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Cette thèse a obtenu le prix INTERFIMO en 2018.; The regulation of the pharmacy workforce in France was introduced with different tools despite the freedom of trade and industry. This allowed the pharmacist to practice with ethics in the patients’ interest. There were 74,754 pharmacists registered at the national Order of pharmacists on the 1st January 2016. Is this sufficient to respond to the patients’ needs? This thesis describes the pharmaceutical workforce in France, and its influences. This includes the introduction and development of both the numerus clausus and the rules for establishments of pharmacies in France. As the sustainability of the pharmacy workforce is an international topic, this thesis displays works from the European commission and practices from other countries of the European Union. Finally, the involvement of both professional and student stakeholders is presented which includes the author’s activities within the European pharmaceutical students’ association.; En dépit de la liberté de commerce et d’industrie tant revendiquée, une régulation autour de la démographie pharmaceutique fut mise en place pour permettre au pharmacien d’officine d’exercer son métier dans l’intérêt des patients et dans le respect d’une certaine éthique professionnelle. Au 1er janvier 2016 il y avait 74 754 pharmaciens inscrits à l’Ordre national des pharmaciens mais est-ce que ce nombre répond au besoin de santé publique de la population ? Après un état des lieux de la démographie pharmaceutique actuelle en France et de ses influences, une analyse est faite du modèle démographique français. Les mises en place et évolutions du numerus clausus ainsi que celles du maillage territorial des officines sont détaillées. La problématique démographique existant aussi au niveau européen, ce travail met en avant les travaux de la Commission Européenne et les différentes pratiques de pays de l’Union Européenne. Enfin, parmi les réflexions d’acteurs de terrain, est mise en avant l’implication des étudiants en pharmacie notamment par les activités de l’auteur au sein de l’European pharmaceutical students’ association.

International audience; Weather radars, originally designed to detect and quantify precipitation, can be used to estimate and map the refractivity at low level, a proxy for humidity. As highlighted by previous studies, this presents a definite meteorological interest, both for numerical weather prediction and for atmospheric process studies. Recent works have given keys to perform high-accuracy measurements over operational radar without decreasing the quality of reflectivity and Doppler wind classical measurements, and the retrieval of radar refractivity is now performed in real time with the Météo-France ARAMIS (Application Radar à la Météorologie Infra-Synoptique) operational network.Taking advantage of the Hydrological cycle in Mediterranean eXperiment (HyMeX) field campaign (September-November 2012), refractivity measured by a few radars located in South-East France has been compared with in-situ measurement by Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs), and correlation between these two independent observations is quite good, in particular with a high quality of the diurnal cycle and during the pre-convection period measurement by the radar.To go further in the evaluation of the usefulness of such product, we compared refractivity derived from radar measurements and from two different kinds of models: the numerical prediction model Applications de la Recherche à l'Opérationnel à Méso-Echelle – Western MEDiterranean (AROME-WMED) using a 2.5 km resolution grid mesh over southern France and a coarser resolution simulation (54x54 km) performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model which both ran in a forecasting mode during the HYMEX Special Observing Period 1. These two models give access to the variability of the modeling and thus enable to quantify the uncertainty of the refractivity modeling. The result of this comparison is generally fairly good, with a pattern of refractivity field similar to observations (AWS and radar), although obviously with locally strong differences.We finally illustrate the usefulness of refractivity mapping by radar by investigating a typical meteorological situation of a convective system observed during the HyMeX campaign.

International audience; Air flows in the troposphere have a major impact on air traffic safety and operations. By air flows, several phenomena can be distinguished with different spatial and temporal characteristic scales: the mean wind itself, its rapid fluctuations, called turbulence, and wake vortices which are structured motions generated by each aircraft. At low altitudes, during take-off or landing phases, distance separations between aircrafts that limit today airport capacities were set up forty years ago to prevent the rik of wake vortices encounters in worst conditions. These out of date distance separations must be optimized since strength and lifetime of wake vortices vary a lot with weather conditions, like winds and turbulence. At high altitudes, during en-route flight phase, wake vortices as well as clear air turbulence can have a dramatic impact on aircraft safety. In this study, the way to measure wind, turbulence and wake vortices with new remote sensing techniques, 1.5 micron Coherent Doppler LIDAR, X-Band RADAR, and UV direct detection LIDAR, is detailed for ground-based or airborne applications. Sensor simulation tools and post-processing algorithms have been developed to retrieve wind, turbulence, especially EDR (eddy dissipation rate) and wake vortices parameters from sensors data and to assess their accuracy

The West African Monsoon is a complex system, with some important inter-annual variations. These variations show up in significant fluctuations of precipitation on the African continent. A better knowledge of the complex system of the monsoon is needed in order to understand the mechanisms that influence the production of the precipitation over the Sahel. The first part of this work consists in a comparison between two monsoon seasons with different precipitation contents, to extract the main identical and different characteristics, and to apply them on the AMMA monsoon season. This study is completed by an analysis of the dynamical and thermodynamical process at the origin of the Onset, which permits the installation of the favourable condition for the precipitation over the Sahel. The second part is devoted to physical mechanisms implied in the life's cycle of the squall line. The last part discusses the impact of the meso - scale convective systems on their environment, in terms of heat and water budgets in the southern quadrilateral of the AMMA experiment., La Mousson Ouest Africaine est un système complexe, qui présente des variations interannuelles très importantes. Ces variations se traduisent par les fluctuations considérables des précipitations sur le continent. Avoir une meilleure compréhension du système complexe qu'est la mousson africaine peut permettre de mieux cerner les mécanismes qui influencent la production des précipitations sur le Sahel. La première partie de ce travail de thèse consiste en une comparaison entre deux saisons de mousson aux régimes de précipitations différents afin d'extraire les caractéristiques communes et différentes, pour les appliquer à l'étude de la saison de mousson durant laquelle s'est déroulée la campagne AMMA. Cette étude est complétée par une compréhension des processus dynamiques et thermodynamiques qui sont à l'origine du déclenchement de l'Onset de la mousson, et qui permettent l'installation des conditions favorables au développement des précipitations sur le Sahel. Le second volet est basé sur les mécanismes physiques qui entrent en compte dans le cycle de vie des lignes de grains sur le Sahel. Enfin, la dernière partie traite de l'impact des systèmes de méso - échelle sur leur environnement en terme de bilan de chaleur et d'humidité dans le quadrilatère sud de l'expérience AMMA.

Weather radars, originally designed to detect and quantify precipitation, can be used to estimate and map the refractivity at low level, a proxy for humidity. As highlighted by previous studies, this presents a definite meteorological interest, both for numerical weather prediction and for atmospheric process studies. Recent works have given keys to perform high-accuracy measurements over operational radar without decreasing the quality of reflectivity and Doppler-wind classical measurements, and the retrieval of radar refractivity is now performed in real time with the Météo France ARAMIS operational network. Taking advantage of the HyMeX campaign (September-November 2012), refractivity measured by a few radars located in South-East France has been compared to in-situ measurement by Automatic Weather Stations, and the correlation between these two independent observations is quite good. This allows to go further in the evaluation by comparing radar measurements to refractivity from AROME and WRF numerical models. The result is generally fairly good, but differences are sometimes observed, suggesting that the assimilation of radar refractivity could improve the quality of weather forecasts. We finally illustrate the usefulness of refractivity mapping by radar, for prediction and for process studies, by showing typical meteorological cases (convection, sea breeze ...) observed during the HyMeX campaign