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Ethylmorphine is an opioid that has therapeutic effects as narcotic analgesic and antitussive, which has low levels and can be misused. Hence, it is crucial to monitor by analyze the levels of ethylmorphine in blood selectively. The preparation method that can be used to extract ethylmorphine from the sample is using molecular imprinting solid-phase extraction (MI-SPE) due to its sensitivity and selectivity. This study aims to compare the result of synthesis using two different polymerization methods, and also to examine the analytical performance and characteristics of imprinted polymers from two distinct functional monomers: methacrylic acid (MAA) and acrylamide (AM). The stages of this study include the determination of association constants, synthesis of polymer MI-SPE ethylmorphine using bulk and precipitation polymerization method, extracted template from the polymer, and determined the adsorption ability, capacity, and selectivity of the polymer. MI-SPE that has been made then characterized by using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results showed that MIP with acrylamide (MIP-AM) as functional monomer and made by precipitation polymerization had better analytic performances than MIP that made by bulk polymerization, with affinity value 0.072 mg/g and homogeneity value -0.77. It is also selective toward ethylmorphine with imprinting factor value 27.43. In addition, the result of characterization using FTIR and SEM showed that MIP-AM 2, MIP-MAA 1, and MIP-MAA 2 might have a low degree of polymerization due to the presence of vinyl peaks, besides MIP-AM 2 and MIP-MAA 2 had smaller particle size than the NIP with an average value of 0,31 ± 0,21 mm and 0.28 ± 0.05 mm. Based on the result of this study, MIP-AM made by precipitation polymerization could be used to extract ethylmorphine on solid-phase extraction.

Diabetes is a major cause of mortality worldwide. There are several types of diabetes, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) being the most common. Many factors, including environmental and genetic factors, are involved in the etiology of the disease. Numerous studies have reported the role of genetic polymorphisms in the initiation and development of T2DM. While genome-wide association studies have identified around more than 200 susceptibility loci, it remains unclear whether these loci are correlated with the pathophysiology of the disease. The present review aimed to elucidate the potential genetic mechanisms underlying T2DM. We found that some genetic polymorphisms were related to T2DM, either in the form of single-nucleotide polymorphisms or direct amino acid changes in proteins. These polymorphisms are potential predictors for the management of T2DM.