at 30 and 60 minutes during OGTT, HOMA-IR, lower HDL-c and presence of hypertriglyceridemia as well as with decreased HDL-c, increased AI, presence of IR and MetS. BP and microalbuminuria were not associated with SUAC. SUAC showed significant positive correlations with waist circumference, WHR, post-challenge glucose level at 60 minutes, with fasting insulin, post-challenge insulin levels at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes and also with HOMA-IR, total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, TG/HDL-c ratio and a number of other criteria related to MetS. Also, an inverse correlation with HDL-c was noted. Conclusion: In OB/OW children frequency of MetS, IR and dislipidemia increases with increased SUAC, a finding independent of age, puberty, gender and body mass index. Patients meeting all of the MetS criteria had the highest SUAC. These results demonstrate that the association between UA and metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors can be detected early in childhood. Thus, we recommend monitoring SUAC in OB children and we believe that prevention of SUAC elevation in early life has a potential protective effect on metabolic impairment and subsequent comorbidities. © 2019 by Turkish Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Society.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between serum uric acid concentration (SUAC) and the parameters of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance (IR). The secondary aim was to evaluate whether hyperuricemia is associated with renal injury and cardiovascular risk in obese (OB) and overweight (OW) children. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of OB/OW children and adolescents (ages: 8-18 years). Sex and age specific serum uric acid (SUA) olarak değiştirilecek percentiles were used and a SUA >75th percentile was accepted as hyperuricemia. Anthropometric data, blood pressure (BP) measurements and biochemical parameters, including fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, homeostatic model assessments of IR (HOMA-IR) and SUAC were recorded. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed in all patients. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio >4 and TG/HDL-c ratio >2.2 were used as the atherogenic index (AI) indicating cardiovascular risk. Urinary albumin excretion in a 24-hour and also in a first-morning urine sample were measured. Renal injury was assessed by microalbuminuria according to the National Kidney Foundation criteria. Results: There were 128 participants; 52 (40%) had elevated (SUA >75th percentile) and 76 had (60%) normal SUAC. The mean±SD age was 13.1±2.6 years and 87 (67.4%) were female. The mean±SD weight was 73±18.97 kg and mean±SD height was 155.4±12.11 cm. There was no statistical difference between the groups with and without hyperuricemia in terms of age, sex, puberty stage and degree of obesity. Increased SUAC were significantly associated with higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting insulin levels and insulin at 30 and 60 minutes during OGTT, HOMA-IR, lower HDL-c and presence of hypertriglyceridemia as well as with decreased HDL-c, increased AI, presence of IR and MetS. BP and microalbuminuria were not associated with SUAC. SUAC showed significant positive correlations with waist circumference, WHR, post-challenge glucose level at 60 minutes, with fasting insulin, post-challenge insulin levels at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes and also with HOMA-IR, total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, TG/HDL-c ratio and a number of other criteria related to MetS. Also, an inverse correlation with HDL-c was noted. Conclusion: In OB/OW children frequency of MetS, IR and dislipidemia increases with increased SUAC, a finding independent of age, puberty, gender and body mass index. Patients meeting all of the MetS criteria had the highest SUAC. These results demonstrate that the association between UA and metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors can be detected early in childhood. Thus, we recommend monitoring SUAC in OB children and we believe that prevention of SUAC elevation in early life has a potential protective effect on metabolic impairment and subsequent comorbidities.

Summary: Peak bone mass is reached in late adolescence. Low peak bone mass is a well recognized risk factor for osteoporosis later in life. Our data do not support a link between vitamin D status, bone mineral density (BMD), and socioeconomic status (SES). However, there was a marked inadequacy of daily calcium intake and a high presence of osteopenia in females with low SES. Purpose: Our aims were to (1) examine the effects of different SES on BMD, vitamin D status, and daily calcium intake and (2) investigate any association between vitamin D status and BMD in female university students. Subjects and methods: A questionnaire was used to obtain information about SES, daily calcium intake, and physical activity in 138 healthy, female university students (age range 18–22 years). Subjects were stratified into lower, middle, and higher SES according to the educational and occupational levels of their parents. All serum samples were collected in spring for 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (25OHD). Lumbar spine and total body BMD was obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan (Lunar DPX series). Osteopenia was defined as a BMD between − 1.0 and − 2.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the mean for healthy young adults on lumbar spine DXA. Results: No significant difference was found between the three socioeconomic groups in terms of serum 25OHD concentration, BMD levels, or BMD Z scores (p > 0.05). Both the daily intake of calcium was significantly lower (p = 0.02), and the frequency of osteopenia was significantly higher in girls with low SES (p = 0.02). There was no correlation between serum 25OHD concentration and calcium intake and BMD values and BMD Z scores (p > 0.05). The most important factor affecting BMD was weight (β = 0.38, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Low SES may be associated with sub-optimal bone health and predispose to osteopenia in later life, even in female university students. © 2018, International Osteoporosis Foundation and National Osteoporosis Foundation.

WOS: 000416616300025, PubMed ID: 29056535, Maturity onset diabetes is a genetic form of diabetes mellitus characterized by an early age at onset and several etiologic genes for this form of diabetes have been identified in many patients. Maturity onset diabetes type 2 [MODY2 (#125851)] caused by mutations in the glucokinase gene (GCK). Although its prevalence is not clear, it is estimated that 1%-2% of patients with diabetes have the monogenic form. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular spectrum of GCK gene mutations in 177 Turkish MODY type 2 patients. Mutations in the GCK gene were identified in 79 out of 177. All mutant alleles were identified, including 45 different GCK mutations, 20 of which were novel., Ege University Faculty of MedicineEge University, Ege University Faculty of Medicine.

Objective The current study aimed to investigate psychiatric consequences of obesity and the relationship between componenets of the metabolic syndrome and psychiatric disorders in children. Our second aim was to elucidate which of the anthropometric parameters or metabolic components were most strongly associated with psychiatric disorders. Methods The study included 88 obese and overweight children with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 85th percentile. The patients were evaluated for psychiatric disorders by a single child and adolescent psychiatrist. Forty patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and 48 patients with normal psychiatric evaluation were compared in terms of anthropometric and metabolic parameters. BMI, BMI-standard deviation score and BMI percentile, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, blood pressure and pubertal stage of all patients were recorded. Fasting serum glucose, insulin, lipid profile and homeostatic model assessments of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured to evaluate the metabolic parameters. Serum and 24 hour urine cortisol levels were measured. Results HOMA-IR in the group with psychiatric disorders was found to be significantly higher than in the group without psychiatric disorders (6.59±3.36 vs 5.21±2.67; p=0.035). Other anthropometric measurements and metabolic parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion An understanding of the relationships between obesity related medical comorbidities and psychiatric pathologies is important to encourage patients and their families to make successful healthy lifestyle changes and for weight management in terms of appropriate treatment.

Background: Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, which result in end-organ resistance to 1,25-(OH)2D3. Patients with HVDRR are mostly treated using i.v. calcium therapy with a central catheter. However, central catheter-related complications have been reported. Patient: The patient was a 3-year-old boy presenting with waddling gait and alopecia. He had hypocalcemia [8 mg/dl (2 mmol/l)], hyperparathyroidism (1,232 ng/l), and elevated 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels (>250 pmol/l). DNA sequence analyses of the VDR gene showed a homozygous C-T transition at codon 152, resulting in a non-sense mutation in exon 5. Interventions and Outcomes: The patient was initially treated with calcitriol (80 ng/kg/day) and high-dose oral calcium (150 mg/kg/day) for one year. At the end of the first year, intermittent (5 days per month) i.v. calcium therapy without a central catheter was initiated because of insufficient clinical and radiological improvement. After 2 years of intermittent i.v. calcium therapy, there was a clear improvement based on clinical progress and on X-ray and biochemical findings. No peripheral complications were reported either. Conclusion: HVDRR with a non-sense mutation in the ligand-binding domain and alopecia was successfully treated with intermittent i.v. calcium without a central catheter.

Objectives: To determine differences in ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) parameters between office normotensive obese and non-obese children and to evaluate correlations of ABP parameters with insulin resistance and the lipid profile. Subjects and Methods: Thirty-eight obese [body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile] and 38 non-obese children aged 9-17 years were recruited. All subjects who were normotensive during office visits and who underwent 24-hour ABP monitoring were evaluated. Insulin resistance and the lipid profile were also evaluated. Results: The mean daytime, night-time and 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the daytime and 24-hour diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in normotensive obese children were significantly higher compared to the values in non-obese children (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the frequency of nocturnal non-dippers and nocturnal hypertension (night-time SBP at or above the 95th percentile) between the two groups (p > 0.05). Children with night-time SBP at or above the 95th percentile and non-dippers had higher atherosclerotic markers than children with night-time SBP below the 95th percentile and dippers (p < 0.05). In logistic regression analysis, the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C):high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio and night-time SBP had significantly positive associations with being obese in adolescents (OR 6.54, 95% CI 1.15-37.07, p = 0.03, and OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.01-1.19, p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion: Normotensive obese children had higher ABP parameters. A high LDL-C:HDL-C ratio and night-time SBP were associated with an increased risk of being obese. High LDL-C:HDL-C ratios and total cholesterol:HDL-C levels in children and adolescents may be risk factors for night-time hypertension.

Background The aims of the present study were to determine the frequency of delayed gastric emptying in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to investigate the relationship between gastric emptying rate and other contributing factors (e.g. serum HbA1c, duration of diabetes and microalbuminuria) in these patients. Methods This was a clinical trial evaluating the rate of gastric emptying of solid meals in 33 children and adolescents with T1DM and in 26 healthy peers using a radionuclide method. Three consecutive overnight urine collections were used to calculate the albumin excretion rate. Results There was no significant difference in the gastric half-emptying time (GE t½) between patients and controls (151.7 ± 154.5 vs 109.8 ± 60.5 min, respectively; P = 0.885) or the frequency of delayed gastric emptying (36.4% vs 30.8%, respectively; P = 0.433). There was a moderately positive correlation between GE t½ and the duration of diabetes (r = 0.380; P = 0.029). There was no correlation between GE t½ and microalbumin levels in T1DM patients. In these patients, the body mass index standard deviation scores were significantly lower than in patients with normal gastric emptying (–0.13 ± 0.87 vs 0.7 ± 1.23, respectively; P = 0.044). Conclusion Progression of delayed gastric emptying is more likely to be related to a longer duration of diabetes than glycemic control in children and adolescents with T1DM. Patients with delayed gastric emptying are thinner compared with patients with a normal rate of gastric emptying; they may also be asymptomatic. 摘要 背景 本研究的目的是在儿童与青少年1型糖尿病（T1DM）患者中调查胃排空延迟的发生率，并且在这些患者中研究胃排空速度与其他危险因素（例如血清HbA1c、糖尿病病程以及微量白蛋白尿）之间的相关性。 方法 这是一项在33名儿童与青少年T1DM患者以及26名健康配对者中进行的临床试验，使用放射性核素方法来评估固体食物的胃排空速度。连续3天收集隔夜尿来计算白蛋白排泄率。 结果 在患者与对照者之间，胃排空一半的时间（GE t1⁄2）（151.7±154.5分钟 vs 109.8±60.5分钟；P = 0.885）以及胃排空延迟的发生率（36.4% vs 30.8%；P = 0.433）都没有显著性的差异。GE t1⁄2与糖尿病病程之间有中度的正相关关系（r = 0.380；P = 0.029）。在T1DM患者中GE t1⁄2与微量白蛋白尿水平之间没有相关性。与胃排空正常的患者相比较，胃排空延迟患者的体重指数标准差分数明显更低（–0.13±0.87 vs 0.7±1.23；P = 0.044）。 结论 在儿童与青少年T1DM患者中，与血糖控制情况相比较，胃排空延迟的进展更有可能与较长的糖尿病病程相关。与胃排空速度正常的患者相比较，胃排空延迟的患者更瘦；他们也可能毫无症状。

WOS: 000319027900011, PubMed ID: 23095208, We observed glucose levels >140 mg/dL measured at 30 minutes (min) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in some obese patients. We aimed to investigate the significance of this finding by comparing lipid profiles, insulin resistance indices, and systemic inflammatory mediators between obese adolescents with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and elevated glucose levels at 30 min. The study involved 80 obese (body mass index >95th percentile for age and sex) adolescents (48 female, 32 male) between 11 and 16 years of age. Depending on OGTT results, patients were divided into NGT and IGT groups. The third group was recruited from the NOT group as having glucose levels > 140 mg/dL at 30 minutes. Lipid profiles, [interleukin-6 (IL-6)], neopterin, and lipoprotein associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2))] were assessed. Neopterin and Lp-PLA(2) levels were significantly higher in obese adolescents with elevated glucose levels at 30 min. compared with those in both NGT and IGT groups (p=0.013, and 0.004, respectively). In these adolescents, IL-6 levels were significantly higher only than the NOT group (p=0.01). In logistic regression analysis, IL-6, neopterin and Lp-PLA(2) levels were detected to be related to high blood glucose levels at 30 min (OR 1.11, p = 0.01; OR 9.03, p=0.013; OR 1.01, p=0.004 respectively). Obese adolescents with elevated glucose levels at 30 min. demonstrated higher inflammatory mediators levels, which were atherosclerotic indicators, than obese adolescents with NGT and IGT. These results suggest that glucose levels >140 mg/dL measured at 30 min during an OGTT may be a new disorder of glucose tolerance in obesity.

Özhan B, Ersoy B, Özkol M, Kiremitci S, Ergin A. Waist to height ratio: a simple screening tool for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children. Turk J Pediatr 2016; 58: 518-523. Simple predictors are needed for the screening of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children. We aimed to assess the role of anthropometric parameters in the prediction of NAFLD. Three hundred and thirty two obese children (152 male, 180 female) aged 4.6-17.0 years were included in this study. Weight, height, waist (WC), and hip circumference were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist-hip-ratio (WHR), and waist-height-ratio (WHtR) were calculated. Obesity was defined as BMI for age and sex >= 95th percentile. NAFLD was diagnosed using ultrasonography (US). NAFLD was present in 60.8% of obese children. Fatty liver prevalence differed significantly by gender and puberty (55.0% of girls vs 67.7% of boys, and 28.7% in prepubertal vs 71.3% in pubertal children; p

ABALI, SAYGIN/0000-0001-6552-2801; Gurbuz, Fatih/0000-0003-2160-9838; Hatun, Sukru/0000-0003-1633-9570; Abaci, Ayhan/0000-0002-1812-0321; Turan, Serap/0000-0002-5172-5402; Buyukinan, Muammer/0000-0002-2937-823X; yuksel, bilgin/0000-0003-4378-3255; Ozgen, Ilker Tolga/0000-0001-6592-9652; binay, cigdem/0000-0002-7749-8818; ozkan, Behzat/0000-0002-9153-8409; Demir, Korcan/0000-0002-8334-2422; Eren, Erdal/0000-0002-1684-1053 WOS: 000373099300016 PubMed: 26788866 To evaluate the anthropometric features of girls with Turner syndrome (TS) at birth and presentation and the effect of karyotype on these parameters. Data were collected from 842 patients with TS from 35 different centers, who were followed-up between 1984 and 2014 and whose diagnosis age ranged from birth to 18 years. Of the 842 patients, 122 girls who received growth hormone, estrogen or oxandrolone were excluded, and 720 girls were included in the study. In this cohort, the frequency of small for gestational age (SGA) birth was 33%. The frequency of SGA birth was 4.2% (2/48) in preterm and 36% (174/483) in term neonates (P

Since most of in utero bone mass accretion occurs during the third trimester and postnatal need for bone nutrients is increased, preterm infants have an increased risk of low bone mass. Early identification of the risk is of crucial importance. Quantitative ultrasound, which is a relatively inexpensive, portable, noninvasive, and radiation-free method, gives information about bone density, cortical thickness, elasticity and microarchitecture. The aim of this study was to obtain quantitative ultrasound measurements of tibial speed of sound of preterm and term infants and to assess clinical factors associated with these measurements during the first year of life. Seventy-eight preterm and 48 term infants were enrolled in this study. Measurements were made on the 10th day of life in both groups, and were repeated on the 2nd, 6th and 12th months for preterm infants and on the12th month for the term infants. Speed of sound on preterm infants was significantly decreased on the 2nd month but significantly increased on the 12th month ( P =0.00). Comparing speed of sound of term and preterm infants, 10th day measurements were significantly different ( P =0.00), but there was not any significant difference between the 12th month values ( P =0.26). There was not any relation between biochemical parameters and speed of sound. The technique has potential clinical value for assessment of bone status. Further studies with long term follow up are needed to evaluate the value of quantitative ultrasound with other bone markers to predict the risk of fracture.

Objectives The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of obesity on testicular function by evaluating reproductive hormones, inhibinB, insulin-like 3(INSL3), and leptin, in obese and non-obese adolescents according to pubertal Tanner stages. Design and methods Eighty adolescent boys were grouped ( n = 20) as; Group1: obese-Tanner2, Group2: non-obese-Tanner2, Group3: obese-Tanner4, Group4: non-obese-Tanner4. Serum INSL3, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, total testosterone, free testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone binding globulin, inhibin B and leptin levels were assessed in all groups. Results INSL3 levels were significantly lower in obese adolescents compared to non-obese boys ( p = 0.003, Tanner2) and ( p = 0.031, Tanner4). There was a negative correlation between INSL3 and leptin ( r = −0.468, p = 0.001). The negative correlation between INSL3 and BMISDS indicates that pubertal obesity leads to Leydig cell impairment. Conclusions This study demonstrated for the first time in the literature that obesity effects testicular Leydig cell function starting from Tanner stage 2.

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of Turkish high school adolescents using anthropometric indicators and to determine the relationship of nutritional status with gender and socioeconomic status (SES) in adolescents. Methods: Six hundred eighty adolescent students (n=284 males, 396 females) aged 14−18 years were selected from 6 high schools of different regions. Nutritional status was evaluated according to the anthropometric indicators, which were based on the WHO criteria. Adolescents were grouped into three SES categories. Results: The rates of being stunted, underweight, and overweight/obesity were 4.4%, 5.0% and 16.8%, respectively. Height and weight standard deviation scores (SDS) were significantly lower in adolescents with low SES (p 0.05). Conclusion: Adolescents of low SES were shorter and thinner than those of other SES categories. Undernutrition needs to be addressed in low SES. Among all Turkish adolescents, the major nutritional problems were overweight and obesity. There were no SES and gender differences in prevalence of overweight and obesity among the Turkish school adolescents living in urban areas. Prevalence of obesity is rising, regardless of differences in SES and gender, in developing countries too. Conflict of interest:None declared.

The aims of our study were: (1) to evaluate the frequency of asymptomatic fatty liver disease (FLD) using both Doppler and B-mode ultrasound (US) in overweight and obese adolescents; (2) to compare metabolic findings of fatty liver (FL) assessed by two methods; and (3) to evaluate metabolic predictors of FL shown by these methods. Fifty-nine overweight and obese adolescents aged between 9.0 and 17.0 years and 41 non-obese healthy adolescents were included in this study. B-mode and right hepatic vein Doppler ultrasonography (US) were performed and anthropometric indices, lipid profiles, and adiponectin levels were evaluated in all adolescents. HDL-C levels were significantly lower in patients with FL detected by Doppler US compared to patients without FL (p < 0.05). HDL-C levels were inversely correlated with presence of FL assessed by two methods (r = −0.285, p = 0.004; r = −0.328, p = 0.001, respectively) and adiponectin levels were correlated with presence of FL only detected by B-mode US (r = −0.263, p = 0.008). Adiponectin levels were significantly lower in patients with FL than those without FL assessed by B-Mode US (p = 0.049). Multiple regression analysis revealed that HDL-C levels was the most important predictor of FL assessed by Doppler US (p = 0.027), while body mass index was the determinant of FL assessed by two methods (p < 0.001) in asymptomatic overweight and obese adolescents. It was found that FLD, identified by both B-mode and Doppler US, is seen frequently in asymptomatic overweight and obese adolescents. Elevated BMI is associated with increased risk of FL assessed by two ultrasonographic methods. When using Doppler US, low HDL-C levels can be used as a good predictor for presence of FLD in overweight and obese adolescents.

Bartter syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive, salt-losing disorder characterized by hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. A 10-year-old boy had severe growth retardation (height standard deviation score -8.15). He had a thin, triangular face, prominent ears and forehead, and big eyes. Megacystis, bilateral hydroureteronephrosis, and residual urine were detected in ultrasonography, but there was no vesicoureteral reflux. Lumbosacral magnetic resonance (MR) showed posterior disc bulging at L4-5. Serum sodium and chloride levels were normal, but mild hypokalemia was overlooked initially. During follow-up, hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis developed, with high urinary chloride and potassium excretion (52 and 43 mEq/L, respectively). The patient, with renal salt loss, was thought to have classic Bartter syndrome due to absence of nephrocalcinosis, presence of persistent hypercalciuria and sensorineural deafness, and presence of relatively mild clinical and laboratory findings, except polyuria initially. The child was treated with indomethacin, spironolactone, and oral potassium in addition to growth hormone (GH). During treatment, he had considerable increase in weight and height compared with the period of GH therapy only. We present this case because, although growth retardation is a major feature of Bartter syndrome, associated GH deficiency is rarely reported in the literature. Diagnosis of Bartter syndrome was made later, as our patient was followed for megacystis and megaureter secondary to the neurogenic bladder and GH deficiency initially; and proteinuria associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis responded to treatment for Bartter syndrome.

Aim We aimed to investigate the retrobulbar blood circulation using Colour Doppler Imaging (CDI) in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents who had no diabetic retinopathy and to compare the results with their healthy peers. Methods Forty-nine patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with no retinopathy on fundoscopic examination were included in the study. Forty-nine healthy children were defined as the control group. Central retinal artery (CRA), ophthalmic artery (OA) and posterior ciliary artery (PCA) were examined with Doppler US bilaterally. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistive indices (RI) for each artery were recorded. Results Blood flow velocity of the OA was significantly different in diabetic patients ( p p =0.011) and RI was significantly lower ( p =0.027) in patients with diabetes duration of longer than 5 years. RI of the CRA was significantly higher in patients who had higher microalbuminuria levels ( p =0.016). Conclusion EDV of the OA increases and RI of the OA decreases in diabetes duration longer 5 years. Raised AER increases RI of the CRA. These findings may be the initial changes in the arterial circulation before vascular rigidity develops.

Heterozygous mutations of glucokinase (GCK) and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF1A; also known as hepatic transcription factor 1 [TCF1]) genes are the most common cause of MODY. Genomic deletions of the HNF1B (also known as TCF2) gene have recently been shown to account for one third of mutations causing renal cysts and diabetes syndrome. We investigated the prevalence of partial and whole gene deletions in UK patients meeting clinical criteria for GCK or HNF-1alpha/-4alpha MODY and in whom no mutation had been identified by sequence analysis.A multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay was developed using synthetic oligonucleotide probes for 30 exons of the GCK, HNF1A and HNF4A genes.Partial or whole gene deletions were identified in 1/29 (3.5%) probands using the GCK MLPA assay and 4/60 (6.7%) of probands using the HNF1A/-4A MLPA assay. Four different deletions were detected: GCK exon 2, HNF1A exon 1, HNF1A exons 2 to 10 and HNF1A exons 1 to 10. An additional Danish pedigree with evidence of linkage to HNF1A had a deletion of exons 2 to 10. Testing other family members confirmed co-segregation of the deletion mutations with diabetes in the pedigrees.Large deletions encompassing whole exons can cause GCK or HNF-1alpha MODY and will not be detected by sequencing. Gene dosage assays, such as MLPA, are a useful adjunct to sequence analysis when a diagnosis of MODY is strongly suspected.

WOS: 000360842500004, PubMed: 26831551, Objective: Children with Turner syndrome (TS) have a specific growth pattern that is quite different from that of healthy children. Many countries have population-specific growth charts for TS. Considering national and ethnic differences, we undertook this multicenter collaborative study to construct growth charts and reference values for height, weight and body mass index (BMI) from 3 years of age to adulthood for spontaneous growth of Turkish girls with TS. Methods: Cross-sectional height and weight data of 842 patients with TS, younger than 18 years of age and before starting any therapy, were evaluated. Results: The data were processed to calculate the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 97th percentile values for defined ages and to construct growth curves for height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age of girls with TS. The growth pattern of TS girls in this series resembled the growth pattern of TS girls in other reports, but there were differences in height between our series and the others. Conclusion: This study provides disease-specific growth charts for Turkish girls with TS. These disease-specific national growth charts will serve to improve the evaluation of growth and its management with growth-promoting therapeutic agents in TS patients., Turkish Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Society [012013], This work was supported by the Turkish Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Society (Grand number: 012013).

WOS: 000351307200006, PubMed ID: 25800474, Objective: Approaches to diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children vary among countries and even among centers in the same country. This survey, aiming to facilitate the process of preparing the new consensus on GHD by the Turkish Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Society, was designed to evaluate the current practices in diagnosis and treatment of GHD in different centers in Turkey. Methods: A questionnaire covering relevant items for diagnosis and treatment of GHD was sent out to all pediatric endocrinology centers. Results: Twenty-four centers returned the questionnaire. The most frequently used GH stimulation test was L-dopa, followed by clonidine. Eighteen centers used a GH cut-off value of 10 ng/mL for the diagnosis of GHD; this value was 7 ng/mL in 4 centers and 5 ng/mL in 2 centers. The most frequently used assay was immunochemiluminescence for determination of GH, insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 concentrations. Sex steroid priming in both sexes was used by 19 centers. The most frequently used starting dose of recombinant human GH (rhGH) in prepubertal children was 0.025-0.030 mg/kg/day and 0.030-0.035 mg/kg/day in pubertal children. Growth velocity was used in the evaluation for growth response to rhGH therapy in all centers. Anthropometric measurements of patients every 3-6 months, fasting blood glucose, bone age and thyroid panel evaluation were used by all centers at follow-up. Main indications for cessation of therapy were decreased height velocity and advanced bone age. Fourteen centers used combined treatment (rhGH and gonadotropin-releasing analogues) to increase final height. Conclusion: Although conformity was found among centers in Turkey in current practice, it is very important to update guideline statements and to modify, if needed, the approach to GHD over time in accordance with new evidence-based clinical studies.

WOS: 000351307200005, PubMed ID: 25800473, Objective: Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by complete or partial X chromosome monosomy that manifests various clinical features depending on the karyotype and on the genetic background of affected girls. This study aimed to systematically investigate the key clinical features of TS in relationship to karyotype in a large pediatric Turkish patient population. Methods: Our retrospective study included 842 karyotype-proven TS patients aged 0-18 years who were evaluated in 35 different centers in Turkey in the years 2013-2014. Results: The most common karyotype was 45, X (50.7%), followed by 45, X/46, XX (10.8%), 46, X, i(Xq) (10.1%) and 45, X/46, X, i(Xq) (9.5%). Mean age at diagnosis was 10.2 +/- 4.4 years. The most common presenting complaints were short stature and delayed puberty. Among patients diagnosed before age one year, the ratio of karyotype 45, X was significantly higher than that of other karyotype groups. Cardiac defects (bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta and aortic stenosis) were the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in 25% of the TS cases. This was followed by urinary system anomalies (horseshoe kidney, double collector duct system and renal rotation) detected in 16.3%. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was found in 11.1% of patients, gastrointestinal abnormalities in 8.9%, ear nose and throat problems in 22.6%, dermatologic problems in 21.8% and osteoporosis in 15.3%. Learning difficulties and/or psychosocial problems were encountered in 39.1%. Insulin resistance and impaired fasting glucose were detected in 3.4% and 2.2%, respectively. Dyslipidemia prevalence was 11.4%. Conclusion: This comprehensive study systematically evaluated the largest group of karyotype-proven TS girls to date. The karyotype distribution, congenital anomaly and comorbidity profile closely parallel that from other countries and support the need for close medical surveillance of these complex patients throughout their lifespan.

Adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) is associated with growth interruption during childhood. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in growth, body composition and biochemical markers associated with growth following adenotonsillectomy (AT) in prepubertal children.Twenty-eight children aged 3-10 years (mean age 73.90 +/- 20.97 months) with ATH were followed up for 1 year after AT. During the same period of time, 20 healthy children of similar ages (mean age 73.7 +/- 18.2 months) were followed up too.Height, weight as well as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were measured during the preoperative period, 6 months and 1 year after surgery.Height and weight of the patient group significantly increased during the first year after AT (p0.01). Increase in height standard deviation score (SDS) during the first postoperative year reflected a true acceleration of growth (p = 0.04). Height and weight of patients were not significantly below those of their healthy peers at the preoperative measurement. Height velocity of the patients (p = 0.118), which was similar to that of their healthy peers in the first 6 months postoperatively, was significantly higher at the end of the second 6-month period after the operation (p = 0.048). IGF-1 levels of the patient group, which were significantly lower than those of the controls preoperatively (p0.001), increased to similar levels 1 year after the operation. IGFBP-3 levels of the patient group increased significantly after postoperative sixth month (p = 0.002).Although children with ATH do not have significant growth retardation, their growth rate is slower. Increase in weight and IGF-1 levels followed by the increase in height leads to an acceleration in growth rate after AT. These results have led to the conclusion that either the levels or effect of growth hormone (GH) increase following AT.

Background Menarche is one of the most important biologic signals in the life of a woman. Menarche is a biological variable which has a significant genotypic component in girls. In recent years, many studies reporting the earlier onset of menarche owing to the improvement of socio-economic conditions have been published. Design We asked some questions about menarche to 1017 female students studying in the high schools of Manisa region in order to determine the menarcheal age and the correlation of menarcheal age between the mothers and daughters in our region. Results The mean age at menarche for the girls was 12.82 ± 1.07 years and for the mothers was 13.6 ± 1.39 years. The mean menarcheal age of the mothers was higher than the mean menarcheal age of the girls (P 25 (r = 0.04, P = 0.813). In girls with BMI

Wolcott–Rallison syndrome has been reported to be associated with early-onset diabetes, epiphyseal dysplasia, hepatic and renal dysfunction, mental retardation, severe growth retardation, neutropenia, exocrine pancreatic dysfunction, and central hypothyroidism. We report on primary hypothyroidism, which has not been previously described, of a patient with Wolcott–Rallison syndrome due to novel mutation (W521X), who showed improved growth after thyroid hormone treatment.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a multisystemic disease. It may manifest as abnormalities of the nervous tissue, bones, soft tissue, or skin. Autoimmune disease associated with NF1 can be seen. Diabetes mellitus is rarely seen in association with NF1. Here, we report a case with established NF1 who also had a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. © 2013 Bayram Ozhan et al.

Background: Respiratory failure is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neuromuscular diseases. Although clinical findings and respiratory function tests aid in diagnosing sleep-related breathing disorders, polysomnography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of these disorders. We aimed to investigate the role of sleep-wake symptoms and clinical findings of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in predicting sleep-related breathing disorders through the comparison of polysomnography findings. In addition, we evaluated the sleep architecture of our patients. Methods: A total of 35 children (12 patients with DMD and 23 controls) were included in this cross-sectional study. Activity status and clinical severity of the patients were determined by history and clinical findings such as scoliosis, obesity. All subjects were hospitalized for one night in the Sleep Unit and their polysomnography examinations were performed. Sleep, breathing, arousals and limb movements were scored manually according to the American Sleep Disorders Association criteria. Results: Nocturnal and daytime symptoms were present in 50% of patients with DMD, 40.8% were wheelchair-bound and 58% had scoliosis. Obstructive sleep apnea was noted in 16.6% of patients with DMD. The apnea-hypopnea index, leg movement index were significantly higher in the DMD group as compared to the control group (P ). The number of desaturations, total arousal index and the percentage of total superficial sleep were significantly higher in patients with wheelchair, scoliosis, sleep-wake symptoms. Conclusion: Being wheelchair-bound or having scoliosis do not predict sleep-related breathing disorders, so patients with DMD should be followed-up via polysomnography. Sleep-wake symptoms should be carefully questioned in these patients and symptomatic patients should be referred to pediatric respiratory units. d oi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jocmr1075w

Article history:Received 19 October 2011Received in revised form 10 December 2011Accepted 11 December 2011Available online 20 December 2011Keywords:ChitotriosidaseObesityInflammation Objectives: Existance of low grade persistent inflammation in obese children may increase the risk ofmetabolic and cardiovascular events. The aim was to determine whether glucose intolerance has an influenceon inflammatory markers in obese adolescents.Designs and methods: 45 obese adolescents (mean BMI: 30.34±5.42 kg/m 2 ) were grouped as normal orimpaired glucose tolerance. IL-6 and CRP levels were analyzed by commercially available kits. Chitotriosidaseactivity was measured by a fluorescence method and neopterin levels were determined by ELISA. Data wereexpressed as mean±SD.Results: IL-6 and CRP levels were similar in the two groups. Serum neopterin levels were not differentbetween the groups. The chitotriosidase activity was significantly higher in the IGT group than NGT(124.33±51.97 μmol/L/h vs 84.50±53.99 μmol/L/h, p=0.04).Conclusion: Serum chitotriosidase activity is increased in obese adolescents with impaired glucosetolerance.© 2011 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of Turkish high school adolescents using anthropometric indicators and to determine the relationship of nutritional status with gender and socioeconomic status (SES) in adolescents. Methods: Six hundred eighty adolescent students (n=284 males, 396 females) aged 14−18 years were selected from 6 high schools of different regions. Nutritional status was evaluated according to the anthropometric indicators, which were based on the WHO criteria. Adolescents were grouped into three SES categories. Results: The rates of being stunted, underweight, and overweight/obesity were 4.4%, 5.0% and 16.8%, respectively. Height and weight standard deviation scores (SDS) were significantly lower in adolescents with low SES (p0.05). Conclusion: Adolescents of low SES were shorter and thinner than those of other SES categories. Undernutrition needs to be addressed in low SES. Among all Turkish adolescents, the major nutritional problems were overweight and obesity. There were no SES and gender differences in prevalence of overweight and obesity among the Turkish school adolescents living in urban areas. Prevalence of obesity is rising, regardless of differences in SES and gender, in developing countries too. Conflict of interest:None declared.