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The authors consider the problem of the Central Caucasus peoples’ joining Russia in Soviet and modern historiography. The purpose is to determine the main trends of the regional segment of Soviet historiography which remain relevant in the modern discourse, and to present the modern vector of research of the problem under consideration. There is given the periodization of the Soviet historiography. It is revealed that in the 1930s the formula of “absolute evil” was replaced by that of “the lesser evil” from the point of view of non-Russian peoples’ joining Russia. In the 1950s, there was taken a course to substantiate the progressive role of non-Russian peoples’ joining Russia and there appeared the idea of the voluntary nature of their joining. The article shows the fate of those historians who could not unconditionally accept the change in the research paradigm. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of modern historiography; its fundamental difference from the Soviet one is shown - the study of the issue without any ideological guidelines and its transfer exclusively into a scientific plane. The motive for addressing the problem is the research interest in the modernization processes of the post-reform period. As a result of the multifaceted research, there has been revised the assessment of the role of the socio-cultural institutions that served the goals of the peaceful conquest of the Central Caucasus peoples, and their positive role has been identified.

The authors analyze the activities of Iran's consular services in the Caucasus, their role in Russian-Caucasian diplomatic relations, in particular, in the processes of Iranian labor migrants’ adaptation to host societies. The authors aim to expand historical knowledge of Iranians’ staying in the Caucasus, to restore a complete picture of the history of migration processes in the region. There are revealed the features of Iranian-Caucasian diplomatic relations in the pre-Soviet period, the situation of migrants and their legal support, the activities of the consulates in preserving the Iranian cultural identity, internal and external problems in Iran’s consular services. There have been introduced into scientific use the documents of political and consular missions of Iran in the Caucasus for 1905-1911 stored in the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, materials of Iranian periodicals of the period under consideration, as well as the personal files of the vice-consuls stored in the Persian Table Foundation (f. 144) of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire. They made it possible to determine the significant contribution of consular services to the development of diplomatic relations between the two countries. The conclusion is made about the greatest success of these relations in the Terek region, which is due to the favorable conditions of its developing economy for labor migrants and such subjective factors as the personal qualities of a number of vice-consuls, the level of their interaction with the Russian authorities. The activities of the vice-consuls successfully combined the promotion of the incorporation of migrants into the Russian economy and culture with the creation of conditions for the preservation of Iranian cultural identity.

We present a finite-volume, genuinely fourth-order accurate numerical method for solving the equations of resistive relativistic magnetohydrodynamics in Cartesian coordinates. In our formulation, the magnetic field is evolved in time in terms of face-average values via the constrained-transport method, while the remaining variables (density, momentum, energy, and electric fields) are advanced as cell volume averages. Spatial accuracy employs fifth-order accurate WENO-Z reconstruction from point values (as described in a companion paper) to obtain left and right states at zone interfaces. Explicit flux evaluation is carried out by solving a Riemann problem at cell interfaces, using the Maxwell–Harten–Lax–van Leer with contact wave resolution. Time-stepping is based on the implicit–explicit Runge–Kutta (RK) methods, of which we consider both the third-order strong stability preserving SSP3(4,3,3) and a recent fourth-order additive RK scheme, to cope with the stiffness introduced by the source term in Ampere's law. Numerical benchmarks are presented in order to assess the accuracy and robustness of our implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of archival sources and materials taken from periodical press, the authors investigate the history of the Persian diaspora in Ossetia. The article discusses the causes of Persian migration to Ossetia, which began in the second half of the 19th century; their settlement and adaptation processes; and mechanisms of intra-ethnic consolidation. The authors identify the means Persians used to adapt to the economy of the host society, in particular by fi nding economic niches in industry, craft, trade, and domestic services, and analyze their integration into new economic forms of urban lifestyle. Ethnic entrepreneurship emerges as the foundation of Persian community life. The article investigates the diaspora’s infrastructure, including the Persian Consulate, a Shiite mosque, the Persian school Navruz , the charitable society Himmat , and several other institutions. In general, for most minority communities the place of worship becomes the focus point of intraethnic consolidation and preservation of national identity, especially when the community is not simply ethnic but rather ethno-confessional. In the Persian community, however, the main regulatory and communicative functions were performed by the Consulate. The authors argue that the prominence of the Consulate resulted from the uncertain status of the mosque, from the fact that Shiite worshippers came from various nationalities, and from the confl icts among them. The authors examine the degree of preservation of traditional Persian culture in festive and ceremonial life, community behavior, and relations with the motherland. They identify how the Persian community integrated into the socio-cultural environment of poly-ethnic Vladikavkaz through trade relations, everyday contacts, and other means.

Contents The aim of this study was to determine onset of puberty in Cameroon Dwarf goats ( CDGs) kept as pets in northwestern Croatia by determining progesterone ( PGS) and insulin-like growth factor-I ( IGF-I) levels in the blood by RIA methods. The first cyclic ovarian activity was estimated according to hormone profiles as determined in CDG in a moderate climate environment. Sixteen female CDG kids were kept in stables with access to pasture which provided space for exercise. The goat kids born in winter (December-January-February), spring (March-April-May), summer (June-July-August) and autumn (September-October-November) were assigned into four groups according to the season of the year of birth ( n = 4 in each group). At 75 days of age at the initiation of the study, they weighed between 3.2 and 5.1 kg (4.24 ± 0.53 kg). The onset of ovulatory activity was determined by PGS and IGF-I serum concentrations every 10 days starting from 75 days to 155 days of age. The onset of puberty in CDG kids occurred on average at 141.15 ± 2.66 days of age, but varied depending on the season of birth. All CDG kids born during summer were in heat by 155 days of age. In the other groups (kids born in autumn, winter or spring), one goat in each group was not in heat. Changes in blood serum PGS and IGF-I concentrations during prepubertal and pubertal periods could aid in the evaluation of reproductive status and determination of the onset of puberty in CDG during all seasons of the year in a moderate climate region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large glass forming areas in the ternary systems CaO-Bi2O3-B2O3 and SrO-Bi2O3-B2O3 have been revealed by supercooling of melts. Transparent glass samples have been obtained in a narrow bismuth-rich area of composition in the SrO-Bi2O3 system. Four pseudo-binary eutectic and four peritectic compositions have been revealed in the melting diagrams of the pseudo-binary systems Bi2O3-CaB2O4, BiBO3-CaB2O4, Bi2O3-SrB2O4, BiBO3-SrB2O4. The existence of ternary compounds CaBi2B2O7 and CaBi2B4O10 in the CaO-Bi2O3-B2O3 system, and SrBi2B2O7 and SrBi2B4O10 in the SrO-Bi2O3-B2O3 system has been confirmed. These compounds have good glass forming ability and are in the area of stable glasses. The melting behaviour of ternary compounds CaBi2B2O7, CaBi2B4O10, SrBi2B2O7, and SrBi2B4O10 has been studied. They melt incongruently at 770, 730, 755 and790°C, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase diagram of the binary Y203-B203 system has been revised, the phase diagram in the pseudo-binary YAlO3-YB03 system has been constructed and two binary eutectics have been revealed. A new ternary eutectic between YAl03, YB03 and an unknown ternary yttrium aluminium compound has been revealed. Glass forming ability in the ternary Y203-Al203-B203 system has been investigated and a glass forming diagram dependant on melt casting procedure has been determined. The expanded glass formation area occupies fields of composition with low liquidus, formed between binary yttrium aluminate, yttrium borate and yttrium aluminium borate eutectics. The crystalline phase formation in yttrium aluminium tetraborate have been determined by solid state sintering and by devitrification of the corresponding glass composition in powder, bulk and tape form. The binary aluminium and yttrium borates are formed as the first step (750-850°C of solid state sintering and all forms of glass devitrification. Differential thermal analysis and x-ray diffraction showed the dominant ternary yttrium aluminium tetraborate phase formation at 1000-1135°C in solid sintering batches and glass powder crystallisation. This phase is formed in the range 800-950°C for bulk glass and tape crystallisation. The glass ceramics based on yttrium aluminium tetraborate are ferroelectric, with remanent polarization equal to 0·08-0·3 µC/cm² at external field 200-240 kV/cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]