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Objectives: To estimate socioeconomic inequalities in the maternal perception of children's oral health from a birth cohort study in Brazil. Methods: The data from this study were collected through perinatal interviews and at the 48‐month follow‐up from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study. The main outcome was the maternal perception of children's oral health, dichotomized into positive (good/very good) and negative (fair/bad/very bad). The secondary outcome was untreated dental caries (absence and presence, according to the ICDAS index – International Caries Detection and Assessment System). For the statistical analysis, the absolute inequality index (Slope Index of Inequality – SII) and the relative concentration index (Concentration Index – CIX) were used. Analyses were stratified by maternal educational level, family income and wealth index. Results: The prevalence of outcomes was 19.4% (95% CI 18.2; 20.7) for the negative maternal perception of children's oral health and 15.6% (95% CI 14.4; 16.8) for untreated dental caries. Socioeconomics inequalities were observed in negative maternal perception of children's oral health in both absolute and relative terms. A SII of −16.6 (95% CI −20.8; −12.5) was observed for family income, with higher prevalence in poor families. A higher prevalence of the negative maternal perception of children's oral health was observed in mothers without any educational level or a few years of study (CIX −21.1 [95% CI −24.5; −17.7]). Conclusions: This study demonstrates socioeconomics disparities in the maternal perception of children's oral health and in the prevalence of untreated caries in children. A higher concentration of negative maternal perception of children's oral health was identified among the most socioeconomically vulnerable individuals. The findings reinforce the presence of socioeconomic inequalities in subjective measures about children's oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate whether engagement in leisure-time physical activity before or during pregnancy is associated with low back pain (LBP) outcomes during pregnancy and postpartum prevalence of LBP in women who reported LBP during pregnancy. Methods: Data from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, were used. Demographic, socioeconomic, and gestational characteristics, as well as physical activity prior to and during pregnancy were recorded at perinatal assessment. LBP outcomes during pregnancy (pain intensity, activity limitation, and care seeking) and postpartum (prevalence of LBP) were collected at the 1-year follow-up. Results: Pain intensity, care seeking, and prevalence of LBP postpartum period were not associated with physical activity either before or during pregnancy. However, women engaged in physical activity during pregnancy and at least for 2 trimesters had lower odds ratio of activity limitation associated with LBP during pregnancy (odds ratio: 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.41 to 0.88; odds ratio: 0.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.86, respectively). Conclusion: Meeting the recommended levels of physical activity during pregnancy is associated with less activity limitation related to LBP during pregnancy. However, physical activity levels, either before or during pregnancy, were not associated with pain intensity, care seeking, and postpartum LBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the total demand and unmet need for contraception with modern methods and their determinants among mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. METHODS: Data from the 48-month follow-up of mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort were analyzed. Only biological mothers (aged up to 49 years) of children belonging to the 2015 Birth Cohort and who answered the 48-month questionnaire were included in the study sample. Logistic regression and respective 95% confidence intervals were used to determine associated factors. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 3,577 biological mothers. The prevalence of use of any contraceptive and of modern contraceptives was 86.0% (95%CI: 84.8-87.1) and 84.9% (95%CI: 83.7-86.1), respectively. The prevalence of unmet need for modern contraceptives was 10.7% (95%CI: 9.7-11.7), and the total demand for contraceptives was 95.6%. The factors associated with an unmet need for modern contraception were being over 34 years of age (OR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.5-0.8), not having a husband or partner (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.4-2.6), not being the head of the household (OR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.4-0.9), having had three or more pregnancies (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.3-2.6), and having had an abortion at least once after the birth of the child participating in the cohort (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.0-3.6). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high prevalence of modern contraceptive use, one in ten women had an unmet need for modern contraception and was at risk of unplanned pregnancy. DESCRIPTORS: Contraceptive Agents. Needs and Demand, Family Planning Services. Contraception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avaliou-se a prevalência de sobrepeso em adolescentes e sua distribuição segundo varíaveis demográficas, sócio-econômicas, comportamentais e biológicas. Foram entrevistados 810 adolescentes entre 10 e 19 anos, residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O sobrepeso foi definido de acordo com a OMS (IMC > ou = Percentil 85, segundo idade e sexo conforme a população de referência do I National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). O processo amostral foi por conglomerados e as análises bruta e ajustada (Regressão de Poisson) levaram em conta o efeito de delineamento. A prevalência de sobrepeso em adolescentes foi de 19,3% (IC95%: 16,6-22,0) e não houve diferença entre os sexos. Adolescentes pertencentes aos níveis econômicos mais elevados, que realizaram dieta para emagrecer nos três meses anteriores à entrevista, que assistiam quatro horas ou mais de televisão por dia e que realizavam apenas uma ou duas refeições diárias apresentaram maior proporção de sobrepeso. Na análise ajustada, o sobrepeso nos meninos esteve diretamente associado com nível econômico e, nas meninas, com as variáveis dieta para emagrecer, número de horas diárias assistindo à televisão e inversamente associado com o número de refeições.

OBJETIVO: Medir a prevalência de sintomas de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) e seus fatores de risco em uma população adulta. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional. A amostra foi constituída de adultos com 20 anos ou mais de idade, da zona urbana de Pelotas, RS. Utilizou-se questionário auto-aplicado para obtenção de informações de comportamento sexual e de sintomatologia para DST. A análise ajustada foi realizada por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sintomas de DST foi de 13,5%. Pessoas do sexo feminino, mais jovens e cor não branca, bem como aquelas que não usaram preservativo na última relação sexual e que tiveram maior número de parceiros apresentaram maior risco para DST. Após estratificar por sexo, idade precoce de iniciação sexual e prática de sexo anal, as DST mostraram-se associadas com o desfecho apenas para os homens, e a menor escolaridade mostrou-se associada com o desfecho apenas para as mulheres. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo mostrou uma prevalência importante de sintomas de DST. Levando-se em conta que muitas DST são assintomáticas e casos sintomáticos freqüentemente não são percebidos como patológicos pelos doentes e/ou não são diagnosticados pelos serviços, considera-se que o problema é ainda maior. Os resultados contribuíram também para aprofundar a discussão sobre o fato de viver com companheiro sexual não ser fator de proteção para a presença de sintomas dessas doenças e indicaram diferenças nos fatores de risco entre os sexos, sendo necessário considerar estas peculiaridades na abordagem deste assunto.

OBJETIVO: A emergência de cepas microbianas com crescentes níveis de resistência aos antimicrobianos tem sido objeto de preocupação em todo o mundo. Entre as causas apontadas para o fenômeno, está o uso abusivo e indiscriminado de drogas antimicrobianas. O presente estudo visa fornecer informações sobre o padrão de utilização dessas drogas em uma população urbana. MÉTODOS: Em um estudo transversal, de base populacional, 6.145 indivíduos de todas as idades residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, foram entrevistados sobre o uso de antimicrobianos nos 30 dias que antecederam a entrevista. RESULTADOS: A prevalência global de utilização de antimicrobianos encontrada foi de 8%. Essa foi maior entre as crianças até quatro anos de idade (14%; p

OBJETIVO: Estudar os padrões de utilização de medicamentos, classificando-os por grupos farmacológicos e verificando os determinantes individuais desse uso. MÉTODOS: Delineamento transversal de base populacional. Amostra composta por 3.182 indivíduos com 20 anos de idade ou mais, residentes na região urbana do município de Pelotas, RS. O processo de amostragem foi conduzido em múltiplos estágios. O instrumento foi um questionário estruturado, utilizando um período recordatório de 15 dias e aplicado através de entrevistas individuais. Na análise bruta, foram utilizados os seguintes testes: qui-quadrado para comparação de proporções, teste t para comparação de médias e o teste de tendência linear. A análise ajustada foi conduzida através de uma regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de uso global de medicamentos foi de 65,9%. Os seguintes grupos apresentaram maiores prevalências de utilização de medicamentos após análise ajustada: mulheres, idosos, indivíduos de nível econômico mais elevado e com pior autopercepção de saúde. Os grupos farmacológicos mais utilizados foram os analgésicos, antiinflamatórios e anti-hipertensivos. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de uso de medicamentos foi superior às encontradas em outros estudos nacionais e internacionais. O estudo dos determinantes individuais de utilização de medicamentos indica os grupos mais sujeitos ao uso excessivo, o que pode embasar estratégias específicas para diminuir a utilização nesses grupos, tais como políticas mais restritivas para prescrição e venda de medicamentos.

Background: To describe overall physical activity prevalence measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire as well as inequalities in leisure-time physical activity among Brazilian adults (15 y and older). Methods: Data from the Brazilian Survey on Medicine Access, Utilization, and Rational Use of Medicines were analyzed. The study was carried out between September 2013 and February 2014. Physical activity was measured through Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and classified according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization. Additional analysis determined the contribution of each physical activity domain to the total amount of physical activity. Inequalities in terms of sex, age, and socioeconomic position were explored. Results: About one-third of the participants (37.1%; 95% confidence interval, 35.5-38.8) were physically inactive. Work-based activities were responsible for 75.7% of the overall physical activity. The prevalence of participants achieving physical activity guidelines considering only leisure-time activities was 17.8% (95% confidence interval, 16.7-19.2). Females and older participants were less active than their counterparts for both overall and leisure-time physical activity; socioeconomic status was positively associated to leisure-time physical activity. Conclusions: Major overall physical activity is attributed to work-related physical activity. Leisure-time physical activity, a key domain for public health, presents important gender and socioeconomic inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Medicine access is an important goal of medicine policy; however the evaluation of medicine access is a subject under conceptual and methodological development. The aim of this study was to describe quantitative methodologies to measure medicine access on household level, access expressed as paid or unpaid medicine acquisition. Methods Searches were carried out in electronic databases and health institutional sites; within references from retrieved papers and by contacting authors. Results Nine papers were located. The methodologies of the studies presented differences in the recall period, recruitment of subjects and medicine access characterization. Conclusions The standardization of medicine access indicators and the definition of appropriate recall periods are required to evaluate different medicines and access dimensions, improving studies comparison. Besides, specific keywords must be established to allow future literature reviews about this topic.

This study used data from 2,222 mothers and infants participating in a population‐based birth cohort to verify whether maternal depression in the perinatal period was associated with poor infant sleep. Mothers who scored ≥13 points on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 16–24 weeks of gestation and/or 3 months after delivery were considered perinatally depressed. The main outcome variable was poor infant sleep at 12 months of age, defined as >3 night wakings, nocturnal wakefulness >1 hr or total sleep duration <9 hr. Infant sleep data were obtained with the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) and 24‐hr actigraphy monitoring. Prevalence of perinatal depression in the sample was 22.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.5–24.0). After Poisson regression, infants of depressed mothers showed an adjusted relative risk (RR) of 1.44 (95% CI, 1.00–2.08; p =.04) for >3 night wakings with questionnaire‐derived data. When actigraphy data were analysed, no association was found between perinatal depression and poor infant sleep (adjusted RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.82–1.74; p =.35). In conclusion, although mothers in the depressed group were more likely to report more night wakings, objective data from actigraphy did not replicate this finding. Dysfunctional cognition, maternal behavioural factors and sleep impairment associated with perinatal depression may affect the mother's impression of her infant's sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Studies carried out in the community enable researchers to understand access to medicines, affordability, and barriers to use from the consumer's point of view, and may stimulate the development of adequate medicines policies. The aim of the present article was to describe methodological and analytical aspects of quantitative studies on medicine utilization carried out at the household level. Methods Systematic review of original papers with data collected in studies in which the household was a sampling unit, published between 1995 and 2008. The electronic review was carried out in Medline/Pubmed, Scielo and Lilacs. The reference lists of the papers identified were examined, as well as other publications by their authors. Studies on the utilization of specific pharmacological groups, or those including only respondents with a given disease were excluded. Results Out of 4852 papers initially identified in the literature search, 61 fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Most studies were carried out in Europe and North America and used a cross-sectional approach. More than 80% used face-to-face interviews for data collection, and the most frequently used recall period for assessing medicine utilization was 14–15 days. In 59% of the studies, interviewers were trained to request the packaging of the medicines reported by the subjects; medical prescriptions were requested less frequently (15% of the studies). Conclusion These data will be useful for updating researchers on what methods their peers are currently using. Such information may help overcome challenges in the planning and analyses of future studies. Moreover, this publication may contribute to the improvement of the quality of medicine use data obtained in household surveys.

Abstract Background In a country where comprehensive free health care is provided via a public health system (SUS), an unexpected high frequency of catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditure has been described. We studied how deliveries were financed among mothers of a birth cohort and whether they were an important source of household out-of-pocket expenditure. Methods All deliveries occurring in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, during 2004, were recruited for a birth cohort study. All mothers were interviewed just after birth and three months later. Comprehensive data on the pregnancy, delivery, birth conditions and newborn health were collected, along with detailed information on expenses related to the delivery. Results The majority of the deliveries (81%) were financed by the public health system, a proportion that increased to more than 95% among the 40% poorest mothers. Less than 1% of these mothers reported some out-of-pocket expenditure. Even among those mothers covered by a private health plan, nearly 50% of births were financed by the SUS. Among the 20% richest, a third of the deliveries were paid by the SUS, 50% by private health plans and 17% by direct payment. Conclusion The public health system offered services in quantity and quality enough to attract even beneficiaries of private health plans and spared mothers from the poorest strata of the population of practically any expense.

OBJECTIVES: Use of objectively measured physical activity (PA) in older adults to assess relationship between PA and risk of all‐causes mortality is scarce. This study evaluated the associations of PA based on accelerometry and a questionnaire with the risk of mortality among older adults from a city in Southern Brazil. DESIGN: A cohort study. SETTING: Urban area of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of older adults (≥60 y) from Pelotas, enrolled in 2014. MEASUREMENTS: Overall physical activity (mg), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were estimated by raw accelerometer data. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire estimated leisure time and commuting PA. Hazard ratios (excluding deaths in the first 6 mo) stratified by sex were estimated by Cox regression analysis considering adjustment for confounders. RESULTS: From the 1451 older adults interviewed in 2014, 145 died (10%) after a follow‐up of an average 2.6 years. Men and women in the highest tertile of overall PA had on average a 77% and 92% lower risk of mortality than their less active counterparts (95% confidence interval [CI] =.06‐.84 and 95% CI =.01‐.65, respectively). The highest tertile of LPA was also related to a lower risk of mortality in individuals of both sexes (74% and 91% lower risk among men and women, respectively). MVPA statistically reduced the risk of mortality only among women (hazard ratio [HR] =.30 and HR =.07 in the second and third tertiles). Self‐reported leisure‐time PA was statistically associated with a lower risk of mortality only among men. Women in the highest tertiles of commuting PA showed a lower risk of mortality than those in the reference group. CONCLUSION: Accelerometry‐based PA was associated with a lower risk of mortality among Brazilian older adults. Older individuals should practice any type of PA. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:137–146, 2019 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]