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1. Global collision-risk hotspots of marine traffic and the world’s largest fish, the whale shark

Author

Womersley, F.C., Humphries, N.E., Queiroz, N., Vedor, M., da Costa, I., Furtado, M., Tyminski, J.P., Abrantes, K., Araujo, G., Bach, S.S., Barnett, A., Berumen, M.L., Bessudo Lion, S., Braun, C.D., Clingham, E., Cochran, J.E.M., de la Parra, R., Diamant, S., Dove, A.D.M., Dudgeon, C.L., Erdmann, M.V., Espinoza, E., Fitzpatrick, R., Cano, J.G., Green, J.R., Guzman, H.M., Hardenstine, R., Hasan, A., Hazin, F.H.V., Hearn, A.R., Hueter, R.E., Jaidah, M.Y., Labaja, J., Ladino, F., Macena, B.C.L., Morris, J.J., Norman, B.M., Peñaherrera-Palma, C., Pierce, S.J., Quintero, L.M., Ramirez-Macias, D., Reynolds, S.D., Richardson, A.J., Robinson, D.P., Rohner, C.A., Rowat, D.R.L., Sheaves, M., Shivji, M.S., Sianipar, A.B., Skomal, G.B., Soler, G., Syakurachman, I., Thorrold, S.R., Webb, D.H., Wetherbee, B.M., White, T.D., Clavelle, T., Kroodsma, D.A., Thums, M., Ferreira, L.C., Meekan, M.G., Arrowsmith, L.M., Lester, E.K., Meyers, M.M., Peel, L.R., Sequeira, A.M.M., Eguíluz, V.M., Duarte, C.M., Sims, D.W., Womersley, F.C., Humphries, N.E., Queiroz, N., Vedor, M., da Costa, I., Furtado, M., Tyminski, J.P., Abrantes, K., Araujo, G., Bach, S.S., Barnett, A., Berumen, M.L., Bessudo Lion, S., Braun, C.D., Clingham, E., Cochran, J.E.M., de la Parra, R., Diamant, S., Dove, A.D.M., Dudgeon, C.L., Erdmann, M.V., Espinoza, E., Fitzpatrick, R., Cano, J.G., Green, J.R., Guzman, H.M., Hardenstine, R., Hasan, A., Hazin, F.H.V., Hearn, A.R., Hueter, R.E., Jaidah, M.Y., Labaja, J., Ladino, F., Macena, B.C.L., Morris, J.J., Norman, B.M., Peñaherrera-Palma, C., Pierce, S.J., Quintero, L.M., Ramirez-Macias, D., Reynolds, S.D., Richardson, A.J., Robinson, D.P., Rohner, C.A., Rowat, D.R.L., Sheaves, M., Shivji, M.S., Sianipar, A.B., Skomal, G.B., Soler, G., Syakurachman, I., Thorrold, S.R., Webb, D.H., Wetherbee, B.M., White, T.D., Clavelle, T., Kroodsma, D.A., Thums, M., Ferreira, L.C., Meekan, M.G., Arrowsmith, L.M., Lester, E.K., Meyers, M.M., Peel, L.R., Sequeira, A.M.M., Eguíluz, V.M., Duarte, C.M., and Sims, D.W.

Abstract

Marine traffic is increasing globally yet collisions with endangered megafauna such as whales, sea turtles, and planktivorous sharks go largely undetected or unreported. Collisions leading to mortality can have population-level consequences for endangered species. Hence, identifying simultaneous space use of megafauna and shipping throughout ranges may reveal as-yet-unknown spatial targets requiring conservation. However, global studies tracking megafauna and shipping occurrences are lacking. Here we combine satellite-tracked movements of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, and vessel activity to show that 92% of sharks’ horizontal space use and nearly 50% of vertical space use overlap with persistent large vessel (>300 gross tons) traffic. Collision-risk estimates correlated with reported whale shark mortality from ship strikes, indicating higher mortality in areas with greatest overlap. Hotspots of potential collision risk were evident in all major oceans, predominantly from overlap with cargo and tanker vessels, and were concentrated in gulf regions, where dense traffic co-occurred with seasonal shark movements. Nearly a third of whale shark hotspots overlapped with the highest collision-risk areas, with the last known locations of tracked sharks coinciding with busier shipping routes more often than expected. Depth-recording tags provided evidence for sinking, likely dead, whale sharks, suggesting substantial “cryptic” lethal ship strikes are possible, which could explain why whale shark population declines continue despite international protection and low fishing-induced mortality. Mitigation measures to reduce ship-strike risk should be considered to conserve this species and other ocean giants that are likely experiencing similar impacts from growing global vessel traffic.

Published
2022

2. Global spatial risk assessment of sharks under the footprint of fisheries

Author

Queiroz, N., Humphries, N.E., Couto, A., Vedor, M., da Costa, I., Sequeira, A.M.M., Mucientes, G., Santos, A.M., Abascal, F.J., Abercrombie, D.L., Abrantes, K., Acuña-Marrero, D., Afonso, A.S., Afonso, P., Anders, D., Araujo, G., Arauz, R., Bach, P., Barnett, A., Bernal, D., Berumen, M.L., Bessudo Lion, S., Bezerra, N.P.A., Blaison, A.V., Block, B.A., Bond, M.E., Bonfil, R., Bradford, R.W., Braun, C.D., Brooks, E.J., Brooks, A., Brown, J., Bruce, B.D., Byrne, M.E., Campana, S.E., Carlisle, A.B., Chapman, D.D., Chapple, T.K., Chisholm, J., Clarke, C.R., Clua, E.G., Cochran, J.E.M., Crochelet, E.C., Dagorn, L., Daly, R., Cortés, D.D., Doyle, T.K., Drew, M., Duffy, C.A.J., Erikson, T., Espinoza, E., Ferreira, L.C., Ferretti, F., Filmalter, J.D., Fischer, G.C., Fitzpatrick, R., Fontes, J., Forget, F., Fowler, M., Francis, M.P., Gallagher, A.J., Gennari, E., Goldsworthy, S.D., Gollock, M.J., Green, J.R., Gustafson, J.A., Guttridge, T.L., Guzman, H.M., Hammerschlag, N., Harman, L., Hazin, F.H.V., Heard, M., Hearn, A.R., Holdsworth, J.C., Holmes, B.J., Howey, L.A., Hoyos, M., Hueter, R.E., Hussey, N.E., Huveneers, C., Irion, D.T., Jacoby, D.M.P., Jewell, O.J.D., Johnson, R., Jordan, L.K.B., Jorgensen, S.J., Joyce, W., Keating Daly, C.A., Ketchum, J.T., Klimley, A.P., Kock, A.A., Koen, P., Ladino, F., Lana, F.O., Lea, J.S.E., Llewellyn, F., Lyon, W.S., MacDonnell, A., Macena, B.C.L., Marshall, H., McAllister, J.D., McAuley, R., Meÿer, M.A., Morris, J.J., Nelson, E.R., Papastamatiou, Y.P., Patterson, T.A., Peñaherrera-Palma, C., Pepperell, J.G., Pierce, S.J., Poisson, F., Quintero, L.M., Richardson, A.J., Rogers, P.J., Rohner, C.A., Rowat, D.R.L., Samoilys, M., Semmens, J.M., Sheaves, M., Shillinger, G., Shivji, M., Singh, S., Skomal, G.B., Smale, M.J., Snyders, L.B., Soler, G., Soria, M., Stehfest, K.M., Stevens, J.D., Thorrold, S.R., Tolotti, M.T., Towner, A., Travassos, P., Tyminski, J.P., Vandeperre, F., Vaudo, J.J., Watanabe, Y.Y., Weber, S.B., Wetherbee, B.M., White, T.D., Williams, S., Zárate, P.M., Harcourt, R., Hays, G.C., Meekan, M.G., Thums, M., Irigoien, X., Eguíluz, V.M., Duarte, C.M., Sousa, L.L., Simpson, S.J., Southall, E.J., Sims, D.W., Queiroz, N., Humphries, N.E., Couto, A., Vedor, M., da Costa, I., Sequeira, A.M.M., Mucientes, G., Santos, A.M., Abascal, F.J., Abercrombie, D.L., Abrantes, K., Acuña-Marrero, D., Afonso, A.S., Afonso, P., Anders, D., Araujo, G., Arauz, R., Bach, P., Barnett, A., Bernal, D., Berumen, M.L., Bessudo Lion, S., Bezerra, N.P.A., Blaison, A.V., Block, B.A., Bond, M.E., Bonfil, R., Bradford, R.W., Braun, C.D., Brooks, E.J., Brooks, A., Brown, J., Bruce, B.D., Byrne, M.E., Campana, S.E., Carlisle, A.B., Chapman, D.D., Chapple, T.K., Chisholm, J., Clarke, C.R., Clua, E.G., Cochran, J.E.M., Crochelet, E.C., Dagorn, L., Daly, R., Cortés, D.D., Doyle, T.K., Drew, M., Duffy, C.A.J., Erikson, T., Espinoza, E., Ferreira, L.C., Ferretti, F., Filmalter, J.D., Fischer, G.C., Fitzpatrick, R., Fontes, J., Forget, F., Fowler, M., Francis, M.P., Gallagher, A.J., Gennari, E., Goldsworthy, S.D., Gollock, M.J., Green, J.R., Gustafson, J.A., Guttridge, T.L., Guzman, H.M., Hammerschlag, N., Harman, L., Hazin, F.H.V., Heard, M., Hearn, A.R., Holdsworth, J.C., Holmes, B.J., Howey, L.A., Hoyos, M., Hueter, R.E., Hussey, N.E., Huveneers, C., Irion, D.T., Jacoby, D.M.P., Jewell, O.J.D., Johnson, R., Jordan, L.K.B., Jorgensen, S.J., Joyce, W., Keating Daly, C.A., Ketchum, J.T., Klimley, A.P., Kock, A.A., Koen, P., Ladino, F., Lana, F.O., Lea, J.S.E., Llewellyn, F., Lyon, W.S., MacDonnell, A., Macena, B.C.L., Marshall, H., McAllister, J.D., McAuley, R., Meÿer, M.A., Morris, J.J., Nelson, E.R., Papastamatiou, Y.P., Patterson, T.A., Peñaherrera-Palma, C., Pepperell, J.G., Pierce, S.J., Poisson, F., Quintero, L.M., Richardson, A.J., Rogers, P.J., Rohner, C.A., Rowat, D.R.L., Samoilys, M., Semmens, J.M., Sheaves, M., Shillinger, G., Shivji, M., Singh, S., Skomal, G.B., Smale, M.J., Snyders, L.B., Soler, G., Soria, M., Stehfest, K.M., Stevens, J.D., Thorrold, S.R., Tolotti, M.T., Towner, A., Travassos, P., Tyminski, J.P., Vandeperre, F., Vaudo, J.J., Watanabe, Y.Y., Weber, S.B., Wetherbee, B.M., White, T.D., Williams, S., Zárate, P.M., Harcourt, R., Hays, G.C., Meekan, M.G., Thums, M., Irigoien, X., Eguíluz, V.M., Duarte, C.M., Sousa, L.L., Simpson, S.J., Southall, E.J., and Sims, D.W.

Abstract

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis affecting humans and a wide range of domesticated and wild animal species. An important element for effective disease containment is to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of afflicted communities. This study aimed to assess the KAP related to brucellosis at the human–animal interface in an endemic area of Egypt and to identify the risk factors for human infection. A matched case–control study was conducted at the central fever hospitals located in six governorates in northern Egypt. Face‐to‐face interviews with cases and controls were conducted using a structured questionnaire. In total, 40.7% of the participants owned farm animals in their households. The overall mean practice score regarding animal husbandry, processing and consumption of milk and dairy products were significantly lower among cases compared with controls (−12.7 ± 18.1 vs. 0.68 ± 14.2, respectively; p < .001). Perceived barriers for notification of animal infection/abortion were predominate among cases and positively correlated with participants’ education. The predictors of having brucellosis infection were consumption of unpasteurized milk or raw dairy products and practicing animal husbandry. Applying protective measures against infection significantly reduced its risk. A model predicting risk factors for brucellosis among those who own animal showed that frequent abortions per animal increased the chance for brucellosis infection among human cases by 50‐fold (95% CI: 8.8–276.9), whereas the use of protective measures in animal care reduced the odds (OR = 0.11 [95% CI: 0.03–0.45]). In conclusion, consumption of unprocessed dairy products was equally important as contact with infected/aborted animals as major risk factors for Brucella spp. infection among humans in Egypt. There is poor knowledge, negative attitudes and risky behaviours among villagers which can perpetuate the risk of brucellosis transmission at the human–animal interface.

Published
2019

3. Global collision-risk hotspots of marine traffic and the world's largest fish, the whale shark.

Author

Womersley FC, Humphries NE, Queiroz N, Vedor M, da Costa I, Furtado M, Tyminski JP, Abrantes K, Araujo G, Bach SS, Barnett A, Berumen ML, Bessudo Lion S, Braun CD, Clingham E, Cochran JEM, de la Parra R, Diamant S, Dove ADM, Dudgeon CL, Erdmann MV, Espinoza E, Fitzpatrick R, Cano JG, Green JR, Guzman HM, Hardenstine R, Hasan A, Hazin FHV, Hearn AR, Hueter RE, Jaidah MY, Labaja J, Ladino F, Macena BCL, Morris JJ Jr, Norman BM, Peñaherrera-Palma C, Pierce SJ, Quintero LM, Ramírez-Macías D, Reynolds SD, Richardson AJ, Robinson DP, Rohner CA, Rowat DRL, Sheaves M, Shivji MS, Sianipar AB, Skomal GB, Soler G, Syakurachman I, Thorrold SR, Webb DH, Wetherbee BM, White TD, Clavelle T, Kroodsma DA, Thums M, Ferreira LC, Meekan MG, Arrowsmith LM, Lester EK, Meyers MM, Peel LR, Sequeira AMM, Eguíluz VM, Duarte CM, and Sims DW

Subjects
Animals, Endangered Species, Plankton, Ships, Sharks
Abstract

Marine traffic is increasing globally yet collisions with endangered megafauna such as whales, sea turtles, and planktivorous sharks go largely undetected or unreported. Collisions leading to mortality can have population-level consequences for endangered species. Hence, identifying simultaneous space use of megafauna and shipping throughout ranges may reveal as-yet-unknown spatial targets requiring conservation. However, global studies tracking megafauna and shipping occurrences are lacking. Here we combine satellite-tracked movements of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, and vessel activity to show that 92% of sharks’ horizontal space use and nearly 50% of vertical space use overlap with persistent large vessel (>300 gross tons) traffic. Collision-risk estimates correlated with reported whale shark mortality from ship strikes, indicating higher mortality in areas with greatest overlap. Hotspots of potential collision risk were evident in all major oceans, predominantly from overlap with cargo and tanker vessels, and were concentrated in gulf regions, where dense traffic co-occurred with seasonal shark movements. Nearly a third of whale shark hotspots overlapped with the highest collision-risk areas, with the last known locations of tracked sharks coinciding with busier shipping routes more often than expected. Depth-recording tags provided evidence for sinking, likely dead, whale sharks, suggesting substantial “cryptic” lethal ship strikes are possible, which could explain why whale shark population declines continue despite international protection and low fishing-induced mortality. Mitigation measures to reduce ship-strike risk should be considered to conserve this species and other ocean giants that are likely experiencing similar impacts from growing global vessel traffic.

Published
2022
Full Text
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4. Global spatial risk assessment of sharks under the footprint of fisheries.

Author

Queiroz N, Humphries NE, Couto A, Vedor M, da Costa I, Sequeira AMM, Mucientes G, Santos AM, Abascal FJ, Abercrombie DL, Abrantes K, Acuña-Marrero D, Afonso AS, Afonso P, Anders D, Araujo G, Arauz R, Bach P, Barnett A, Bernal D, Berumen ML, Bessudo Lion S, Bezerra NPA, Blaison AV, Block BA, Bond ME, Bonfil R, Bradford RW, Braun CD, Brooks EJ, Brooks A, Brown J, Bruce BD, Byrne ME, Campana SE, Carlisle AB, Chapman DD, Chapple TK, Chisholm J, Clarke CR, Clua EG, Cochran JEM, Crochelet EC, Dagorn L, Daly R, Cortés DD, Doyle TK, Drew M, Duffy CAJ, Erikson T, Espinoza E, Ferreira LC, Ferretti F, Filmalter JD, Fischer GC, Fitzpatrick R, Fontes J, Forget F, Fowler M, Francis MP, Gallagher AJ, Gennari E, Goldsworthy SD, Gollock MJ, Green JR, Gustafson JA, Guttridge TL, Guzman HM, Hammerschlag N, Harman L, Hazin FHV, Heard M, Hearn AR, Holdsworth JC, Holmes BJ, Howey LA, Hoyos M, Hueter RE, Hussey NE, Huveneers C, Irion DT, Jacoby DMP, Jewell OJD, Johnson R, Jordan LKB, Jorgensen SJ, Joyce W, Keating Daly CA, Ketchum JT, Klimley AP, Kock AA, Koen P, Ladino F, Lana FO, Lea JSE, Llewellyn F, Lyon WS, MacDonnell A, Macena BCL, Marshall H, McAllister JD, McAuley R, Meÿer MA, Morris JJ, Nelson ER, Papastamatiou YP, Patterson TA, Peñaherrera-Palma C, Pepperell JG, Pierce SJ, Poisson F, Quintero LM, Richardson AJ, Rogers PJ, Rohner CA, Rowat DRL, Samoilys M, Semmens JM, Sheaves M, Shillinger G, Shivji M, Singh S, Skomal GB, Smale MJ, Snyders LB, Soler G, Soria M, Stehfest KM, Stevens JD, Thorrold SR, Tolotti MT, Towner A, Travassos P, Tyminski JP, Vandeperre F, Vaudo JJ, Watanabe YY, Weber SB, Wetherbee BM, White TD, Williams S, Zárate PM, Harcourt R, Hays GC, Meekan MG, Thums M, Irigoien X, Eguiluz VM, Duarte CM, Sousa LL, Simpson SJ, Southall EJ, and Sims DW

Subjects
Animals, Population Density, Risk Assessment, Sharks classification, Ships, Time Factors, Animal Migration, Fisheries statistics & numerical data, Geographic Mapping, Oceans and Seas, Sharks physiology, Spatio-Temporal Analysis
Abstract

Effective ocean management and the conservation of highly migratory species depend on resolving the overlap between animal movements and distributions, and fishing effort. However, this information is lacking at a global scale. Here we show, using a big-data approach that combines satellite-tracked movements of pelagic sharks and global fishing fleets, that 24% of the mean monthly space used by sharks falls under the footprint of pelagic longline fisheries. Space-use hotspots of commercially valuable sharks and of internationally protected species had the highest overlap with longlines (up to 76% and 64%, respectively), and were also associated with significant increases in fishing effort. We conclude that pelagic sharks have limited spatial refuge from current levels of fishing effort in marine areas beyond national jurisdictions (the high seas). Our results demonstrate an urgent need for conservation and management measures at high-seas hotspots of shark space use, and highlight the potential of simultaneous satellite surveillance of megafauna and fishers as a tool for near-real-time, dynamic management.

Published
2019
Full Text
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