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BACKGROUND: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals widely detected in humans and the environment. Exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) or perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) was previously shown to cause dark-phase hyperactivity in larval zebrafish. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which PFOS or PFHxS exposure caused hyperactivity in larval zebrafish. METHODS: Swimming behavior was assessed in 5-d postfertilization (dpf) larvae following developmental (1-4 dpf) or acute (5 dpf) exposure to 0.43-7.86 [micro]M PFOS, 7.87-120 [micro]M PFHxS, or 0.4% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). After developmental exposure and chemical washout at 4 dpf, behavior was also assessed at 5-8 dpf. RNA sequencing was used to identify differences in global gene expression to perform transcriptomic benchmark concentration--response ([BMC.sub.T]) modeling, and predict upstream regulators in PFOS- or PFHxS-exposed larvae. CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing was used to knockdown peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (ppars) pparaa/ab, pparda/db, or pparg at day 0. Knockdown crispants were exposed to 7.86 [micro]M PFOS or 0.4% DMSO from 1-4 dpf and behavior was assessed at 5 dpf. Coexposure with the ppard antagonist GSK3787 and PFOS was also performed. RESULTS: Transient dark-phase hyperactivity occurred following developmental or acute exposure to PFOS or PFHxS, relative to the DMSO control. In contrast, visual startle response (VSR) hyperactivity only occurred following developmental exposure and was irreversible up to 8 dpf. Similar global transcriptomic profiles, [BMC.sub.T] estimates, and enriched functions were observed in PFOS- and PFHxS-exposed larvae, and ppars were identified as putative upstream regulators. Knockdown of pparda/db, but not pparaa/ab or pparg, blunted PFOS-dependent VSR hyperactivity to control levels. This finding was confirmed via antagonism of ppard in PFOS-exposed larvae. DISCUSSION: This work identifies a novel adverse outcome pathway for VSR hyperactivity in larval zebrafish. We demonstrate that developmental, but not acute, exposure to PFOS triggered persistent VSR hyperactivity that required ppard function. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13667, Introduction Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse class of synthetic chemicals containing >14,000 unique structures used in industrial manufacturing (US EPA PFASSTRUCTv3, last checked December 2023 (1)). PFAS [...]

Abstract Mantle xenoliths usually represent fragments derived from the depleted and degassed lithospheric mantle with 3He/4He isotope ratios (6 ± 1 RA) lower than those of mid-ocean ridge basalts (8 ± 1 RA). Otherwise, basalts from oceanic islands related to hotspots often have high 3He/4He ratios (>10 RA), suggesting a deep and pristine undegassed mantle source. Here we present a striking high-3He/4He component (up to 27.68 RA) recorded by spinel-facies mantle xenoliths from Patagonia. Remarkably, the highest ratios were found in a long-lived trans-lithospheric suture zone related to the Carboniferous-Permian collision of two continental blocks: the Deseado and the North Patagonian massifs. The mantle xenoliths with notably high-3He/4He ratios are inferred to be fragments of the shallow asthenosphere rising through the eroded and rejuvenated thin lithosphere. The pristine helium component is derived from the western margin of the Karoo mantle plume, related to the initial stages of the Gondwana fragmentation.

Abstract Fish exhibit complex social behaviours that can influence their stress levels and well-being. However, little is known about the link between social interactions and stress in wild fish, especially in running water environments. While many studies have explored the stress axis in fish, most have focused on specific social contexts, leaving gaps in understanding stress responses to social changes. Our study investigated collective behaviour and stress in wild Italian riffle dace (Telestes muticellus) in a controlled experimental setup simulating a natural river system. Results reveal that group-living fish have lower cortisol and oxidative stress levels in muscle tissue compared to solitary counterparts, suggesting a calming effect of conspecific presence. Additionally, we observed upregulated expression of antioxidant enzymes in group-living fish, indicating potential benefits to antioxidant defence systems. These insights shed light on the dynamic relationship between group behaviour and stress in wild fish within running water habitats and emphasise the use of multidisciplinary approaches.

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is a lethal malignancy characterized by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment containing few tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and an insensitivity to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies. Gains in the PTK2 gene encoding focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at Chr8 q24.3 occur in ∼70% of HGSOC tumors, and elevated FAK messenger RNA (mRNA) levels are associated with poor patient survival. Herein, we show that active FAK, phosphorylated at tyrosine-576 within catalytic domain, is significantly increased in late-stage HGSOC tumors. Active FAK costained with CD155, a checkpoint receptor ligand for TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains), in HGSOC tumors and a selective association between FAK and TIGIT checkpoint ligands were supported by patient transcriptomic database analysis. HGSOC tumors with high FAK expression were associated with low CD3 mRNA levels. Accordingly, late-stage tumors showed elevated active FAK staining and significantly lower levels of CD3+ TILs. Using the KMF (Kras, Myc, FAK) syngeneic ovarian tumor model containing spontaneous PTK2 (FAK) gene gains, the effects of tumor intrinsic genetic or oral small molecule FAK inhibitior (FAKi; VS-4718) were evaluated in vivo. Blocking FAK activity decreased tumor burden, suppressed ascites KMF-associated CD155 levels, and increased peritoneal TILs. The combination of FAKi with blocking TIGIT antibody (1B4) maintained elevated TIL levels and reduced TIGIT+ T regulatory cell levels, prolonged host survival, increased CXCL13 levels, and led to the formation of omental tertiary lymphoid structures. Collectively, our studies support FAK and TIGIT targeting as a rationale immunotherapy combination for HGSOC.

Open partial horizontal laryngectomies (OPHLs) represent a valuable therapeutic option for tumors of the intermediate T-category and, in selected cases, for locally advanced tumors with low-volume extra-laryngeal extension. The eligibility of patients treated with this type of surgery has increased with the introduction of the modular approach to OPHL planning. This strategy follows the introduction of the classification proposed by the European Laryngological Society, based on the extent of horizontal resection. Optimization of the selection is the result of a meticulous work-up process involving close cooperation between experienced surgeons and radiologists, followed by final quality control by pathologists. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are study methods whose pearls and pitfalls are well known, especially when performed at a high level of expertise. In this paper, based on the experience of two high-volume centers, a checklist of 20 questions addressed by the surgeon to the radiologist before planning an OPHL was proposed. Considerations regarding case selection are reported for each of the questioned parameters. A very simple question-and-answer process is easy to understand and mainly addressed by less experienced colleagues who wish to increase their knowledge and skills in performing this type of surgery.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) requires new neurobiological targets. Problematic drinking involves underactive indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (iMSNs) that subserve adaptive behavioral selection vs. overactive direct pathway MSNs (dMSNs) that promote drinking, with a shift from ventromedial to dorsolateral striatal (VMS, DLS) control of EtOH-related behavior. We hypothesized that inhibiting phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A), enriched in striatal MSNs, would reduce EtOH self-administration in rats with a history of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure. To test this, Wistar rats (n = 10/sex) with a history of chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) vapor exposure received MR1916 (i.p., 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 µmol/kg), a PDE10A inhibitor, before operant EtOH self-administration sessions. We determined whether MR1916 altered the expression of MSN markers (Pde10a, Drd1, Drd2, Penk, and Tac1) and immediate-early genes (IEG) (Fos, Fosb, ΔFosb, and Egr1) in EtOH-naïve (n = 5–6/grp) and post-CIE (n = 6–8/grp) rats. MR1916 reduced the EtOH self-administration of high-drinking, post-CIE males, but increased it at a low, but not higher, doses, in females and low-drinking males. MR1916 increased Egr1, Fos, and FosB in the DLS, modulated by sex and alcohol history. MR1916 elicited dMSN vs. iMSN markers differently in ethanol-naïve vs. post-CIE rats. High-drinking, post-CIE males showed higher DLS Drd1 and VMS IEG expression. Our results implicate a role and potential striatal bases of PDE10A inhibitors to influence post-dependent drinking.

Tropical regions are known for their complex ecosystems and biodiversity, which play a vital role in regulating the global climate. However, researching tropical cities can be challenging due to the need for multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional approaches. In this study, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to gain a structured understanding of the developments and characteristics of tropical cities research in the last decade. We identified the fundamental influences in tropical cities research, based on four major sub-topics: climate change, sustainable urbanization, protecting biodiversity, and urban resource management. We examined the connections between these themes and performed a systematic literature review on each. Our analysis provides a comprehensive trend analysis of tropical cities, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Our findings aim to provide a solid foundation for bridging the gaps for future crosscutting research.

Tongue abscesses are rare conditions that usually follow mucosal disruption due to mechanical trauma or foreign body impaction. They typically manifest abruptly as a rapidly growing, hard mass or swelling in the context of tongue muscles; the patient frequently complains of pain, difficulties in swallowing or speaking, and fever. Nonetheless, the features of its presentation, together with accurate clinical evaluation, blood tests, and appropriate imaging tests, are usually sufficient to easily discern a tongue abscess from a malignancy. However, in rare cases, they may occur with slowly progressing and subtle symptoms, nuanced objective and laboratory findings, and inconclusive radiological evidence, leading to difficult differential diagnosis with submucosal malignancy. Herein, we review the literature, available on Pubmed, Embase, and Scopus, on publications reporting tongue abscesses, with atypical presentation suggesting an oral tumor. Our review confirms that tongue abscesses may manifest as a slowly growing and moderately painful swelling without purulent discharge and minimal mucosal inflammation; in this case, they may constitute an actual diagnostic challenge with potentially severe impact on correct management. Atypical tongue abscesses must therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of tongue malignancy with submucosal extension, even when other diagnostic elements suggest a neoplasia; in this case, a deep biopsy under general anesthesia is essential for differential diagnosis, and simultaneous drainage of the necrotic and abscessual material may resolve the condition.

In aquaculture, the transportation of live fish is a crucial but stress-inducing practice, necessitating a thorough understanding of its impact on fish welfare. This study aimed to assess the physiological stress response of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles during a 24 h commercial transport by quantifying muscle cortisol levels using a specific radioimmunoassay. Additionally, an immunohistochemical approach was used to detect and localize the cellular distribution of oxidative-stress-related biomarkers within various tissues and organs. The results demonstrated a significant increase in muscle cortisol levels following the loading procedure, remaining elevated above basal levels throughout the 24 h transport period. This effect may be attributed to either insufficient time for recovery from the loading stress or prolonged transportation-related stress. Immunostaining for all the antibodies we examined was observed in multiple tissues and organs, but we found no notable variations among the various transport phases. In conclusion, the observed stress response appears to be mainly linked to loading stress and the transport process itself, emphasizing the importance of implementing appropriate operational procedures to safeguard fish well-being during transport. Nonetheless, the unaltered distribution of oxidative stress markers between the control and transported groups suggests that the experienced stress might be within tolerable limits.

Bifenthrin (BF) is a pyrethroid insecticide widely used in urban and agricultural applications. Previous studies in embryos of zebrafish have shown that BF can affect estradiol biosynthesis and the dopaminergic system. To examine the role of the estrogen receptor (ER) in the endocrine effects of BF, embryos were exposed for 96 h to a mixture of 0.15 and 1.5 μg/L BF and an ER agonist (17α-ethynylestradiol - EE2) at 0.09 μg/L. Transcripts related to estrogenic (vitellogenin VTG) and dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine receptor 1 (DR1), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and catechol-O-methyltransferase b (COMTb)) signaling pathways were investigated by qRT-PCR. Dopamine (DA) and its metabolites (homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)) were also measured. There was a significant increase in VTG, DR1, MAO and COMTb mRNA levels and HVA-DA ratios within all zebrafish embryos exposed to EE2, including EE2 alone, 0.15 μg/L BF + EE2 and 1.5 μg/L BF + EE2. A significant decrease in homogenate concentrations of DA was observed within all zebrafish embryos exposed to EE2, which included EE2 alone, 0.15 μg/L BF + EE2 and 1.5 μg/L BF + EE2. Co-exposure of BF with EE2 failed to diminish estrogenic or dopaminergic signaling in embryos. Additionally, embryos with diminished ERα expression by morpholino injection were exposed to 0.15 μg/L BF, 1.5 μg/L BF and 0.09 μg/L EE2, with subsequent gene expression measurements. ERα knockdown did not prevent the effects of BF, indicating ERα may have a limited role in the estrogenic and dopaminergic effects caused by BF in zebrafish embryos.

In recent decades, distributed temperature sensing (DTS) has emerged as a robust technology for environmental applications, enabling high‐resolution temperature measurements along fibre optic cables (FOCs). The actively heated fibre optic (AHFO) method is employed to monitor soil moisture (θ$$ \theta $$, m3 m−3), wherein the soil temperature subsequent to the application of a heat pulse is measured by a DTS (AHFO‐DTS approach). Despite significant improvements in the application of AHFO‐DTS under controlled and natural conditions, the thermal behaviour of soil during multiple saturation–natural drying cycles has been insufficiently evaluated. This study aimed to address this gap by constructing an experimental horizontal soil profile in the laboratory for the application of the AHFO‐DTS method during two successive saturation–drainage–evaporation (SDE) cycles. Three heating strategies were applied to a metallic alloy in contact with a FOC, and calibration models were used to correlate θ$$ \theta $$ with the thermal conductivity (λ$$ \lambda $$), cumulative temperature increase (Tcum$$ {T}_{\mathrm{cum}} $$), and maximum temperature increase (Tmax$$ {T}_{\mathrm{max}} $$). The results indicated that during the second SDE cycle, the highest errors in θ$$ \theta $$ estimates were observed with the low power‐short heat pulse, whereas the application of the low power‐long duration and high power‐short duration pulses improved the accuracy of calculations. Additionally, errors in θ$$ \theta $$ estimates escalated under wetter conditions, attributed to a shift in soil heat transfer capacity from the first to the second SDE cycle for θ$$ \theta $$ > 0.10 m3 m−3. This behaviour was ascribed to thermal hysteresis, arising from the contact resistance of the FOC and the alloy with the surrounding soil. Furthermore, the Tmax$$ {T}_{\mathrm{max}} $$ method exhibited the least sensitivity to this effect and yielded reliable θ$$ \theta $$ estimates, thus its adoption is recommended. Moreover, the use of the low power‐long duration heating strategy is suggested as it promotes a trade‐off between energy saving and accurate estimates. We concluded that assessing soil thermal response under multiple SDE cycles enhances the comprehension of the AHFO‐DTS method. Overall, our findings provide insights into enhancing the applicability of this approach under field conditions, particularly following irrigation schedules and natural rainfall events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A disputa entre modernidade e pós-modernidade coloca em xeque o potencial emancipador da razão e, para fugir de posições extremistas acerca disso, entende-se que a leitura de Foucault sobre a questão kantiana da Aufklärung oferece, além de princípios para balizar criticamente os avanços e os limites da modernidade, argumentos para se pensar a formação humana inerente à Aufklärung. A herança greco-romana da Aufklärung kantiana, para Foucault, mostra que sua própria ontologia histórica é tributária da tradição filosófico-prática ligada à parresía-libertas, que põe cultura e educação para além da negação em bloco da modernidade. Assim, a formação implica a compreensão do mundo em que se vive e da dupla condição humana de menoridade e maioridade.

ABSTRACT Curve Number (CN) values estimating from rainfall-runoff data is an attractive topic in hydrology. However, CN values are lacking for Interlocking Concrete Pavement (ICP) material, mainly when seated over bare soil (not over a permeable pavement structure). Here, we compute CN values for the ICP seated over clayey soil using measured rainfall and infiltration capacity data. We estimated runoff ( Q) using 32 events of 24-hour rainfall depth ( P 24) and an infiltration model, assuming a hortonian runoff process. To estimate the CN for each P 24 event, we used the rainfall-runoff incremental approach. Overall, we obtained CN values ranging from 52 to 63. The best CN values to estimate Q were equal to 52.2 ( R M S E = 9.09 mm and R 2 = 0.03) and 60.1 ( R M S E = 1.45 mm and R 2 = 0.97), considering natural- and rank-ordered P 24- Q data, respectively. Our results indicate that it is more suitable to use the initial abstraction ratio ( λ) equal to 0.20 for the ICP material. The findings provide a better understanding of the rainfall-runoff process in ICP and help improve the design of stormwater drainage systems.

ABSTRACT This study aims to present how continuous and systematic monitoring in representative and experimental watersheds can help form high-level professionals and researchers in water resources, based on a case study of the Onça Creek Watershed (OCW). Through a historical survey of the monitoring network and the scientific studies carried out in the area, we identified people and map their geographical and professional location, to analyze the impact and importance of this area for the water resources community. We identified 90 scientific studies already developed at the OCW, which resulted in 22 masters and 4 Ph.D. students formed, involving another 33 external collaborators. We observed that 85% of the trained professionals continue to exercise functions related to water resources, in public and private institutions, throughout Brazil and abroad. We highlight the importance of financial support from research and development agencies, both for the monitoring network expansion and the training students' scholarships. We believe that the involvement of water resources graduate programs can be a way to increase the number of experimental and representative watersheds monitored in Brazil.

This pilot study tested an on-farm protocol based on resource, management, and animal-based measures to evaluate the on-farm health and welfare of rabbits kept in four different housing systems. In detail, the four housing systems were (1) standard breeding cages for reproducing does (3,300 cm2) with their litters associated with bicellular cages for growing rabbits (1,200 cm2); (2) dual-purpose cages for both reproducing does and growing rabbits (3,655 cm2); (3) enriched cages (4,739 cm2) for both reproducing does and growing rabbits equipped with a wire-mesh elevated platform (1,015 cm2); (4) parks (30,977 cm2) made up of four modules (7,744 cm2 each) joined by removing the wire net walls between them with growing rabbits kept in collective parks and reproducing does individually in the single modules. A total of 12 commercial farms (three farms/four housing systems) were visited during three seasons (summer, autumn, and winter) on two occasions each: (1) a pre-weaning visit for recordings on reproducing does and litters and (2) a pre-slaughtering visit for recordings on growing rabbits. At the pre-weaning visit, the prevalence of health concerns did not differ among does and litters kept in the different housing systems. At the pre-slaughtering visit, a higher prevalence of dermatomycosis was found in farms with dual-purpose cages and parks. Overall, taking into account the limitations due to the small sample size per housing system and the field conditions, the on-farm assessment tested in the present pilot study did not highlight major differences in the welfare and health of reproducing does and their kits as well as of growing rabbits in farms using different housing systems, which need to be confirmed on a large number of farms. The study also outlined the role of several management and environmental factors changing from one farm to another, which stresses the troubles of accounting for on-farm rabbit welfare and health exclusively to the housing system.

A large multi-institutional case series of laryngeal cancer (LC) T4a was carried out, including 134 cases treated with open partial horizontal laryngectomies (OPHL) +/− post-operative radiation therapy (PORT). The goal was to understand better whether OPHL can be included among the viable options in selected pT4a LC patients who refuse a standard approach, represented by total laryngectomy (TL) + PORT. All 134 patients underwent OPHL type I (supraglottic), II (supracricoid), or III (supratracheal), according to the European Laryngological Society Classification. Comparing clinical and pathological stages showed pT up-staging in 105 cases (78.4%) and pN up-staging in 19 patients (11.4%). Five-year data on overall survival, disease-specific survival, disease-free survival, freedom from laryngectomy, and laryngo-esophageal dysfunction-free survival (rate of patients surviving without a local recurrence or requiring total laryngectomy and without a feeding tube or a tracheostomy) were, respectively, 82.1%, 89.8%, 75.7%, 89.7%, and 78.3%. Overall, complications were observed in 22 cases (16.4%). Sequelae were observed in 28 patients (20.9%). No patients died during the postoperative period. This large series highlights the good onco-functional results of low-volume pT4a laryngeal tumors, with minimal or absent cartilage destruction, treated with OPHLs. The level of standardization of the indication for OPHL should allow consideration of OPHL as a valid therapeutic option in cases where the patient refuses total laryngectomy or non-surgical protocols with concomitant chemo-radiotherapy.

Abstract Background Susceptibility of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) to viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is well-known. Interest towards selective breeding as a tool to enhance genetic resistance in this species has increased sharply due to the major threat represented by VNN for farmed sea bass and limitations concerning specific therapeutical measures. A sea bass experimental population (N = 650) was challenged with nervous necrosis virus (NNV) to investigate genetic variation in VNN mortality. In addition, relationships of this trait with serum cortisol concentration after stress exposure, antibody titer against NNV antigens, and body weight at a fixed age were studied to identify potential indicator traits of VNN resistance. Results The estimate of heritability for VNN mortality was moderate and ranged from 0.15 (HPD95%, 95% highest posterior density interval: 0.02, 0.31) to 0.23 (HPD95%: 0.06, 0.47). Heritability estimates for cortisol concentration, antibody titer, and body weight were 0.19 (HPD95%: 0.07, 0.34), 0.36 (HPD95%: 0.16, 0.59) and 0.57 (HPD95%: 0.33, 0.84), respectively. Phenotypic relationships between traits were trivial and not statistically significant, except for the estimated correlation between antibody titer and body weight (0.24). Genetic correlations of mortality with body weight or antibody titer (− 0.39) exhibited a 0.89 probability of being negative. A negligible genetic correlation between mortality and cortisol concentration was detected. Antibody titer was estimated to be positively correlated with body weight (0.49). Conclusions Antibody titer against NNV offers the opportunity to use indirect selection to enhance resistance, while the use of cortisol concentration as an indicator trait in breeding programs for VNN resistance is questionable. The estimate of heritability for VNN mortality indicates the feasibility of selective breeding to enhance resistance to NNV and raises attention to the development of genomic prediction tools to simplify testing procedures for selection candidates.

El uso terapéutico del aceite de “cannabis” es una problemática social que pone en tensión aspectos legales, sanitarios, científicos y culturales. La dificultad en el acceso genera un vacío aprovechado por el mercado ilegal, al que recurren pacientes y familiares para mejorar su salud y calidad de vida. Estos aceites, de composición química desconocida, se emplean sin un seguimiento terapéutico. Un equipo interdisciplinario de la UNC se involucró en esta problemática con el objetivo de aportar elementos para su caracterización en nuestro medio. Metodología: Estudio observacional-descriptivo y transversal (aprobado por el CIEIS-HNC-UNC): entrevistas a pacientes/cuidadores mayores de edad que usaban el aceite (2019). Estudio experimental: análisis de muestras de aceites de los entrevistados para determinar su contenido de cannabinoides (THC y CBD), mediante HPLC. Resultados: Se realizaron 37 entrevistas y analizaron 48 muestras. El 73% fueron adultos y adultos-mayores. El 79% empiezan a usar el aceite por recomendación de parientes/amigos o por iniciativa propia, principalmente por falta de efectividad de otras terapias (54%) y por búsqueda de alternativas (33%). El 84% lo percibe efectivo (moderado-muy efectivo) y el 78% no manifestó eventos adversos. Usos principales: epilepsia refractaria 27% y artritis/artrosis 24%. El 15% de las muestras no presentaron contenidos cuantificables de CBD y THC, y el 67% presentó THC sin CBD. El contenido de cannabinoides cuantificables fue muy bajo. Conclusiones: Se obtuvo una aproximación sobre el uso terapéutico del aceite de “cannabis” en Córdoba y su calidad. Se observó discrepancia entre la efectividad percibida y el bajo contenido de cannabinoides detectados.

Triploidy is induced in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to produce sterile fish for genetic containment and to hinder early sexual maturation in farmed fish, but it can have unwanted negative effects on growth, health, and welfare. However, the growth and welfare of triploid fish may be improved by adjusting the rearing environment, feeding conditions and diets. This study evaluated physiological changes and used a suite of biomarkers to assess the potential impact of diet on growth and welfare of diploid and triploid salmon during the parr-smolt transformation. Diploids and triploids, held at low temperature, were fed a standard salmon feed or one with hydrolyzed fish proteins thought to be suitable for triploid Atlantic salmon. Fish muscle was collected monthly from October to December (2454–3044 degree-days post-start feeding, ddPSF) for analysis of biomarkers, and the progress of the parr-smolt transformation was monitored using a seawater challenge test. Real-Time PCR and radioimmunoassay were used to assess growth and stress response biomarkers (expression of genes of the GH-IGF axis and HSP70; cortisol concentrations), and oxidative stress biomarkers of lipids (MDA) and proteins (AOPP) were assayed. Changes in the biomarkers were related to sampling time rather than being associated with diet or ploidy, and the changes were compatible with the progression of the parr-smolt transformation. Growth and expressions of the biomarkers in triploid Atlantic salmon were similar to those of their diploid counterparts, and there was no evidence that the rearing conditions employed in the study resulted in stress responses being elicited. Overall, the physiological indicators and biomarkers employed in this study did not point to there being any dietary effects on performance and welfare of diploid and triploid salmon that were undergoing parr-smolt transformation.

Introdução: Pacientes oncológicos apresentam alto risco de desnutrição, em razão das desordens metabólicas da doença e de tratamentos necessários. A espessura do músculo adutor do polegar (EMAP) avalia o compartimento muscular, podendo ser útil para detectar a desnutrição precoce. Objetivo: Verificar a frequência de desnutrição em pacientes oncológicos conforme a EMAP e correlacionar com o índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência do braço (CB) e avaliação subjetiva global produzida pelo próprio paciente (ASG-PPP). Método: Estudo transversal, com indivíduos com idade maior ou igual a 20 anos, internados para administração de quimioterapia, em um hospital do Vale do Taquari-RS. Foram coletados dados antropométricos: peso, altura, CB e EMAP durante a triagem nutricional. A ASG-PPP foi aplicada para avaliação do estado nutricional. Os dados foram analisados por meio do software SPSS versão 26.0, e as variáveis relacionadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e correlacionadas pelo teste de Spearman. Resultados: Foram avaliados 41 pacientes. Destes, 68,3% foram classificados com algum grau de redução pela EMAP. A ASG-PPP classificou 78% em risco nutricional/desnutrição moderada e desnutrição grave. Houve correlação significativa entre a EMAP e a ASG-PPP. Foi observada correlação inversa entre a EMAP e o IMC. A EMAP teve associação significativa com o IMC, a CB e a ASG-PPP. Conclusão: A EMAP é um método eficaz, utilizado para diagnosticar desnutrição, podendo ser associado a outros métodos de avaliação para o diagnóstico nutricional de pacientes oncológicos.

Purpose: The use of virtual surgical planning in head and neck surgery is growing strongly. In the literature, its validity, accuracy and clinical utility for mandibular reconstruction are widely documented. Virtual planning of surgical bone resection and reconstruction takes place several days before surgery and its very sensitive nature can negatively affect an intervention aimed at maximum precision in term of oncological safety.Methods: The study focuses on a retrospective evaluation of the surgical margins in 26 consecutive cases with oral cavity malignancy and who underwent computer-assisted mandibular resection/reconstruction guided by the different types of bone, periosteal and peri-mandibular tissue involvement. The goal was to analyze the strategic and technical aspects useful to minimize the risk of positive or close margins and to vary the reconstructive strategy in the case of intraoperative findings of a non-radical planned resection.Results: No intraoperative or perioperative complications occurred. In 20 patients, virtual surgical planning permitted mandibular reconstruction to be performed using composite fibular free flaps, characterized by high accuracy and negative bone margins. In the remaining 6 patients, also virtually planned but otherwise reconstructed due to poor general condition (advanced age, severe comorbidity), negative bone margins were obtained. Intraoperative enlargement of the resection was carried out in one case and positive soft tissue margins were observed in another case.Conclusion: The results were satisfactory in terms of oncological radicality and precision. The functional benefits and reduction in operating times, previously demonstrated in other articles also by the authors, seem to justify the side effects related to the risk of modifying the planned surgery. During virtual planning, the surgeons must bear in mind that an unexpected progression of the tumor or a limited planned resection will entail modifying the extent of the resection intraoperatively and nullifying the virtual planning on which the reconstruction was based. Further investigations are necessary to clarify all aspects of virtual surgical planning in this setting.

The effects of milling energy (0.26–4.08 kJ/g) on starch structure, flow behavior and syneresis of starch dispersions (4–8% w/v) were investigated. Crystallinity loss of starch (XRD analysis) during milling could be mathematically related with the increase of 1047 cm−1/1022 cm−1 FT-IR intensity ratio (Ri) and it was also reflected by the changes in the shape and surface roughness of starch granules (SEM micrographs). Starch dispersions showed a Newtonian or pseudoplastic flow pattern dependent on starch concentration and milling energy. Consistency of starch dispersions (4 and 6%) remained constant during refrigerated storage only for severely milled starch. Syneresis diminished with increasing milling energy and starch concentration; it could be minimized (4% and 4.08 kJ/g) or completely eliminated (8% and 1.04 kJ/g). Significant correlations of Ri with consistency index and syneresis were found. Ball milling notably improved the suitability of starch as an ingredient in fluid or viscous foodstuffs.

Turmeric consumption is continually increasing worldwide. Curcuminoids are major active constituents in turmeric and are associated with numerous health benefits. A combination of spectroscopic methods and chemometrics shows the suitability of turmeric for food quality control due to advantages such as speed, versatility, portability, and no need for sample preparation. Five calibration models to quantify curcuminoids in turmeric were proposed using benchtop and portable devices. The most remarkable results showed that Raman and NIR calibration models present an excellent performance reporting RMSEP of 0.44% w/w and 0.41% w/w, respectively. In addition, the five proposed methods (FT-IR, Raman, and NIR) were compared in terms of precision and accuracy. The results showed that benchtop and portable methods were in good agreement and that there are no significant differences between them. This study aims to foster the use of portable devices for food quality control in situ by demonstrating their suitability for the purpose.

Glaciated and recently (post-Little Ice Age) deglaciated areas are very dynamic environments, undergoing continuous changes, in particular as a consequence of climatic fluctuations and cryosphere changes. The intense geomorphic activity that takes place here conditions natural hazard, sediment transport and tourist fruition. A geo-morphological mapping with applicative purposes has to take into account the peculiarities and the dynamism of these specific areas. We here propose a methodological approach based on the interpretation of a multitemporal set of aerial photos (from 1983 to 2012), in a GIS environment, with application to the sectors modeled by Little Ice Age glaciers in the upper Orco Valley (NW Italy). The result is a geo-morphological map focused on the elements that are most relevant for application purposes, complemented by a map of the spatio-temporal distribution of the natural instability processes identified in the study area for the reference period, aimed to highlight the recent dynamism of the geomorphological elements in the map.

In recent decades, the interest in PFAS has grown exponentially around the world, due to the toxic effects induced by these chemical compounds in humans, as well as in other animals and plants. However, current knowledge related to the antistress responses that organisms can express when exposed to these substances is still insufficient and, therefore, requires further investigation. The present study focuses on antioxidant responses in Squalius cephalus and Padogobius bonelli, exposed to significant levels of PFAS in an area of the Veneto Region subjected to a recent relevant pollution case. These two ubiquitous freshwater species were sampled in three rivers characterised by different concentrations of PFAS. Several biomarkers of oxidative stress were evaluated, and the results suggest that PFAS chronic exposure induces some physiological responses in the target species, at both cellular and tissue scales. The risk of oxidative stress seems to be kept under control by the antioxidant system by means of gene activation at the mitochondrial level. Moreover, the histological analysis suggests an interesting protective mechanism against damage to the protein component based on lipid vacuolisation.

Huanul is a shield volcano with several lava flows hosting mantle xenoliths erupted during the Pleistocene (0.84 ± 0.05 Ma). It is located in the southern part of the Payenia Volcanic Province, which is among the largest Neogene-Quaternary volcanic provinces of South America. The volcanism here has been ascribed as the northernmost expression of the back-arc volcanism of the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone. We present the first petrographic and mineral chemistry study of mantle xenoliths collected from Huanul lavas with the aim of reconstructing directly the mantle source of the Payenia Volcanic Province. Xenoliths are commonly small (2 geotherm. Evidences of interaction with the host basalts occur as spongy textures in clinopyroxene and reacted spinel, which tend to became more restitic in composition and show chromatographic or complete overprinting of the trace element compositions. The presence of plagioclase and calculated P-T values constrain this melt/rock reaction process between 6 and 14 kbar, during magma ascent, and fit the mantle adiabat model. Calculated melts in equilibrium with the primary clinopyroxenes do not fit the composition of the host basalt and, together with the geothermobarometric estimations, point to an asthenospheric mantle source for the magmatism in southern Payenia. The PM geochemical affinity of the xenoliths of Huanul is an extremely rare finding in the South America lithospheric mantle, which is commonly extensively refertilized by subduction-derived melts.

Abstract Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was applied to measure the Tg of rice IRGA 424 at different moisture content values (9.3%–22.3% wet basis). To conduct temperature sweeps, the samples were heated at a rate of 2°C/min from 20 to 120°C keeping frequency to 1 Hz. Tg was measured both from the E″ peak temperature (Tgmidpoint) and from the tan (δ) peak temperature (Tgendset). Tgmidpoint and Tgendset increased from 31.8 to 86.6°C and 42.1 to 104.7°C, respectively, as moisture content decreased from 22.3 to 9.3%. Six models were tested for their ability to predict Tg as a function of the moisture content. As all residuals were normally distributed and homoskedastic, standard metrics were used to assess the fitted models. Goodness of fit by these models was established by comparing the coefficient of determination (R2), standard error of the estimate (SEE), and mean relative deviation (MRD). The Gordon–Taylor linearized equation was the most accurate in predicting Tg. To predict Tg from the moisture content of the rice samples, a new expression was proposed. For the conditions considered in this work, the developed equation satisfactorily predicts the Tg of rice IRGA 424 without needing prior linearization.