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There is a vast literature on household solar-panel uptake but there are mixed results for many explanatory variables such as income, education, age, and race. This creates a major challenge for policymakers, who devise solar-panel policies that relate to variables such as income. This study uses logit, probit, and linear probability models, along with the matching method of entropy balancing. We use household data from the 2019 American Housing Survey. Results using entropy balancing suggest that high housing values and older respondent age are key factors promoting solar-panel uptake. Income has some positive impacts, although detailed analysis tends to show insignificance. Education and race variables have insignificant coefficients when controlling for key variables. This paper could provide a basis for future policy approaches, such as means testing based on asset thresholds rather than income thresholds. Keywords: Solar photovoltaic panel, Housing value, Household income, Education, Race, Age, 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation Understanding the drivers of household solar-panel uptake is potentially challenging due to the diversity in prior-study results. For instance, there are mixed results for explanatory variables [...]

This paper uses data from the 2015 Residential Energy Consumption Survey to explore the extent to which renters' electricity use in the United States exceeds that of otherwise similar non-renters. Renting households are found to use approximately 9% more electricity than non-renters when controlling for location, socioeconomic, and many appliance-quantity controls. There are multiple factors that explain this extra electricity use, including inferior energy efficiency of appliances, behavioral factors, differences in bill payment responsibilities, and additional reliance by renters on electric space and water heaters. The paper finds that none of these factors are dominant. The phenomenon of renters' (conditionally) higher electricity use is thus best understood as one that emerges from multiple sources. Keywords: Split incentives, Rent, Electricity consumption, Efficiency, Household survey, United States, 1. INTRODUCTION How much extra electricity do renters use relative to comparable non-renters, and what explains any difference? Multiple factors may be relevant. In cases where landlords pay the energy [...]

Studies of health care expenditure often exclude explanatory variables measuring wealth, despite the intuitive importance and policy relevance. We use the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey to assess impacts of income and wealth on health expenditure. We investigate four different dependent variables related to health expenditure and use three main methodological approaches. These approaches include a first difference model and introduction of a lagged dependent variable into a cross-sectional context. The key findings include that wealth tends to be more important than income in identifying variation in health expenditure. This applies for health variables which are not directly linked to means testing, such as spending on health practitioners and for being unable to afford required medical treatment. In contrast, the paper includes no evidence of different impacts of income and wealth on spending on medicines, prescriptions or pharmaceuticals. The results motivate two novel policy innovations. One is the introduction of an asset test for determining rebate eligibility for private health insurance. The second is greater focus on asset testing, rather than income tests, for a wide range of general welfare payments that can be used for health expenditure. Australia's world-leading use of means testing can provide a test case for many countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greater uptake of solar panels on rental housing would have implications for housing affordability and would reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The influence of energy investments on housing values has been widely studied, with past research often finding a positive relationship. However, there is missing knowledge for the specific relationship between solar panels and housing rents. This study finds that Australian renters with solar panels pay approximately A$19 more in weekly housing rents than non-solar renters. The results suggest that landlords have been able to benefit from investments in solar panels through higher rent, with a payback period of around 5 years. The study provides context for policymakers across the world considering subsidies for solar panels on rental housing. The findings are robust across multiple methods including entropy balancing and are based on two large Australian household surveys. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.2004094. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]