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The animal material of the study consisted of native Turkish geese. Regardless of the sex of the chicks, the first 4 wk of age were fed together, and the 5 and 6 week of age were fed ad libitum in groups using the starter feed. From the sixth wk onwards, four fattening method were formed until the 16 week of age as feed, pasture + cracked barley, pasture + feed and pasture. In the feed, pasture + cracked barley, pasture + feed groups, general body weight increase averages are 39.81, 37.46 and 39.90 g, respectively; average feed daily consumption is 426.95, 207.99 and 200.76 g, respectively; feed conversion ratio were 10.72, 5.55 and 5.03, respectively. At the end of the study, body weights were determined as 4209, 4108, 4239 and 3971 g in the feed, pasture + cracked barley, pasture + feed groups and pasture groups, respectively (P

The animal material of the study consisted of native Turkish geese. Regardless of the sex of the chicks, the first 4 wk of age were fed together, and the 5 and 6 week of age were fed ad libitum in groups using the starter feed. From the sixth wk onwards, four fattening method were formed until the 16 week of age as feed, pasture + cracked barley, pasture + feed and pasture. In the feed, pasture + cracked barley, pasture + feed groups, general body weight increase averages are 39.81, 37.46 and 39.90 g, respectively; average feed daily consumption is 426.95, 207.99 and 200.76 g, respectively; feed conversion ratio were 10.72, 5.55 and 5.03, respectively. At the end of the study, body weights were determined as 4209, 4108, 4239 and 3971 g in the feed, pasture + cracked barley, pasture + feed groups and pasture groups, respectively (P<0.01). As a result, the average body weight of geese was found to be similar with some literature data, which is lower than some literature data. This may be due to the fact that the geese used in the study are native Turkish geese and no selection studies have been performed on them. Although the highest body weight increase was determined in the pasture + feed group, it was concluded that it would be more appropriate to make pasture feed since the geese fed economically in the pasture provide body weight increase similar to other groups. It was determined that fattening with only feed is not economical for goose breeding and does not provide much daily weight gain compared to other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of sodium butyrate supplementation to concentrate on rumen development and fattening performance were investigated in this study. The lambs were divided into two groups, namely the control (KN) and the experimental (SB), each consisting of 27 individuals. Roughage and concentrate feeds were given ad libitum to the groups. Concentrates of the groups had similar composition, but experimental group contained 0.4% sodium butyrate. All lambs weighed at the beginning, lambs 45 days old, the weaning and end of the trial. Feed consumption of the groups was weighed. At the end of the trial, during slaughtering, hot carcass of the groups weighed. The length and thickness of the rumen papilla were measured in 3 lambs randomly selected from each group. It was observed that the total body weight gains of SB were higher on the lambs 45th and 105th days old compared to KN (p<0.05). Mean hot carcass efficiency of SB were higher than KN (p<0.05). At the end of the research, the average total dry matter consumption of KN was 4.01 kg more than the SB. One kg carcass cost of the SB was lower than the KN. It was determined that the rumen papilla lengths and thicknesses of KN were higher than SB. It can be said that the sodium butyrate addition into concentrate feed provides higher body weight and carcass yield. Moreover, it has been concluded that it would be beneficial to perform histological examinations before weaning regarding the effects on rumen development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effects of DL-malic acid supplementation in beef cattle rations containing high concentrated feed and dry forage (alfalfa hay and wheat straw) on fattening performance, carcass traits and rumen parameters. In present study, 47 male beef cattle (19 Simmental, 28 Limousine) at the age of 14-16 months were used. Cattle breeds were divided into two groups (0 and 30 g/day of DL-malic acid). In the present study, the differences in live weights, daily live weight gains and carcass weights of the control and DL-malic acid groups were found to be significant in Simmental breed (P<0.05), but insignificant in Limousine breed. The beef cattle body measurements (withers height, chest girth, rump height, body length) did not change with malic acid supplementation (P>0.05).The malic acid addition increased the molarities of acetic, butyric, propionic and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and acetic acid/ propionic acid ratio in the rumen fluid (P<0.05).The addition of malic acid had no significant effect on the number of ciliated protozoa (Entodinium, Diplodinium, Isotricha and Dasytricha) and total bacteria count in the rumen fluid (P>0.05). As a result, DL-malic acid supplementation to beef cattle ration varied with cattle breeds in terms of fattening performance, while such supplementations had positive effect on fattening in Simmental breed. Besides, the increase in TVFA and acetic, propionic and butyric acids, which are indicators of fiber and carbohydrate fermentation efficiency in the rumen, shows that malic acid has a positive effect on feed digestion in the rumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study conducted to investigate the effect of breeding flock age on the fattening performance and carcass characteristics of broilers, Ross-308 chicks obtained from the eggs of breeding in three different age groups; young (30 weeks old), middle (47 weeks old), and old (59 weeks old) were used. For this purpose, three different treatment groups and three replications in each treatment group were formed depending on the breeder age in the experiment. In the study, 30 chicks in each replication, 90 chicks in each treatment group and 270 chicks in total were used. At the initial and the end of the experiment, the differences observed between the treatment groups in terms of live weight were found to be significant. It was determined that chick live weights per trial increased with increasing flock age (P0.05). As a result, although chicks obtained from old flocks had higher live weight at the beginning of the experiment, the effect of flock age on fattening performance and carcass parameters was eliminated at the end of the experiment and showed similar values with the chicks obtained from medium and young flocks.

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effects of diets containing different levels of cottonseed meal (CSM) and 0, 0.1 % enzyme mixture on the fattening performance of quails and cost analysis were revealed. Total of 450 1-day-old male and female Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was used. The quails were divided in to a total of 18 pens (25 quails/breeding cages) with 6 treatment groups and 3 replications of each group. The groups were given the diets containing 0, 10, 20% CSM and 0, 0.1% enzyme mixture. The trial was continued for 35 days. The live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG), feed consumption (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR) values of quails were evaluated. While no effect of CSM levels on LW of quails was observed, the positive effect of enzyme mixture additive on 21st day LW was found to be significant (P<0.05). The effect of CSM levels or enzyme mixture on LWG, FC and FCR of quails was not statistically significant. When the economic cost analysis of treatments of different levels CSM and enzyme application at diets was made. When marketed as a unit, the highest profit was seen in the diet group without CSM and enzyme mixture; while the highest profit was obtained in the diet group containing 0% CSM with enzyme mixture when marketed on the basis of carcass weight. It has been concluded that the use of 10% CSM in quail diets is the most appropriate level and the fattening performance is positively affected by the addition of enzyme mixture. But, according to the carcass unit price; the highest profit was observed in the group diet without CSM and enzyme mixture, the lowest profit was observed in the group diet with 10% CSM and enzyme mixture. It can be said that it can be an alternative protein source in quail diets in periods when CSM prices are low or soybean meal prices are high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kocatepe Veterinary Journal / Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the effects of rumen-protected fat (RPF) were evaluated as an energy source for partial replacement of grain feed in the diets of Merino male lambs during the hot season. Fourteen six months old Merino male lambs weighing average of 29.59 kg were randomly allocated into two groups: control diet (CON) and diets supplemented with 30 g/kg RPF. Live weight (LW), dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) were recorded, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was then calculated. The ruminal pH, the ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations (NH3-N) value, the molar proportion of volatile fatty acid (VFA), blood serum as well as hematological parameters were determined and protozoa numbers were counted. While the live weight and daily gain of the lambs were not influenced by dietary treatments, DMI was increased with RPF supplementation. The ruminal pH, VFA and ruminal NH3-N concentrations were unchanged, but the protozoa numbers decreased significantly by RPF supplementation (P<0.05). RPF supplementation significantly affected some serum and hematological parameters in comparison to the control group. In conclusion, RPF may be added to concentrate mixture lamb feed at the level of 30 g/kg to enhance the diet energy density without negatively changing the animal's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kocatepe Veterinary Journal / Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of total mixed ration (Control, C), fermented total mixed ration (Control Fermented, CF) and fermented fattening feed prepared with by-products (By-product Fermented, BF) on fattening performance in Brangus male bulls. In the research, a total of 114 Brangus fattening bulls were used and divided into 3 main groups and 5 subgroups were formed under each main group. All bulls were weighed at the beginning of fattening and then monthly, dry matter consumption, daily live weight gains and feed conversion ratios were calculated. There was no statistical difference between the groups in the initial and final body weights of the animals (P>0.05). The average daily gain of the bulls were determined in the band of approximately 1.50 kg and no statistical difference was found between the groups (P>0.05). On the other hand, dry matter intake was determined as 10.68, 11.66 and 10.64 kg/day in the C, CF and BF groups, respectively, and a trend was found between the groups (P=0.08). Likewise, feed conversion ratios were determined as 6.93, 7.52 and 7.09 in the CK, CF and BF groups, respectively, and a trend was found between the groups (P=0.08). On the other hand, bulls fed with BF group; The group fed with K can reach the same body weight on the same days and are fed 2.81 TL cheaper per animal per day. It can be concluded that if by-products are fermented and given to Brangus beef cattle, there is no difference in fattening performance compared to other groups, but it provides great economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to investigate the effects of betaine, added to broiler rations at different levels, on fattening performance, carcass, some internal organs weights, and serum parameters. 192 mixed-sex one-day-old broiler chicks were used during the experiment. The experiment was conducted with four groups in total, including one control and three experimental groups. All the groups were divided into four sub-groups, each consisting of 12 chicks, and the total number of chicks in each group was determined to be 48. No additives were added to the feeds of the control group throughout the research. 0.3 g/kg (Bet-0.3), 0.5 g/kg (Bet-0.5) and 0.8 g/kg (Bet-0.8) betaine (Betamar®) were added to the rations of the experimental groups, respectively. Rations were prepared as isocaloric and isonitrogenic. The animals were given feed and water ad-libitum. In the study, The rations containing crude protein (CP) of 23% and3000 kcal/kg metabolic energy (ME)until the day 1-21 and CP of 20% and3224 kcal/kg ME until the day 22-42 days were given in the treatment groups. At the end of the study, statistically significant differences were observed in the experimental groups in terms of body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) when compared with the control group. The highest BW and the highest BWG were observed in the Bet-0.8 experimental group. No statistically significant difference was found in terms of feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, weights of some internal organs, and serum blood parameters (P>0.05). It was concluded that adding 0.8 g/kg betaine to broiler rations increase fattening performance and can be used safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of diet with increasing dietary levels of crude protein (CP) on digestibility, rumen pH, growth performance, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and on several blood parameters (serum urea, glucose and total protein), in the finishing period of Bafra lambs. Thirty male Bafra lambs, which were 3-3.5 months of age and average live weight of 24±0.4 kg, were divided into three groups (n=10 lambs per group) in a completely randomized design experiment. The diets were composed of 80% compound feed containing 11, 14 or 17% CP and 20% vetch straw. Lambs were fed ad libitium twice each day during the feeding trial period of 60 days. In the last week of the feeding period, all feces were collected to determine digestibility. The rumen and blood samples were collected at the end of the feeding period. The average feed intake was similiar among all tested diets. The best feed conversion rate was recorded the 17% CP diet. Final live weight and average daily gain (ADG) of lambs were significantly higher in lambs fed the 17% CP diet (P<0.05). CP digestibility was highest in the 17% CP diet (P<0.05) but the dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility were not affected by protein level. The rumen fluid NH3-N level increased significantly (P<0.05), pH and butyric acid level were not significantly affected, ruminal acetic acid and acetate:propionate ratio increased significantly (P<0.05) and propionic acid level decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase in dietary CP level. No significant differences were observed between groups for serum glucose and albumin, while the serum urea levels in the 14% and 17% CP groups were higher than for 11% CP (P<0.05). The highest economic value was for the 17% CP at 187.97%. Bafra lambs fed a diet containing 17% CP and vetch straw achieved a significantly higher body weight, had the best FCR and yielded a higher net profit than the other groups. If larger scale, on-farm studies confirm the findings of this study, Bafra lamb producers should be encouraged to maximise potential net profit by adopting its feeding regime, including 17% CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different light sources (monochrome and fluorescent) on fattening performance parameters (body weight, live weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio) of broilers. Totally, 216 head one day old chicks (Ross-308) were kept in brooder for the first 7 d, then transferred into the cages, in which the animals were exposed to three lighting regimes: SBKAL [(2L (amber color and yellow) + 14L (cool white LED): 8D)], SBL [16L (cool white LED): 8D)] and BFL [(16L (fluorescent) :8D)]. At weekly intervals, body weight (BW), live weight gain (LWG), feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded on group basis. The results indicated no differences in body weight in week 6 (SBKAL: 2389.39 g, SBL: 2338.22 g ve BFL: 2436.32 g), (P>0.05). The effect of the different color of the LEDs and fluorescent bulbs on live weight gain were not statistically significant in first, second and fourth weeks of ages of the broilers (P>0.05). However in the third and fifth weeks of experiment, the fastest growing group was found to be SBKAL and BFL groups (P<0.05). The highest rate of feed conversion ratio in the third week of experiment was determined in the SBL group (P<0.05) and no difference was found in the other periods of the experiment (P>0.05). Consequently, the LED lighting in different colors, when compared to fluorescent light, did not impair broiler chicken growth performance parameters but considering energy efficiency, LED lighting may be suitable and economic for poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study were to determine effects of fattening systems on fattening performance (n=39) and slaughter and carcass characteristics (n=24) in male Tuj lambs. Three different fattening groups were formed as extensive (n=13), semi-intensive (n=13) and intensive (n=13). Lambs in the extensive group were grazed in pasture. In addition to pasture, concentrated feed was given to lambs in the semi-intensive group. High quality fodder and concentrated feed were given to those in the intensive group. The study was completed in 90 d. Final live weights of extensive, semi-intensive and intensive groups were 31.19, 41.22, and 40.56 kg (P<0.001), respectively, and for daily live weight gain were (DLWG) 117.52, 229.66, and 221.11 g (P<0.001), respectively. Feed conversion rates (FCR) were 3.05 and 5.16 respectively in the semi-intensive and intensive fattening. It was found that hot carcass weight was 13.41, 19.51, and 19.89 kg (P<0.001) in extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive fattening groups respectively. Hot carcass yield was 43.11, 46.95, and 49.77% (P<0.001) in extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive fattening groups respectively. Consequently; leg, foreleg, shoulder, neck, flank, and kidney percentages, and spleen and full stomach weights of lambs in the extensive group were higher than in semi-extensive and entensive groups. Although there was no statistical difference between semi-extensive and entensive groups in respect to fattening performance, slaugher weight, hot and cold carcass weights, entensive group was higher than the other groups in respect to hot and cold carcass yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simmental (SIM), as a versatile, one of the oldest and also most widely distributed cattle breed in the world, has been requested recently by the cattle breeders for its high fattening performance and disease resistance beside its high milk yield and reproduction performances. From the conducted studies on the performances of SIM origin cattle in Turkey, the weighted averages of the first calving age, calving interval, 305-d milk yield, milk fat percentage, daily weight gain, finishing fattening weight and dressing percentage of the breed were calculated to be 913.0±37.03 d, 386.7±2.40 d, 4254.4±56.38 kg, 4.0±0.14%, 1253.7±3.85 gr, 556.05±5.84 kg and 60.24±0.35%, respectively. Another SIM originated breed, Montbeliarde, has higher milk fat and protein percentages in addition to lower somatic cell count than those of Holstein. The very limited studies about the crossbreeding works between SIM and Turkish native cattle breeds will not give an opportunity to evaluate the performances of the crosses. Besides raising other developed SIM originated cattle in the world, the crosses of this breed with the native and other cattle breeds raised in Turkey could enable to develop suitable genotypes for the conditions of breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is conducted in order to evaluate the fattening features of native and foreign breeds and their cross breeds in sheep improvement studies conducted in Turkey. Many culture breeds were imported to investigate the lamb production and carcass quality in Turkey. These breeds were both raised as pure breed and used in crossbreeding studies with some of the native breeds. A large number of researches have been conducted to determine the fattening performance of native and culture breeds and their cross breeds. Properties of daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage were evaluated on the basis of proportional gene contribution and genetic groups belonging to the breeds and cross-breds in the studies. On the basis of genetic groups, crossbreds of native breeds with Merino and French breeds, cross-breds of native breeds inter se and with German Mutton Merino, British Mutton breeds and German Blackhead Mutton were found high (P<0,05) in terms of daily weight gain. In improving feed conversion ratio, utilization opportunities for some foreign breeds were limited. On the basis of proportional gene contributions, increase of the contributions of Kıvırcık, Karayaka and Morkaraman genes caused decrease in daily weight gain. On the basis of dressing percentage, a statistically significant difference (P>0,05) was not found in both analysis. In this study, it is concluded that, in terms of increasing daily weight gain, while cross-breds of native breeds with Merino and French Mutton breeds could provide advantage, cross-breds of native breeds with German Mutton Merino, British Mutton breeds and German Blackhead Mutton could only provide a partial advantage. In improving dressing percentage, since a significant advantage was not observed in cross-breds of native breeds inter se and with culture breeds, it is concluded that studies do not have much benefit on the property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of live yeast culture (LYC) as a feed additive on fattening performance, and some blood and rumen fluid parameters in male goats fed with sucrose (SU) supplemented diet. Totally 18 male Saanen goat kids were divided into three groups, no SU and no LYC (C) as control group, 3% SU (S) and 3% SU with LYC (S+LYC) as the treatment groups, each containing 6 kids. Diets of groups were formulated as isonitrojenic and isocaloric. LYC (Rumisacc, 344x1010 cfu per gram) was included in the diet at 2% on feed basis. Feeding schema was established with no roughage, diets were given ad libitum, and the kids in each group were fed individually. In the experiment, ruminal ammonia-N increased and ruminal pH decreased in sucrose supplemented diet consumed groups (p<0.05) regardless of the supplementation of live yeast culture. Dietary sucrose with live yeast culture supplementation did not significantly affect fattening performance and blood parameters, except hemoglobin. Dorsal and ventral rumen papillae lengths were not affected by dietary treatments. Keratin layer of sucrose supplemented group (S) was increased when compared with control group (p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteen Holstein beef cattles, weighing 270 kg and 5-6 months age, were assigned to one of two treatments (8 animal per treatment) in a completely randomized design. All animals in both groups fed with basal diet containig; concentrated feed, barley, cottonseed meal and straw. Live yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 1,4 X 108 cfu/g) incorporated into yeast group rations 50 g/d. The study lasted 135 days. At the beginning of the trial, animals were adapted to the basal diet over a 15- day period. Feed consumption was measured daily, while body weight and body weight gain was measured monthly. At the end of the study, four animals from each groups were slaughtered and the hot carcass yield was determined. Rumen contents were collected on days 45th and 90th analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia-N (NH3-N). Dietary treatment had no effect (p>0,05) on DMI (Dry matter intake), FCR (Feed conversion ratio), final live body weight, and ADG (Avarage daily gain) (p>0,05). Carcass yield was significantly (p 0,05) increased by dietary inclusion of yeast so that carcasss yield was 50,65% and 52,75% in control and yeast group respectively, in the yeast group. There was also no significant (p>0,05) differences for rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N between each groups. However, rumen pH was lower (p<0,05) for the yeast group. No differences (p>0,05) between groups were observed regarding blood parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of breeder age and early energy restriction on fattening performance, meat quality and plasma leptin concentration of broilers. A total of 504 male chicks were obtained from three different ages (27, 38 and 60 weeks) of broiler breeders. Chicks from each age of breeder groups were randomly divided into 2 diet groups (control and energy restriction). Broilers in energy restriction group were fed diet with reduced 10% energy from day 8 to 14. The body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption and feed to gain ratio were determined weekly during the experiment. At days 7, 14 and 41, seven broilers from each group were bled to measure the leptin concentration. At 42 day of age, 21 broilers of each group were slaughtered. Carcass, heart, liver, gizzard, spleen and abdominal fat were weighed. pH, cooking loss, moisture, protein, fat and ash of thigh meat were determined. In conclusion, breeder age affected the initial weight, total body weight gain, feed consumption and abdominal fat, whereas energy restriction affected the 2nd week body weight gain, total feed consumption, total feed to gain ratio, heart and liver percentages and also moisture and protein levels of thigh meat. Leptin was only affected by broiler age. Interaction between breeder age early energy restriction in diet of broilers was not seen except that the 2nd week feed to gain ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to determine effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) addition to quail diets on growth, carcass traits, liver and intestinal histology, and intestinal microflora. Two hundred forty Japanese quail chicks were distributed among three treatments groups! with four replicates. A group was fed with a basal starter diet for 1-21th and a grower diet for 22-42th days (Control).The experimental groups were fed the same diets, in addition to 75 mg/kg (Trial I) or 150 mg/kg (Trial II) of COS. The final live weights of the quails in the Control and Trial I groups were higher than in the Trial II group. There were no differences among the groups in gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and carcass traits. Steatosis in the Trial II group was less than in the Control and Trial I groups. Crypt depth and villus length were higher in the Trial II group than in the other groups. The number of bacteria and yeast in the intestine were lower in the Trial I and II groups than in the Control group. In conclusion, the addition of 75 mg/kg of COS had no adverse effect on the tested parameters, and it increased the crypt depth, villus length, and beneficially on intestinal microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine effects of black cumin seeds or black cumin oil addition to quail rations on growth performance, carcass traits and some blood parameters. Totally 180 daily Japanese quail chicks were used. Chicks allocated four main groups each containing 45 chicks, and each main group divided into three subgroups each containing 15 chicks. A group was fed with basal starter diet for 1 -21th days and grower diet for 22-35th days (Control). Other groups were fed same diets but their diet added by 0.1% oxytetracycline (Positive control: PC), 1% black cumin seed (BCS) or 0.1% black cumin oil (BCO). At last of study 15 chicks from each main group were slaughtered for determination of carcass traits and blood serum parameters. Final average live weight of quails in PC and BCS groups were significantly higher than C group. There were no differences on live weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio among the groups on basis of whole study period. Carcass weight was lower in C group than the other groups, while there were no differences on carcass yield, leg, breast and wing ratio among the groups. Serum cholesterol concentration in BCO group was significantly lower than C group but there were no differences on Ca, P, VLDL, HDL, LDL, ALT, ALP, albumin, globulin, total protein concentrations among the groups. In conclusion, it was established that, as being in antibiotic added groups, addition of 1% black cumin seed to quail diet enhanced live weight, and 0.1 % black cumin oil had showed hypocholesterolemic affect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of live yeast culture and the live yeast culture enriched with vitamin-mineral supplementation as a feed additive on fattening performance, some blood and rumen fluid parameters in male kids. Totally 18 male Saanen goat kids (average 8 weeks old) were divided into one control and two treatment groups each containing 6 kids. Rations were prepared as isonitrojenic and isocaloric. Live yeast culture (LYC) and the yeast-vitamin-mineral complex (YVM) (RumiSacc® and Intetotal® respectively, Integra food Industry and Trade Co., Istanbul, Turkey, Live yeast cell 344 × 1010 cfu/g,) were incorporated into concentrates at the level of 0% (C), 1% (YC) and 1% (YVM) on as-fed basis. During the study concentrate feed and fresh water were given ad libitum and the ration did not contain any roughages. Dietary yeast culture at the level of 1 % increased final live weight (4.7% regarding control group) as numerically but not significantly. The fattening performance, rumen fluid and blood parameters were not statistically affected from the dietary treatments throughout the study. While the dorsal papillae length was not changed, ventral papillae length was decreased in the treatment groups. The length of papillae in YVM groups were similar to that of control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to determine whether adding oregano essential oil as a feed additive to the diet would affect the performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of lambs. In the trial, 36 weaned male Kivircik lambs (2.5-3 month-old) were used. Lambs had an initial live weight of 22,71 ± 0,71 kg and were divided into three groups of 12 lambs each. For the two treatment groups, Origanum vulgare essential oil was added into grower feed at the dose of 250 ppm and 500 ppm respectively. Besides this, hay was provided as roughage. Feed and water was supplied ad libitum during the trial. The first week was accepted as adaptation period and the experiment lasted for 9 weeks. The live weights and feed consumptions were measured in the beginning of the experiment and on the 14, 28, 42 and 56th days. Blood samples were collected before the morning feeding on the 0, 28 and 56th days of the experiment. All lambs were slaughtered, hot carcass weights and the weights of liver, empty stomach and empty intestine were determined at the end of the experiment. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured using commercial kits. The final live weights were 28 ± 0,73 kg and no differences were observed among treatments. Daily live weight gain, hot carcass weights and yields, organ weights and serum parameters were not statistically significant between groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, addition of the oregano oil had no significant effects on performance, organ weights and blood parameters of weaned lambs in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine effect of different fattening systems on fattening performance and body measurements of Hemsin male lambs. The materials of the study were consisted 39 male lambs weaned at 3 months of age (approximately live weight of 23 kg). In this study, Hemsin lambs were used in three group of extensive (n=13), semi-intensive (n=13) and intensive (n=13). The experiment was conducted for 90 days. Final live weights of groups of extensive, semi-intensive and intensive were 33.32, 41.16 and 42.09 kg, respectively, and for daily live weight gain (DLWG) were 121.11, 201.89 and 213.00 g, respectively. For semi-intensive and intensive of group, feed conversion ratios were 3.44 and 5.35 kg, respectively. As a result, intensive and semi-intensive groups of fattening performance were higher than that of extensive group. The differences among intensive and semi-intensive groups of fattening performance were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results of this study suggest that semi-intensive group might be appropriate for fattening male Hemsin lambs. Hemsin lambs had a generally similar or lower fattening performance compared to local sheep breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of width and depth of bell drinker and sex on fattening performance and carcass characteristics of Pekin ducks. A total of sixty male and sixty female ducklings (Star 53 H.Y., Grimaud Freres) were used. Each sex group was randomly allocated into two bell drinker groups (narrow bell drinker with 47 mm water depth and 48 mm water width and wide bell drinker with 78 mm water depth and 90 mm water width) each of 30 ducklings. Groups were located in floor pens of 170 x 94 cm width x length, each of 6 chicks, in a naturally ventilated house. Sex affected the hatching weight (P<0.01), total body weight gain (P<0.001), feed intake (d 22 to 42 and d 1 to 42, P<0.05), feed conversion ratio (d 1 to 21, P<0.05), slaughter weight (P<0.001) and percentages of hot carcass (P<0.05). Wide bell drinker increased the body weight gain (d 22 to 42 and d 1 to 42, P<0.001), feed efficiency (d 22 to 42 and d 1 to 42, P<0.01), slaughter weight (P<0.001) and percentages of breast and wings (P<0.01), however decreased the percentages of skin subcutaneous fat (P<0.01). More width and depth bell drinker was positively contributed to the fattening performance in rearing of Pekin ducks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of combination of probiotic and enzyme supplement that is commercially available in the market on the feed efficiency and fattening performance of young bulls were investigated. A total of 20 Brown Swiss young bulls at 8-10 and 12-14 months of ages were allocated into the two groups called control and probiotic - enzyme groups. 20 g/day of plus enzyme combination was fed each animal. The young bulls (at 8-10 months) in control and probiotic initial fattening weight 173.2±14.19 kg and 173.3±14.19 kg; daily weight 0.87±0.04 kg and 0.93±0.04 kg; final fattening weight 331.6±12.12 kg and 343.2±12.12 kg; total weight gain 158.4±6.65 kg and 170.0±6.65 kg and amount of feed intake per kg weight gain 6.8±0.29 kg and 6.4±0.29 kg respectively. The young bulls (at 12-14 months) in control and probiotic initial fattening weight 249.7±14.19 kg and 249.1±14.19 kg; daily weight 0.91±0.04 kg and 0.94±0.04 kg; final fattening weight 416.0±12.12 kg and 419.4±12.12 kg; total weight gain 166.3±6.65 kg and 170.3±6.65 kg and amount of feed intake per kg weight gain 7.3±0.29 kg and 7.2±0.29 kg respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in order to examine the effect of vegetation period on the qualilty of pasture and fattening performance of grazing (May 22 to October 9) Tujhin sheep and lambs reared in Kars region. Animals were weighed and forage samples were taken from pasture fortnightly and analysed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and ether extract (EE). Chemical composition of pasture samples for DM, OM, CP, CF and EE were determined as 28.31%, 91.14%, 19.35%, 28.92% and 3.20% at the beginning of the study and 74.96%, 92.08%, 3.86%, 43.91% and 1.83% of the end of study, respectively. Daily and total live weight gains through the pasture season were determined for male and female lambs as 181.6 g/day, 164.9 g/day and 25.47, 23.10 kg respectively (P>0.05). Ewes gained 35 g/day daily live weight on average and 4.9 kg total live weight. In conclusion, it was determined that the pasture may meet greatly the nutritional requirements of the sheep and lambs when its green seasons (May 22 to July 31) and the CP content decreased and the DM and CF contents of forage by increasing maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to investigate fattening performance, slaughter traits and some blood parameters of native Turkish geese feeding by semi-intensive system. Fifty, 3-4 day old unsexed native gosling were used in this study. Goslings were fed totally 11 weeks (starter diet for first 4 week, grower diet for 7 weeks). Beginning from the start of the third week goslings were grazed at 08:00- 10:00 and 15:00-17:00. At the end of the study 5 geese were slaughtered and slaughter traits were determined. Average live weight, live weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were found 2908 g, 33.0 g, 144.4 g and 5.5, respectively. Carcass, wing, leg, breast, mesenteriyal and abdominal fat ratio were found 63.35, 10.82, 14.31, 21.61, 1.19 and 1.66%, respectively. Serum cholesterol, total protein, albumin and glucose amount were found to be 123 mg/dL, 3.51 g/dL, 1.35 g/dL and 184 mg/dL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of substituting barley with wet sugar beet pulp silage at differing levels on fattening performance, carcass quality and cost. To achieve this objective, a barley based diet (control diet) was prepared. Then, three diets were prepared by substituting 35% (35% WSBPS diet), 70 (70% WSBPS diet) and 100% of barley energy with wet pulp silage (100% WSBPS diet). A total of 48, 6-7 month old, male, Akkaraman lambs were utilized in the study. Lambs were randomly allotted into one of four groups based on initial body weights. Each group was also divided into 4 subgroups with 3 lambs within each subgroup and fed with one of four diets for a period of 75 days. Daily feed intake of each subgroup was determined weekly. All of the lambs were weighed bi-weekly to determine weight gains. Six lambs from each treatment group were slaughtered at the end of the experiment to determine carcass quality. Costs of each kg of diet DM and 1 kg of live weight gain for each diet were calculated. Initial live body weights of lambs fed different diets were similar, ranging from 23.48 to 25.03 kg (P>0.05). Overall daily weight gains of lambs fed different diet were also similar throughout the experiment and were 0.160, 0.182, 0.182, and 0.160 kg for control, 35%, 70% and 100% WPS diets, respectively (P>0.05). Hot and cold carcass weights, carcass tight, leg and loin weights were not statistically different among groups (P>0.05), but back weights were greater in sheep fed 75% WSP diet compared with control (P<0.05). Addition of WSBP silage into diets decreased both costs of diets and 1 kg live weight gain in a linear way. It can be concluded that energy provided by barley can be substituted with energy of WSP silage up to 70% without affecting fattening performance, carcass features and can greatly reduce production cost in lambs based on the results of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the effect of different initial live weighs on fattening performance of Anatolian Merino male lambs. For this aim, three groups whose initial live weights were 25, 30 and 35 kg were formed and approximately three months aged seven lambs were contained in each group. Body measurements were determined weekly for a fattening period lasted 63 days. In the end of the study, mean total live weight gains of the groups were 19.29, 19.43 and 20.43kg, daily live weight gains were 306, 308 and 324g, daily concentrate feed intake were 1.464, 1.620 and 1.663 kg and feed conversion ratios were 4.78, 5.25 and 5.13 respectively, The differences among groups in terms of daily live weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not statistically significant, but the differences for daily feed intake were significant (P< 0.05). As a result, initial live weight differences among groups maintained for the whole fattening period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was carried out using a 4 × 4 factorial design. There were 16 experimental groups. Each group consisted of 3 lambs. The experiment lasted 56 days. During the experiment, the oregano oil (0 and 5 g/kg DM) and urea (0, 6, 12, and 18 g/head per day) were given to lambs consuming low energy/low protein diets (2350 Kcal/kg DM/ 10.80% CP/DM, respectively) and normal energy/normal protein (2600 Kcal/kg DM, 14.97% CP/DM, respectively) diets. Daily body weight gain of lambs consuming normal energy/normal protein diets and supplemented with 6, 12 and 18 g/head per day urea were significantly (P < 0.01) higher compared to those consumed low energy/low protein diets and supplemented with oregano oil. The voluntary feed intake of lambs consuming the normal energy/normal protein diets supplemented with urea (6, 12 and 18 g/head per day) was lower compared to lambs consuming low energy/low protein diets supplemented with oregano oil and urea. On the other hand, the feed efficiency of lambs consuming the normal energy/normal protein diets supplemented with urea (6, 12 and 18 g/head per day) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher compared to lambs consuming the low energy/low protein diets supplemented with oregano oil and urea. The supplementation of urea to lambs consuming the low energy/low protein diets and the normal energy/normal protein diets increased the weight of cold carcass. The supplementation of urea had no significant (P > 0.01) effect on the other carcass characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışma soya küspesinin %50'si ve %100’ü yerine katılan ekmek mayası yan ürününün (EMYÜ) etlik piliçlerin canlı ağırlık, canlı ağırlık artışı, yem tüketimi, yem değerlendirme sayısı ve bazı kesim özellikleri üzerine olan etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Denemede toplam 450 adet günlük Ross 306 erkek etlik civciv kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada herbırinde 150 adet günlük civciv bulunan (her tekerrür için 50 hayvan) 3 grup oluşturulmuştur. Altı haftalık deneme sonunda deneme sonu canlı ağırlığı (2328+27, 2169155, 1754135 g), canlı ağırlık artışı (2285127, 2126.155, 1711135 g). yem değerlendirme sayısı (1.9310.03, 2.1210.04, 2.5810.09) ve karkas ağırlığı (1658115, 1540137, 1201120 g) bakımından gruplar arasında çok önemli (P0,05). Sonuç olarak etlik piliç karmalarına soya küspesinin %50'si ve %100’ü yerine EMYÜ'nün kullanılmasının dönem sonu canlı ağırlıkları, canlı ağırlık artışları, yem değerlendirme sayısı, karkas ağırlıklarını ve karkas randımanını olumsuz etkilediği saptanmıştır.