Search

Colour polymorphism offers rich opportunities for studying the eco-evolutionary mechanisms that drive the adaptations of local populations to heterogeneous and changing environments. We explored the colour morph diversity and composition in a Chrysomela lapponica leaf beetle across its entire distribution range to test the hypothesis that environmental and climatic variables shape spatio-temporal variation in the phenotypic structure of a polymorphic species. We obtained information on 13 617 specimens of this beetle from museums, private collections and websites. These specimens (collected from 1830-2020) originated from 959 localities spanning 33 degrees latitude, 178 degrees longitude and 4200 m altitude. We classified the beetles into five colour morphs and searched for environmental factors that could explain the variation in the level of polymorphism (quantified by the Shannon diversity index) and in the relative frequencies of individual colour morphs. The highest level of polymorphism was found at high latitudes and altitudes. The colour morphs differed in their climatic requirements; their composition was independent of the geographic distance that separated populations but changed with collection year, longitude, mean July temperature and between-year temperature fluctuations. The proportion of melanic beetles, in line with the thermal melanism hypothesis, increased with increasing latitude and altitude and decreased with increasing climate seasonality; it also declined during the past century, but only at high latitudes and altitudes where recent climate warming was especially strong. The observed patterns suggest that colour polymorphism is especially advantageous for populations inhabiting unpredictable environments, presumably due to the different climatic requirements of coexisting colour morphs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Records of Polistes nimpha (Christ, 1791) (P. opinabilis Kohl, 1898) from Finland, Russian Karelia, the Baltic countries and some adjacent areas, those of P. biglumis (L. 1758) from Scandinavia and those of P. dominulus (Christ, 1791) (P. gallicus auct.) from the Baltic countries are mapped. The distribution of P. biglumis is boreomontane; in Scandinavia the range is disjunct and recent nesting records in the province of Norrbotten in Sweden (about 66°N) are the northernmost of all Polistes species in the world. The northern habitats of P. biglumis in Sweden are open areas of stony ground about 150 m above sea level. The stones store insolating warmth and the microclimatic conditions are suitable for development of the brood on open combs. P. dominulus is expanding its range northwards in Europe. Nomenclature, colour variation and diagnostic characters of the three Polistes species are treated.

Some of the larval characters of systematic importance in the Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) have been studied in 41 Stigmella spp. and 15 Trifurcula spp.; the head capsule, the chaetotaxy and the labial palpi have been illustrated.

Descriptions or redescriptions of adults and immature stages of the following Nepticulidae are presented: Stigmella pyrivora n.sp., S. auromargiinella (Richardson, 1890), S. pyrellicola (Klimesch), S. cf. rhamnella (Herrich-Schäffer), Trifurcula erythrogenella de Joannis, and T. minimella Rebel. In addition, descriptions of male adults of Stigmella pyrellicola (Klimesch), a Trifurcula sp. and redescriptions of adults of T. rosmarinella (Chrétien) are given.