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Digital comics are proven to be an effective learning tool for both teachers and students. At the university level, this study was set out to find the views of second-semester students on the use of Mangatoon digital comics in reading instruction. A quantitative study was performed, involving second-semester students at the Universitas of Al Asyariah Mandar (n=30). This study found, that on average, students find Mangatoon helpful in assisting them in reading since it has practical features preserving their motivation. Based on the student’s perception, the reading material presented in Mangatoon is easily understood, hence improvement in their reading skills can be maximised. Keywords: Digital Comic; Reading; ELT; and Pedagogical Innovation.

The study examines students' perceptions on the thesis mentoringprocess regarding their nonverbal communication patterns in the English studyprogram, FKIP of Halu Oleo University. The scope and focus are kinesics,proxemics, oculesics, chronemics, paralanguage, and physical appearance.Thisstudy apply a qualitative approach. The data obtained employing interview anddocumentation are then analyzed by Miles and Huberman's theory using reduction,reporting, and verification. The subjects of the study are eight graduated studentsand two students in the mentoring process. The study results shows that the sixtypes of nonverbal which are most likely to be experienced more often andinfluentially are ‘kinesics’, which is like the supervisor's attitude serving thestudents. Other nonverbal types continue to take on roles but are not as influentialas kinesics. This study reveals that the importance of communication is able toincrease student attention and motivation in constructing ideas gained from theirsupervisors when the communication process is going well and vice versa.

Intrinsic motivation results in students who have a genuine interest in the subject matter and learn for the sake of learning. They enjoy exploring and mastering the material. They don't see learning as a means to an end. Instead, learning math concepts or classic literature provides them with emotional and intellectual satisfaction. Intrinsic motivation has long-term consequences, frequently propelling people to be lifelong learners and even leading them to careers they will enjoy in the future.Intrinsic motivation takes time to develop, which can be difficult in a world that demands instant gratification. To encourage this type of learning, you must work hard as your child grows. Furthermore, some students simply do not respond to this approach. Extrinsic motivation may be more effective for an individual student's learning style in some cases.

Teachers must be involved in the development process for curriculum development to be effective and for schools to be successful. An effective curriculum should reflect a specific educational program's philosophy, goals, objectives, learning experiences, instructional resources, and assessments ("Guide to curriculum development," 2006). It can be subject-specific or a broad overview of what to expect. It must be a useful tool for assisting teachers in the development of individualized strategies as well as the methods and materials required for success.

lntercultural competence is the ability to function effectively across cultures, to think and act appropriately, and to communicate and work with people from various cultural backgrounds – whether at home or abroad. Intercultural competence is a valuable asset in an increasingly globalised world, where we are more likely to interact with people from different cultures and countries, each with their own set of values, beliefs, and experiences.Intercultural competence is a subset of a larger concept family that includes global competence, graduate attributes, employability skills, global citizenship, education for sustainable development, and global employability. The recognition of globalisation as a force for change in all aspects of contemporary life is central to all of these concepts, as is the importance for graduates to be able to engage and act globally.

There are numerous distinctions between written and spoken language. Speaking in the manner in which things would normally be written, or writing in the manner in which people speak, can result in language that sounds strange, unnatural, or inappropriate.When speaking, people use contractions like I'll or don't that are not appropriate in formal written language. There are also many slang words that are used in spoken language but are not strictly correct in written language depending on the context. Other language conventions that are frequently broken in spoken language are more strictly followed in written language. Beginning sentences with but or because and ending sentences with prepositions are examples of this.Some grammar is almost exclusively used in writing and not in speech. Past perfect grammar is an example of this. Because this is typically used to narrate something, it is rarely heard in spoken English. 'He had been thinking about taking a summer house in Tuscany for a few years before meeting Valeria,' for example. This grammar construction can be used in spoken English, but it is rarely used.Because spoken language is much more dynamic and immediate, it has less precision. Native English speakers frequently make grammar errors that they would never make in written language. When speakers are forming sentences and changing ideas quickly, mistakes like 'How many apples are left?' occur.

Materials development is both a theoretical and practical endeavor. It studies the principles and procedures of designing, implementing, and evaluating language teaching materials as a field. As a project, it entails the creation, evaluation, and adaptation of language teaching materials for use in classrooms by teachers and by materials writers for sale or distribution. Ideally, these two aspects of materials development are interactive in the sense that theoretical studies inform and are informed by classroom materials development and use (e.g. Tomlinson 1998c).'Materials' include anything that can be used to aid language learning. They can be linguistic, visual, auditory, or kinesthetic, and they can be presented in print, live performance or display, cassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or over the internet. They can be instructional in the sense that they inform learners about the language, experiential in the sense that they provide exposure to the language in use, elicitative in the sense that they stimulate language use, or exploratory in the sense that they seek discoveries about language use.

The process by which children learn their native language is referred to as first language acquisition. Second language acquisition is the study of a language or languages other than one's native language.Linguistic competence develops in stages for children learning their native language, from babbling to one word to two words, then telegraphic speech. Babbling is now thought to be the earliest form of language acquisition because infants produce sounds in response to language input. In consonant-vowel clusters, one-word sentences (holophrastic speech) are typically monosyllabic. There are no syntactic or morphological markers during the two-word stage, no inflections for plural or past tense, and pronouns are uncommon, but the intonation contour extends throughout the utterance. Telegraphic speech is devoid of function words and carries only open class content words, resulting in sentences that sound like telegrams.

Empirical research is defined as any study in which the study's conclusions are strictly drawn from concretely empirical evidence, and thus "verifiable" evidence.This empirical evidence can be obtained through quantitative and qualitative market research methods.As an example: A study is being conducted to determine whether listening to happy music while working promotes creativity. An experiment is carried out by administering a music website survey to a group of people who are exposed to happy music and another group who are not exposed to any music at all, and the subjects are then observed. The findings of such a study will provide empirical evidence as to whether it promotes creativity or not.

The study and description of the psychological processes that allow humans to master and use language is known as psycholinguistics. Psycholinguists study speech and language development, as well as how people of all ages comprehend and produce language. The field relies on the findings of linguistics, which is the discipline that describes the structure of language, for descriptions of language. Although language acquisition, comprehension, and production have always been central to psycholinguistic research, the field has grown significantly since its inception: Psycholinguists are currently interested in the neurology of language functioning, particularly those studying sex differences, aphasia, language after congenital or acquired injury to the immature brain, and developmental disorders of language (dysphasia). Some psycholinguists have also expanded their research into nonhuman language learning experiments (e.g., gorillas and chimps) to determine whether language as we know it is a uniquely human phenomenon.

English is the language used to gather and disseminate information around the world. English is extremely important. As a result, English is taught in Indonesia as early as kindergarten. However, difficulties in teaching English are unavoidable. Internal and external factors contribute to the problem. Internal factors occur within students. External factors such as school, society, and friends emerge from one's surroundings. Because English is not Indonesia's first language, teaching English presents significant challenges. Teachers play an important role in English instruction. It must be balanced with school and government facilities and support. This has the potential to alleviate difficulties in teaching English in Indonesia.

Cultural bias is the interpretation of situations, actions, or data based on one's own cultural standards. Cultural biases are based on assumptions that people have because of the culture in which they were raised. Here are some examples of cultural influences that may lead to bias:-Language interpretation-Concepts of right and wrong in ethics-Fact comprehension or evidence-based proof-Ethnic or racial bias, whether intentional or unintentional-Religious beliefs or comprehension-Mating and sexual attractionSocial scientists, such as psychologists, economists, anthropologists, and sociologists, conduct research to identify cultural differences in order to better inform their data interpretation. For example, an economist may attempt to explain disparities in life expectancy between different cultural groups or communities by examining cultural biases in the healthcare system.

Intercultural communication entails the exchange of information across cultures and social groups, including people from various religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. It seeks to comprehend the differences in how people from various cultures act, communicate, and perceive their surroundings.Because culture has a large influence on how people conduct business, cultural implications are critical for success in an international context. In business, a lack of intercultural sensitivity can offend prospective or current clients, alienate employees who work in other parts of the world, and have a negative impact on a company's bottom line. Specific steps can be taken to improve intercultural communication skills and cross-cultural interactions, which will increase one's marketability.

Grounded Theory pada dasarnya memiliki tiga asas dalam kegiatan penelitian yaitu:1.Membangun sebuah struktur penelitian yang rasional, sistematis, dan valid.2.Menemukan data penelitian agar dapat mengidentifikasi setiap unsur dalam penelitian.3.Menyajikan data penelitian dengan benar agar teori yang dibangun selaras dengan manfaat penelitian. Dengan ditemukannya ketiga asas Grounded Theory tersebut, peneliti dapat memberikan pencerahan terhadap suatu fenomena. Grounded Theory memberi kebebasan kepada peneliti untuk mengatur, mengarahkan, dan meluruskan pengumpulan data dalam rangka membangun sebuah analisis terhadap data yang ditemukan. Grounded theory dimulai dari pengumpulan data untuk mengembangkan analisis secara teoritis. Peneliti berusaha mempelajari fenomena yang terjadi dalam latar penelitian berdasarkan fokus, lokus, modus, lotus, dan markusnya. Oleh karena itu, peneliti menyajikan data berdasarkan tangkapan panca indera peneliti.

Students sometimes think that learning English is difficult and too boring in turn makes them lazy to attend the learning of English in the classroom. It is a common problem faced today, either students or teachers, especially for English as foreign language (EFL). For the students, they need innovation which can interest and motivate them to overcome the students’ laziness. According to Chan, et.al. (2017: 93), nowadays, with the rapid growth and availability of technology, traditional teaching approaches are often complemented by new innovation as additional teaching aids along with the textbooks to teach language. Meanwhile for the teachers, they have to show their innovation which can maintain the students’ participation actively in the classroom. One of the innovations offered is the developing of teaching materials dynamically by using literature (literary works). In other side, teachers can also improve their students activities by applying the communicative approach in English language teaching (ELT). The two important things (material and approach) can be matched together in building up an innovation teaching and learning in the classroom.

Kerr defines curriculum as “all the learning which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, inside or outside the school” (quoted in Kelly 1983: 10; see also, Kelly 1999). This gives us some basis to move on - and for the moment all we need to do is highlight two of the key features: “planned” and “guided.” There are four ways of approaching curriculum theory and practice: (1) curriculum as a body of knowledge to be submitted, (2) curriculum as an attempt to achieve certain ends in students-product, (3) curriculum as process, and (4) curriculum as praxis.

Buku ini ditujukan kepada para pemelajar dan tenaga professional yang tertarik melakukan penelitian di bidang ilmu sosial. Buku ini menyajikan strategi untuk membangun/mengonstruksi teori. Mengonstruksi teori adalah aspek terpenting dalam pengembangan keilmuan yang mengajak untuk menyelidiki fenomena dan menemukan solusi permasalahannya.

Material: Teaching Literature by Using PoetryLevel: 1st Grade of Senior High SchoolLanguage Skill: IntegratedSources: Book of “Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry, 3rd edition by Laurence Perrine, published in 1969.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan berbagai kritikan terhadap sikap duniawi manusia yang terkandung dalam fabel beserta eksistensinya sebagai sebuah media kritik dalam masyarakat Bugis. Peneliti menerapkan metode deskriptif kualitatif melalui pendekatan elektik. Teknik penelitian yang diterapkan adalah identifikasi, pencatatan, observasi, dan analisis. Sejumlah sastra lisan Bugis yang terangkum dalam buku Sastra Lisan Bugis (Departemen Pendidikan dan kebudayaan, 1981) memuat populasi penelitian. Sampel penelitian yang termasuk diambil secara purposive sebagai data. Data yang dimaksud adalah (1) Buaya dan Kerbau; (2) Pelanduk dan Macan; (3) Putteang dan Karoakkak; dan (4) Rusa dan Kura-Kura. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, peneliti menemukan beberapa kritikan terhadap sikap duniawi manusia seperti ketamakan, kebodohan, ketakutan, dendam, kebohongan, dan kesombongan. Sikap demikian masih kita jumpai dalam kehidupan masyarakat Bugis.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bentuk­bentuk kepahlawanan dalam elong osong beserta relevansinya dengan kondisi masyarakat Bugis dewasa ini. Penulis menerapkan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dan teknik penelitian inventarisasi, identifikasi, pencatatan, dan observasi. Elong osong yang dianalisis adalah osong Besse Langelo, Mata Essona Bulo­Bulo yang bersumber dari buku Elong Ugi (Kajian Naskah Bugis) terbitan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan tahun 1990. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diperoleh temuan bahwa osong Besse Langelo, Mata Essona Bulo­Bulo mewariskan konfigurasi heroik kepada generasi muda, yaitu berperang melawan musuh demi keutuhan negeri tercinta dan mengutamakan keberanian pribadi dalam membela tanah air. Kedua konfigurasi heroik tersebut patut kita teladani. Hal ini sangat relevan dengan kondisi masyarakat Bugis dewasa ini yang menghendaki lahirnya pemimpin­pemimpin yang memiliki jiwa kepahlawanan tanpa mengedepankan kepentingan pribadi. Abstract: This research aims to describe the heroic styles of elong osong and its relevance to the condition of Buginese society today. Based on the aim, the writer applies the qualitative descriptive method and research techniques of inventarization, identification, noting, and observation. The elong osong analyzed is osong Besse Langelo, Mata Essona Bulo­Bulo, which is taken from Elong Ugi (Kajian Naskah Bugis) published by the Indonesian Education and Culture Department in 1990. From the analysis, it is found that osong Besse Langelo, Mata Essona Bulo­Bulo, has bequeathed some heroic configuration styles to the young generation; those are (1) fighting the enemies for sake of the wholeness of the beloved country and (2) prioritizing the self­bravery in defending the motherland. The two heroic configurations are exemplary. They are so relevant to the condition of Buginese society today who wish for the emergence of leaders who have heroic spirit and do not prioritize their own interests. Key Words: heroic configuration, literature, elong osong

Dynamic Structuralism is a concept of the poem analysis to get its meaning comprehensively. This study aims to describe the elements construction of the datum and the meaning of it based on the dynamic structuralism. This study applies qualitative descriptive method through dynamic structuralism approach. The datum is a poem of “My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun” by William Shakespeare, adapted from the book of “Sound and Sense” published by Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1969. Based on analysis, it’s found that the poem is a sadness involving the author of “I” and mandates: (1) true love is actually a love built by the trust; (2) the trust in love is purety and cannot be lost until the end of life; and (3) the beautiful memory is the most difficult one to be forgotten. Sadness is the object which actually shows the reality of human life in the world. As a whole, the poem describes a doubtfulness for the changes of the author’s mistress drastically at last because has passed away, but still left a peaceful memory from love and trust. The both are everlasting, never die, and always alive.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kearifan sistem pemerintahan Puang Rimaggalatung dalam Lontarak Bugis. Melalui representasi kearifan tersebut, beliau mengamanatkan falsafah hidupnya dalam menjalankan roda pemerintahan. Berkenaan dengan tujuan tersebut, penulis menerapkan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif melalui analisis struktural dengan teknik penelitian baca- simak dan observasi. Data penelitian ini adalah nasihat Puang Rimaggalatung yang tertuang dalam Lontarak Bugis, sebuah buku yang ditulis oleh Muhammad Sikki dan diterbitkan oleh Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan pada tahun 1995. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, diperoleh kearifan Puang Rimaggalatung dalam sistem pemerintahannya berupa nasihat yang mengedepankan prinsip berikut: (1) jujur, (2) adil, (3) tegas, (4) saling memaafkan, (5) taat adat, dan (6) sopan santun. Representasi kearifan tersebut dapat diwariskan kepada generasi mendatang dalam mengemban amanah. Kehadiran pemerintah yang arif sangat didambakan masyarakat untuk menciptakan harmonisasi antara pemerintah dan warganya.Abstract:This study aims at describing the wisdom of government system of Puang Rimaggalatung in “Lontarak Bugis”. Through the wisdom representation, he suggested his philosophy in running the government. Regarding this, the writer applies descriptive qualitative method through struc- tural analysis with reading-listening and observation techniques. The data were taken from the advices of Puang Rimaggalatung in “Lontarak Bugis”, a book written by Muhammad Sikki and published by Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan in 1995. The study indicates that the wisdom of Puang Rimaggalatung in his government system is in form of some advices with basic principles, such as: (1) honesty, (2) fairness, (3) firmness, (4) forgiving, (5) obedience to custom, and (6) respect. The wisdom can be inherited to the next gen- eration in carying out people’s mandates. The presence of wise government is expected to create good harmony between the government and its people.