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3. Influence of birth cohort on age of onset cluster analysis in bipolar I disorder

Author

Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Alda, M., Andreassen, O.A., Angelopoulos, E., Ardau, R., Baethge, C., Bauer, R., Bellivier, F., Belmaker, R.H., Berk, M., Bjella, T.D., Bossini, L., Bersudsky, Y., Cheung, E.Y.W., Conell, J., Del Zompo, M., Dodd, S., Etain, B., Fagiolini, A., Frye, M.A., Fountoulakis, K.N., Garneau-Fournier, J., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Harima, H., Hassel, S., Henry, C., Iacovides, A., Isometsä, E.T., Kapczinski, F., Kliwicki, S., König, B., Krogh, R., Kunz, M., Lafer, B., Larsen, E.R., Lewitzka, U., Lopez-Jaramillo, C., MacQueen, G., Manchia, M., Marsh, W., Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M., Melle, I., Monteith, S., Morken, G., Munoz, R., Nery, F.G., O’Donovan, C., Osher, Y., Pfennig, A., Quiroz, D., Ramesar, R., Rasgon, N., Reif, A., Ritter, P., Rybakowski, J.K., Sagduyu, K., Scippa, A.M., Severus, E., Simhandl, C., Stein, D.J., Strejilevich, S., Hatim Sulaiman, A., Suominen, K., Tagata, H., Tatebayashi, Y., Torrent, C., Vieta, E., Viswanath, B., Wanchoo, M.J., Zetin, M., and Whybrow, P.C.

Published
2015
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4. Solar insolation in springtime influences age of onset of bipolar I disorder

Author

Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Alda, M., Aleksandrovich, M. A., Andreassen, O. A., Angelopoulos, E., Ardau, R., Ayhan, Y., Baethge, C., Bharathram, S. R., Bauer, R., Baune, B. T., Becerra‐Palars, C., Bellivier, F., Belmaker, R. H., Berk, M., Bersudsky, Y., Bicakci, Ş., Birabwa‐Oketcho, H., Bjella, T. D., Bossini, L., Cabrera, J., Cheung, E. Y. W., Del Zompo, M., Dodd, S., Donix, M., Etain, B., Fagiolini, A., Fountoulakis, K. N., Frye, M. A., Gonzalez‐Pinto, A., Gottlieb, J. F., Grof, P., Harima, H., Henry, C., Isometsä, E. T., Janno, S., Kapczinski, F., Kardell, M., Khaldi, S., Kliwicki, S., König, B., Kot, T. L., Krogh, R., Kunz, M., Lafer, B., Landén, M., Larsen, E. R., Lewitzka, U., Licht, R. W., Lopez‐Jaramillo, C., MacQueen, G., Manchia, M., Marsh, W., Martinez‐Cengotitabengoa, M., Melle, I., Meza‐Urzúa, F., Yee Ming, M., Monteith, S., Morken, G., Mosca, E., Munoz, R., Mythri, S. V., Nacef, F., Nadella, R. K., Nery, F. G., Nielsen, R. E., OʼDonovan, C., Omrani, A., Osher, Y., Østermark Sørensen, H., Ouali, U., Pica Ruiz, Y., Pilhatsch, M., Pinna, M., da Ponte, F. D. R., Quiroz, D., Ramesar, R., Rasgon, N., Reddy, M. S., Reif, A., Ritter, P., Rybakowski, J. K., Sagduyu, K., Scippa, Â. M., Severus, E., Simhandl, C., Stein, D. J., Strejilevich, S., Subramaniam, M., Sulaiman, A. H., Suominen, K., Tagata, H., Tatebayashi, Y., Tondo, L., Torrent, C., Vaaler, A. E., Veeh, J., Vieta, E., Viswanath, B., Yoldi‐Negrete, M., Zetin, M., Zgueb, Y., and Whybrow, P. C.

Published
2017
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6. Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder

Author

Bauer, M. Glenn, T. Achtyes, E.D. Alda, M. Agaoglu, E. Altınbaş, K. Andreassen, O.A. Angelopoulos, E. Ardau, R. Vares, E.A. Aydin, M. Ayhan, Y. Baethge, C. Bauer, R. Baune, B.T. Balaban, C. Becerra-Palars, C. Behere, A.P. Behere, P.B. Belete, H. Belete, T. Belizario, G.O. Bellivier, F. Belmaker, R.H. Benedetti, F. Berk, M. Bersudsky, Y. Bicakci, Ş. Birabwa-Oketcho, H. Bjella, T.D. Brady, C. Cabrera, J. Cappucciati, M. Castro, A.M.P. Chen, W.-L. Cheung, E.Y.W. Chiesa, S. Crowe, M. Cuomo, A. Dallaspezia, S. Del Zompo, M. Desai, P. Dodd, S. Donix, M. Etain, B. Fagiolini, A. Fellendorf, F.T. Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, E. Fiedorowicz, J.G. Fountoulakis, K.N. Frye, M.A. Geoffroy, P.A. Gonzalez-Pinto, A. Gottlieb, J.F. Grof, P. Haarman, B.C.M. Harima, H. Hasse-Sousa, M. Henry, C. Høffding, L. Houenou, J. Imbesi, M. Isometsä, E.T. Ivkovic, M. Janno, S. Johnsen, S. Kapczinski, F. Karakatsoulis, G.N. Kardell, M. Kessing, L.V. Kim, S.J. König, B. Kot, T.L. Koval, M. Kunz, M. Lafer, B. Landén, M. Larsen, E.R. Lenger, M. Lewitzka, U. Licht, R.W. Lopez-Jaramillo, C. MacKenzie, A. Madsen, H.Ø. Madsen, S.A.K.A. Mahadevan, J. Mahardika, A. Manchia, M. Marsh, W. Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M. Martiny, K. Mashima, Y. McLoughlin, D.M. Meesters, Y. Melle, I. Meza-Urzúa, F. Ming, M.Y. Monteith, S. Moorthy, M. Morken, G. Mosca, E. Mozzhegorov, A.A. Munoz, R. Mythri, S.V. Nacef, F. Nadella, R.K. Nakanotani, T. Nielsen, R.E. O‘Donovan, C. Omrani, A. Osher, Y. Ouali, U. Pantovic-Stefanovic, M. Pariwatcharakul, P. Petite, J. Pfennig, A. Ruiz, Y.P. Pilhatsch, M. Pinna, M. Pompili, M. Porter, R. Quiroz, D. Rabelo-da-Ponte, F.D. Ramesar, R. Rasgon, N. Ratta-apha, W. Ratzenhofer, M. Redahan, M. Reddy, M.S. Reif, A. Reininghaus, E.Z. Richards, J.G. Ritter, P. Rybakowski, J.K. Sathyaputri, L. Scippa, Â.M. Simhandl, C. Severus, E. Smith, D. Smith, J. Stackhouse, P.W., Jr. Stein, D.J. Stilwell, K. Strejilevich, S. Su, K.-P. Subramaniam, M. Sulaiman, A.H. Suominen, K. Tanra, A.J. Tatebayashi, Y. Teh, W.L. Tondo, L. Torrent, C. Tuinstra, D. Uchida, T. Vaaler, A.E. Veeh, J. Vieta, E. Viswanath, B. Yoldi-Negrete, M. Yalcinkaya, O.K. Young, A.H. Zgueb, Y. Whybrow, P.C.

Abstract

Background: Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods: Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results: This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion: A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed. © 2021, The Author(s).

Published
2021

7. Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder

Author

Bauer, M, Glenn, T, Achtyes, ED, Alda, M, Agaoglu, E, Altınbaş, K, Andreassen, OA, Angelopoulos, E, Ardau, R, Vares, EA, Aydin, M, Ayhan, Y, Baethge, C, Bauer, R, Baune, BT, Balaban, C, Becerra-Palars, C, Behere, AP, Behere, PB, Belete, H, Belete, T, Belizario, GO, Bellivier, F, Belmaker, RH, Benedetti, F, Berk, Michael, Bersudsky, Y, Bicakci, Ş, Birabwa-Oketcho, H, Bjella, TD, Brady, C, Cabrera, J, Cappucciati, M, Castro, AMP, Chen, WL, Cheung, EYW, Chiesa, S, Crowe, M, Cuomo, A, Dallaspezia, S, Del Zompo, M, Desai, P, Dodd, Seetal, Donix, M, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Fellendorf, FT, Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, E, Fiedorowicz, JG, Fountoulakis, KN, Frye, MA, Geoffroy, PA, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Gottlieb, JF, Grof, P, Haarman, BCM, Harima, H, Hasse-Sousa, M, Henry, C, Høffding, L, Houenou, J, Imbesi, M, Isometsä, ET, Ivkovic, M, Janno, S, Johnsen, S, Kapczinski, F, Karakatsoulis, GN, Kardell, M, Kessing, LV, Kim, SJ, König, B, Kot, TL, Koval, M, Kunz, M, Lafer, B, Landén, M, Larsen, ER, Lenger, M, Lewitzka, U, Licht, RW, Lopez-Jaramillo, C, MacKenzie, A, Madsen, HØ, Madsen, SAKA, Mahadevan, J, Mahardika, A, Manchia, M, Marsh, W, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M, Martiny, K, Mashima, Y, McLoughlin, DM, Meesters, Y, Melle, I, Meza-Urzúa, F, Ming, MY, Monteith, S, Moorthy, M, Morken, G, Bauer, M, Glenn, T, Achtyes, ED, Alda, M, Agaoglu, E, Altınbaş, K, Andreassen, OA, Angelopoulos, E, Ardau, R, Vares, EA, Aydin, M, Ayhan, Y, Baethge, C, Bauer, R, Baune, BT, Balaban, C, Becerra-Palars, C, Behere, AP, Behere, PB, Belete, H, Belete, T, Belizario, GO, Bellivier, F, Belmaker, RH, Benedetti, F, Berk, Michael, Bersudsky, Y, Bicakci, Ş, Birabwa-Oketcho, H, Bjella, TD, Brady, C, Cabrera, J, Cappucciati, M, Castro, AMP, Chen, WL, Cheung, EYW, Chiesa, S, Crowe, M, Cuomo, A, Dallaspezia, S, Del Zompo, M, Desai, P, Dodd, Seetal, Donix, M, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Fellendorf, FT, Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, E, Fiedorowicz, JG, Fountoulakis, KN, Frye, MA, Geoffroy, PA, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Gottlieb, JF, Grof, P, Haarman, BCM, Harima, H, Hasse-Sousa, M, Henry, C, Høffding, L, Houenou, J, Imbesi, M, Isometsä, ET, Ivkovic, M, Janno, S, Johnsen, S, Kapczinski, F, Karakatsoulis, GN, Kardell, M, Kessing, LV, Kim, SJ, König, B, Kot, TL, Koval, M, Kunz, M, Lafer, B, Landén, M, Larsen, ER, Lenger, M, Lewitzka, U, Licht, RW, Lopez-Jaramillo, C, MacKenzie, A, Madsen, HØ, Madsen, SAKA, Mahadevan, J, Mahardika, A, Manchia, M, Marsh, W, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M, Martiny, K, Mashima, Y, McLoughlin, DM, Meesters, Y, Melle, I, Meza-Urzúa, F, Ming, MY, Monteith, S, Moorthy, M, and Morken, G

Abstract

Abstract Background Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, a

Published
2021

9. Hyperoxia in depression

Author

Belmaker, R., primary, Bloch, Y., additional, Shvartzman, P., additional, Romem, P., additional, Bersudsky, Y., additional, and Azab, A., additional

Published
2021
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16. Association between solar insolation and a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder

Author

Bauer, M. Glenn, T. Alda, M. Andreassen, O.A. Angelopoulos, E. Ardau, R. Ayhan, Y. Baethge, C. Bauer, R. Baune, B.T. Becerra-Palars, C. Bellivier, F. Belmaker, R.H. Berk, M. Bersudsky, Y. Bicakci, Ş. Birabwa-Oketcho, H. Bjella, T.D. Cabrera, J. Wo Cheung, E.Y. Del Zompo, M. Dodd, S. Donix, M. Etain, B. Fagiolini, A. Fountoulakis, K.N. Frye, M.A. Gonzalez-Pinto, A. Gottlieb, J.F. Grof, P. Harima, H. Henry, C. Isometsä, E.T. Janno, S. Kapczinski, F. Kardell, M. Khaldi, S. Kliwicki, S. König, B. Kot, T.L. Krogh, R. Kunz, M. Lafer, B. Landén, M. Larsen, E.R. Lewitzka, U. Licht, R.W. Lopez-Jaramillo, C. MacQueen, G. Manchia, M. Marsh, W. Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M. Melle, I. Meza-Urzúa, F. Ming, M.Y. Monteith, S. Morken, G. Mosca, E. Mozzhegorov, A.A. Munoz, R. Mythri, S.V. Nacef, F. Nadella, R.K. Nery, F.G. Nielsen, R.E. O'Donovan, C. Omrani, A. Osher, Y. Sørensen, H.Ø. Ouali, U. Ruiz, Y.P. Pilhatsch, M. Pinna, M. da Ponte, F.D.R. Quiroz, D. Ramesar, R. Rasgon, N. Reddy, M.S. Reif, A. Ritter, P. Rybakowski, J.K. Sagduyu, K. Raghuraman, B.S. Scippa, Â.M. Severus, E. Simhandl, C. Stackhouse, P.W., Jr. Stein, D.J. Strejilevich, S. Subramaniam, M. Sulaiman, A.H. Suominen, K. Tagata, H. Tatebayashi, Y. Tondo, L. Torrent, C. Vaaler, A.E. Vares, E. Veeh, J. Vieta, E. Viswanath, B. Yoldi-Negrete, M. Zetin, M. Zgueb, Y. Whybrow, P.C.

Abstract

In many international studies, rates of completed suicide and suicide attempts have a seasonal pattern that peaks in spring or summer. This exploratory study investigated the association between solar insolation and a history of suicide attempt in patients with bipolar I disorder. Solar insolation is the amount of electromagnetic energy from the Sun striking a surface area on Earth. Data were collected previously from 5536 patients with bipolar I disorder at 50 collection sites in 32 countries at a wide range of latitudes in both hemispheres. Suicide related data were available for 3365 patients from 310 onset locations in 51 countries. 1047 (31.1%) had a history of suicide attempt. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempt and the ratio of mean winter solar insolation/mean summer solar insolation. This ratio is smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. This ratio is largest near the equator where there is relatively little variation in the insolation over the year. Other variables in the model that were positively associated with suicide attempt were being female, a history of alcohol or substance abuse, and being in a younger birth cohort. Living in a country with a state-sponsored religion decreased the association. (All estimated coefficients p < 0.01). In summary, living in locations with large changes in solar insolation between winter and summer may be associated with increased suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder. Further investigation of the impacts of solar insolation on the course of bipolar disorder is needed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

Published
2019

21. Internet use by older adults with bipolar disorder: international survey results

Author

Bauer, R, Glenn, T, Strejilevich, S, Conell, J, Alda, M, Ardau, R, Baune, BT, Berk, M, Bersudsky, Y, Bilderbeck, A, Bocchetta, A, Castro, AMP, Cheung, EYW, Chillotti, C, Choppin, S, Cuomo, A, Del Zompo, M, Dias, R, Dodd, S, Duffy, A, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Fernandez Hernandez, M, Garnham, J, Geddes, J, Gildebro, J, Gitlin, MJ, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Goodwin, GM, Grof, P, Harima, H, Hassel, S, Henry, C, Hidalgo-Mazzei, D, Lund, AH, Kapur, V, Kunigiri, G, Lafer, B, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Licht, RW, Misiak, B, Piotrowski, P, Miranda-Scippa, A, Monteith, S, Munoz, R, Nakanotani, T, Nielsen, RE, O'Donovan, C, Okamura, Y, Osher, Y, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Sawchuk, B, Schwartz, E, Slaney, C, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Suwalska, A, Tam, P, Tatebayashi, Y, Tondo, L, Veeh, J, Vieta, E, Vinberg, M, Viswanath, B, Zetin, M, Whybrow, PC, Bauer, M, Bauer, R, Glenn, T, Strejilevich, S, Conell, J, Alda, M, Ardau, R, Baune, BT, Berk, M, Bersudsky, Y, Bilderbeck, A, Bocchetta, A, Castro, AMP, Cheung, EYW, Chillotti, C, Choppin, S, Cuomo, A, Del Zompo, M, Dias, R, Dodd, S, Duffy, A, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Fernandez Hernandez, M, Garnham, J, Geddes, J, Gildebro, J, Gitlin, MJ, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Goodwin, GM, Grof, P, Harima, H, Hassel, S, Henry, C, Hidalgo-Mazzei, D, Lund, AH, Kapur, V, Kunigiri, G, Lafer, B, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Licht, RW, Misiak, B, Piotrowski, P, Miranda-Scippa, A, Monteith, S, Munoz, R, Nakanotani, T, Nielsen, RE, O'Donovan, C, Okamura, Y, Osher, Y, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Sawchuk, B, Schwartz, E, Slaney, C, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Suwalska, A, Tam, P, Tatebayashi, Y, Tondo, L, Veeh, J, Vieta, E, Vinberg, M, Viswanath, B, Zetin, M, Whybrow, PC, and Bauer, M

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The world population is aging and the number of older adults with bipolar disorder is increasing. Digital technologies are viewed as a framework to improve care of older adults with bipolar disorder. This analysis quantifies Internet use by older adults with bipolar disorder as part of a larger survey project about information seeking. METHODS: A paper-based survey about information seeking by patients with bipolar disorder was developed and translated into 12 languages. The survey was anonymous and completed between March 2014 and January 2016 by 1222 patients in 17 countries. All patients were diagnosed by a psychiatrist. General estimating equations were used to account for correlated data. RESULTS: Overall, 47% of older adults (age 60 years or older) used the Internet versus 87% of younger adults (less than 60 years). More education and having symptoms that interfered with regular activities increased the odds of using the Internet, while being age 60 years or older decreased the odds. Data from 187 older adults and 1021 younger adults were included in the analysis excluding missing values. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with bipolar disorder use the Internet much less frequently than younger adults. Many older adults do not use the Internet, and technology tools are suitable for some but not all older adults. As more health services are only available online, and more digital tools are developed, there is concern about growing health disparities based on age. Mental health experts should participate in determining the appropriate role for digital tools for older adults with bipolar disorder.

Published
2018

22. Solar insolation in springtime influences age of onset of bipolar I disorder

Author

Bauer, M. Glenn, T. Alda, M. Aleksandrovich, M.A. Andreassen, O.A. Angelopoulos, E. Ardau, R. Ayhan, Y. Baethge, C. Bharathram, S.R. Bauer, R. Baune, B.T. Becerra-Palars, C. Bellivier, F. Belmaker, R.H. Berk, M. Bersudsky, Y. Bicakci, Ş. Birabwa-Oketcho, H. Bjella, T.D. Bossini, L. Cabrera, J. Cheung, E.Y.W. Del Zompo, M. Dodd, S. Donix, M. Etain, B. Fagiolini, A. Fountoulakis, K.N. Frye, M.A. Gonzalez-Pinto, A. Gottlieb, J.F. Grof, P. Harima, H. Henry, C. Isometsä, E.T. Janno, S. Kapczinski, F. Kardell, M. Khaldi, S. Kliwicki, S. König, B. Kot, T.L. Krogh, R. Kunz, M. Lafer, B. Landén, M. Larsen, E.R. Lewitzka, U. Licht, R.W. Lopez-Jaramillo, C. MacQueen, G. Manchia, M. Marsh, W. Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M. Melle, I. Meza-Urzúa, F. Yee Ming, M. Monteith, S. Morken, G. Mosca, E. Munoz, R. Mythri, S.V. Nacef, F. Nadella, R.K. Nery, F.G. Nielsen, R.E. O'Donovan, C. Omrani, A. Osher, Y. Østermark Sørensen, H. Ouali, U. Pica Ruiz, Y. Pilhatsch, M. Pinna, M. da Ponte, F.D.R. Quiroz, D. Ramesar, R. Rasgon, N. Reddy, M.S. Reif, A. Ritter, P. Rybakowski, J.K. Sagduyu, K. Scippa, Â.M. Severus, E. Simhandl, C. Stein, D.J. Strejilevich, S. Subramaniam, M. Sulaiman, A.H. Suominen, K. Tagata, H. Tatebayashi, Y. Tondo, L. Torrent, C. Vaaler, A.E. Veeh, J. Vieta, E. Viswanath, B. Yoldi-Negrete, M. Zetin, M. Zgueb, Y. Whybrow, P.C.

Abstract

Objective: To confirm prior findings that the larger the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation in springtime, the younger the age of onset of bipolar disorder. Method: Data were collected from 5536 patients at 50 sites in 32 countries on six continents. Onset occurred at 456 locations in 57 countries. Variables included solar insolation, birth-cohort, family history, polarity of first episode and country physician density. Results: There was a significant, inverse association between the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation at the onset location, and the age of onset. This effect was reduced in those without a family history of mood disorders and with a first episode of mania rather than depression. The maximum monthly increase occurred in springtime. The youngest birth-cohort had the youngest age of onset. All prior relationships were confirmed using both the entire sample, and only the youngest birth-cohort (all estimated coefficients P < 0.001). Conclusion: A large increase in springtime solar insolation may impact the onset of bipolar disorder, especially with a family history of mood disorders. Recent societal changes that affect light exposure (LED lighting, mobile devices backlit with LEDs) may influence adaptability to a springtime circadian challenge. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Published
2017

23. Erratum to: online information seeking by patients with bipolar disorder: results from an international multisite survey

Author

Conell, J, Bauer, R, Glenn, T, Alda, M, Ardau, R, Baune, BT, Berk, Michael, Bersudsky, Y, Bilderbeck, A, Bocchetta, A, Bossini, L, Paredes Castro, AM, Cheung, EYW, Chillotti, C, Choppin, S, Del Zompo, M, Dias, R, Dodd, Seetal, Duffy, A, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Garnham, J, Geddes, J, Gildebro, J, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Goodwin, GM, Grof, P, Harima, H, Hassel, S, Henry, C, Hidalgo-Mazzei, D, Kapur, V, Kunigiri, G, Lafer, B, Lam, C, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Licht, RW, Lund, AH, Misiak, B, Piotrowski, P, Monteith, S, Munoz, R, Nakanotani, T, Nielsen, RE, O'Donovan, C, Okamura, Y, Osher, Y, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Sawchuk, B, Schwartz, E, Scippa, Â, Slaney, C, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Suwalska, A, Tam, P, Tatebayashi, Y, Tondo, L, Vieta, E, Vinberg, M, Viswanath, B, Volkert, J, Zetin, M, Zorrilla, I, Whybrow, PC, Bauer, M, Conell, J, Bauer, R, Glenn, T, Alda, M, Ardau, R, Baune, BT, Berk, Michael, Bersudsky, Y, Bilderbeck, A, Bocchetta, A, Bossini, L, Paredes Castro, AM, Cheung, EYW, Chillotti, C, Choppin, S, Del Zompo, M, Dias, R, Dodd, Seetal, Duffy, A, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Garnham, J, Geddes, J, Gildebro, J, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Goodwin, GM, Grof, P, Harima, H, Hassel, S, Henry, C, Hidalgo-Mazzei, D, Kapur, V, Kunigiri, G, Lafer, B, Lam, C, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Licht, RW, Lund, AH, Misiak, B, Piotrowski, P, Monteith, S, Munoz, R, Nakanotani, T, Nielsen, RE, O'Donovan, C, Okamura, Y, Osher, Y, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Sawchuk, B, Schwartz, E, Scippa, Â, Slaney, C, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Suwalska, A, Tam, P, Tatebayashi, Y, Tondo, L, Vieta, E, Vinberg, M, Viswanath, B, Volkert, J, Zetin, M, Zorrilla, I, Whybrow, PC, and Bauer, M

Published
2017

24. Solar insolation in springtime influences age of onset of bipolar I disorder

Author

Bauer, M, Glenn, T, Alda, M, Aleksandrovich, MA, Andreassen, OA, Angelopoulos, E, Ardau, R, Ayhan, Y, Baethge, C, Bharathram, SR, Bauer, R, Baune, BT, Becerra-Palars, C, Bellivier, F, Belmaker, RH, Berk, M, Bersudsky, Y, Bicakci, S, Birabwa-Oketcho, H, Bjella, TD, Bossini, L, Cabrera, J, Cheung, EYW, Del Zompo, M, Dodd, S, Donix, M, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Fountoulakis, KN, Frye, MA, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Gottlieb, JF, Grof, P, Harima, H, Henry, C, Isometsae, ET, Janno, S, Kapczinski, F, Kardell, M, Khaldi, S, Kliwicki, S, Koenig, B, Kot, TL, Krogh, R, Kunz, M, Lafer, B, Landen, M, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Licht, RW, Lopez-Jaramillo, C, MacQueen, G, Manchia, M, Marsh, W, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M, Melle, I, Meza-Urzua, F, Yee Ming, M, Monteith, S, Morken, G, Mosca, E, Munoz, R, Mythri, SV, Nacef, F, Nadella, RK, Nery, FG, Nielsen, RE, O'Donovan, C, Omrani, A, Osher, Y, Ostermark Sorensen, H, Ouali, U, Pica Ruiz, Y, Pilhatsch, M, Pinna, M, da Ponte, FDR, Quiroz, D, Ramesar, R, Rasgon, N, Reddy, MS, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Scippa, AM, Severus, E, Simhandl, C, Stein, DJ, Strejilevich, S, Subramaniam, M, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Tagata, H, Tatebayashi, Y, Tondo, L, Torrent, C, Vaaler, AE, Veeh, J, Vieta, E, Viswanath, B, Yoldi-Negrete, M, Zetin, M, Zgueb, Y, Whybrow, PC, Bauer, M, Glenn, T, Alda, M, Aleksandrovich, MA, Andreassen, OA, Angelopoulos, E, Ardau, R, Ayhan, Y, Baethge, C, Bharathram, SR, Bauer, R, Baune, BT, Becerra-Palars, C, Bellivier, F, Belmaker, RH, Berk, M, Bersudsky, Y, Bicakci, S, Birabwa-Oketcho, H, Bjella, TD, Bossini, L, Cabrera, J, Cheung, EYW, Del Zompo, M, Dodd, S, Donix, M, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Fountoulakis, KN, Frye, MA, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Gottlieb, JF, Grof, P, Harima, H, Henry, C, Isometsae, ET, Janno, S, Kapczinski, F, Kardell, M, Khaldi, S, Kliwicki, S, Koenig, B, Kot, TL, Krogh, R, Kunz, M, Lafer, B, Landen, M, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Licht, RW, Lopez-Jaramillo, C, MacQueen, G, Manchia, M, Marsh, W, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M, Melle, I, Meza-Urzua, F, Yee Ming, M, Monteith, S, Morken, G, Mosca, E, Munoz, R, Mythri, SV, Nacef, F, Nadella, RK, Nery, FG, Nielsen, RE, O'Donovan, C, Omrani, A, Osher, Y, Ostermark Sorensen, H, Ouali, U, Pica Ruiz, Y, Pilhatsch, M, Pinna, M, da Ponte, FDR, Quiroz, D, Ramesar, R, Rasgon, N, Reddy, MS, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Scippa, AM, Severus, E, Simhandl, C, Stein, DJ, Strejilevich, S, Subramaniam, M, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Tagata, H, Tatebayashi, Y, Tondo, L, Torrent, C, Vaaler, AE, Veeh, J, Vieta, E, Viswanath, B, Yoldi-Negrete, M, Zetin, M, Zgueb, Y, and Whybrow, PC

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To confirm prior findings that the larger the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation in springtime, the younger the age of onset of bipolar disorder. METHOD: Data were collected from 5536 patients at 50 sites in 32 countries on six continents. Onset occurred at 456 locations in 57 countries. Variables included solar insolation, birth-cohort, family history, polarity of first episode and country physician density. RESULTS: There was a significant, inverse association between the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation at the onset location, and the age of onset. This effect was reduced in those without a family history of mood disorders and with a first episode of mania rather than depression. The maximum monthly increase occurred in springtime. The youngest birth-cohort had the youngest age of onset. All prior relationships were confirmed using both the entire sample, and only the youngest birth-cohort (all estimated coefficients P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A large increase in springtime solar insolation may impact the onset of bipolar disorder, especially with a family history of mood disorders. Recent societal changes that affect light exposure (LED lighting, mobile devices backlit with LEDs) may influence adaptability to a springtime circadian challenge.

Published
2017

25. Online information seeking by patients with bipolar disorder: results from an international multisite survey (vol 4, pg 1, 2016)

Author

Conell, J, Bauer, R, Glenn, T, Alda, M, Ardau, R, Baune, BT, Berk, M, Bersudsky, Y, Bilderbeck, A, Bocchetta, A, Bossini, L, Castro, AMP, Cheung, EYW, Chillotti, C, Choppin, S, Del Zompo, M, Dias, R, Dodd, S, Duffy, A, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Garnham, J, Geddes, J, Gildebro, J, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Goodwin, GM, Grof, P, Harima, H, Hassel, S, Henry, C, Hidalgo-Mazzei, D, Kapur, V, Kunigiri, G, Lafer, B, Lam, C, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Licht, R, Lund, AH, Misiak, B, Piotrowski, P, Monteith, S, Munoz, R, Nakanotani, T, Nielsen, RE, O'Donovan, C, Okamura, Y, Osher, Y, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Sawchuk, B, Schwartz, E, Scippa, AM, Slaney, C, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Suwalska, A, Tam, P, Tatebayashi, Y, Tondo, L, Vieta, E, Vinberg, M, Viswanath, B, Volkert, J, Zetin, M, Zorrilla, I, Whybrow, PC, Bauer, M, Conell, J, Bauer, R, Glenn, T, Alda, M, Ardau, R, Baune, BT, Berk, M, Bersudsky, Y, Bilderbeck, A, Bocchetta, A, Bossini, L, Castro, AMP, Cheung, EYW, Chillotti, C, Choppin, S, Del Zompo, M, Dias, R, Dodd, S, Duffy, A, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Garnham, J, Geddes, J, Gildebro, J, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Goodwin, GM, Grof, P, Harima, H, Hassel, S, Henry, C, Hidalgo-Mazzei, D, Kapur, V, Kunigiri, G, Lafer, B, Lam, C, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Licht, R, Lund, AH, Misiak, B, Piotrowski, P, Monteith, S, Munoz, R, Nakanotani, T, Nielsen, RE, O'Donovan, C, Okamura, Y, Osher, Y, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Sawchuk, B, Schwartz, E, Scippa, AM, Slaney, C, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Suwalska, A, Tam, P, Tatebayashi, Y, Tondo, L, Vieta, E, Vinberg, M, Viswanath, B, Volkert, J, Zetin, M, Zorrilla, I, Whybrow, PC, and Bauer, M

Published
2017

27. Influence of birth cohort on age of onset cluster analysis in bipolar I disorder

Author

Bauer, M. Glenn, T. Alda, M. Andreassen, O. A. and Angelopoulos, E. Ardau, R. Baethge, C. Bauer, R. and Bellivier, F. Belmaker, R. H. Berk, M. Bjella, T. D. and Bossini, L. Bersudsky, Y. Cheung, E. Y. W. Conell, J. and Del Zompo, M. Dodd, S. Etain, B. Fagiolini, A. Frye, M. A. Fountoulakis, K. N. Garneau-Fournier, J. Gonzalez-Pinto, A. Harima, H. Hassel, S. Henry, C. Iacovides, A. and Isometsa, E. T. Kapczinski, F. Kliwicki, S. Koenig, B. and Krogh, R. Kunz, M. Lafer, B. Larsen, E. R. Lewitzka, U. and Lopez-Jaramillo, C. MacQueen, G. Manchia, M. Marsh, W. and Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M. Melle, I. Monteith, S. and Morken, G. Munoz, R. Nery, F. G. O'Donovan, C. Osher, Y. and Pfennig, A. Quiroz, D. Ramesar, R. Rasgon, N. Reif, A. Ritter, P. Rybakowski, J. K. Sagduyu, K. Scippa, A. M. Severus, E. Simhandl, C. Stein, D. J. Strejilevich, S. Sulaiman, A. Hatim Suominen, K. Tagata, H. and Tatebayashi, Y. Torrent, C. Vieta, E. Viswanath, B. and Wanchoo, M. J. Zetin, M. Whybrow, P. C.

Abstract

Purpose: Two common approaches to identify subgroups of patients with bipolar disorder are clustering methodology (mixture analysis) based on the age of onset, and a birth cohort analysis. This study investigates if a birth cohort effect will influence the results of clustering on the age of onset, using a large, international database. Methods: The database includes 4037 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, previously collected at 36 collection sites in 23 countries. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to adjust the data for country median age, and in some models, birth cohort. Model-based clustering (mixture analysis) was then performed on the age of onset data using the residuals. Clinical variables in subgroups were compared. Results: There was a strong birth cohort effect. Without adjusting for the birth cohort, three subgroups were found by clustering. After adjusting for the birth cohort or when considering only those born after 1959, two subgroups were found. With results of either two or three subgroups, the youngest subgroup was more likely to have a family history of mood disorders and a first episode with depressed polarity. However, without adjusting for birth cohort (three subgroups), family history and polarity of the first episode could not be distinguished between the middle and oldest subgroups. Conclusion: These results using international data confirm prior findings using single country data, that there are subgroups of bipolar I disorder based on the age of onset, and that there is a birth cohort effect. Including the birth cohort adjustment altered the number and characteristics of subgroups detected when clustering by age of onset. Further investigation is needed to determine if combining both approaches will identify subgroups that are more useful for research. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Published
2015

28. Online information seeking by patients with bipolar disorder: results from an international multisite survey

Author

Conell, J, Bauer, R, Glenn, T, Alda, M, Ardau, R, Baune, BT, Berk, M, Bersudsky, Y, Bilderbeck, A, Bocchetta, A, Bossini, L, Castro, AMP, Cheung, EYW, Chillotti, C, Choppin, S, Del Zompo, M, Dias, R, Dodd, S, Duffy, A, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Garnham, J, Geddes, J, Gildebro, J, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Goodwin, GM, Grof, P, Harima, H, Hassel, S, Henry, C, Hidalgo-Mazzei, D, Kapur, V, Kunigiri, G, Lafer, B, Lam, C, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Licht, R, Lund, AH, Misiak, B, Piotrowski, P, Monteith, S, Munoz, R, Nakanotani, T, Nielsen, RE, O'Donovan, C, Okamura, Y, Osher, Y, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Sawchuk, B, Schwartz, E, Scippa, AM, Slaney, C, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Suwalska, A, Tam, P, Tatebayashi, Y, Tondo, L, Vieta, E, Vinberg, M, Viswanath, B, Volkert, J, Zetin, M, Zorrilla, I, Whybrow, PC, Bauer, M, Conell, J, Bauer, R, Glenn, T, Alda, M, Ardau, R, Baune, BT, Berk, M, Bersudsky, Y, Bilderbeck, A, Bocchetta, A, Bossini, L, Castro, AMP, Cheung, EYW, Chillotti, C, Choppin, S, Del Zompo, M, Dias, R, Dodd, S, Duffy, A, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Garnham, J, Geddes, J, Gildebro, J, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Goodwin, GM, Grof, P, Harima, H, Hassel, S, Henry, C, Hidalgo-Mazzei, D, Kapur, V, Kunigiri, G, Lafer, B, Lam, C, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Licht, R, Lund, AH, Misiak, B, Piotrowski, P, Monteith, S, Munoz, R, Nakanotani, T, Nielsen, RE, O'Donovan, C, Okamura, Y, Osher, Y, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Sawchuk, B, Schwartz, E, Scippa, AM, Slaney, C, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Suwalska, A, Tam, P, Tatebayashi, Y, Tondo, L, Vieta, E, Vinberg, M, Viswanath, B, Volkert, J, Zetin, M, Zorrilla, I, Whybrow, PC, and Bauer, M

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Information seeking is an important coping mechanism for dealing with chronic illness. Despite a growing number of mental health websites, there is little understanding of how patients with bipolar disorder use the Internet to seek information. METHODS: A 39 question, paper-based, anonymous survey, translated into 12 languages, was completed by 1222 patients in 17 countries as a convenience sample between March 2014 and January 2016. All patients had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder from a psychiatrist. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and generalized estimating equations to account for correlated data. RESULTS: 976 (81 % of 1212 valid responses) of the patients used the Internet, and of these 750 (77 %) looked for information on bipolar disorder. When looking online for information, 89 % used a computer rather than a smartphone, and 79 % started with a general search engine. The primary reasons for searching were drug side effects (51 %), to learn anonymously (43 %), and for help coping (39 %). About 1/3 rated their search skills as expert, and 2/3 as basic or intermediate. 59 % preferred a website on mental illness and 33 % preferred Wikipedia. Only 20 % read or participated in online support groups. Most patients (62 %) searched a couple times a year. Online information seeking helped about 2/3 to cope (41 % of the entire sample). About 2/3 did not discuss Internet findings with their doctor. CONCLUSION: Online information seeking helps many patients to cope although alternative information sources remain important. Most patients do not discuss Internet findings with their doctor, and concern remains about the quality of online information especially related to prescription drugs. Patients may not rate search skills accurately, and may not understand limitations of online privacy. More patient education about online information searching is needed and physicians should recommend a few high quality websites.

Published
2016

31. Relationship between sunlight and the age of onset of bipolar disorder: An international multisite study

Author

Bauer, M, Glenn, T, Alda, M, Andreassen, OA, Angelopoulos, E, Ardau, R, Baethge, C, Bauer, R, Bellivier, F, Belmaker, RH, Berk, M, Bjella, TD, Bossini, L, Bersudsky, Y, Cheung, EYW, Conell, J, Del Zompo, M, Dodd, S, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Frye, MA, Fountoulakis, KN, Garneau-Fournier, J, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Harima, H, Hassel, S, Henry, C, Iacovides, A, Isometsa, ET, Kapczinski, F, Kliwicki, S, Koenig, B, Krogh, R, Kunz, M, Lafer, B, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Lopez-Jaramillo, C, MacQueen, G, Manchia, M, Marsh, W, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M, Melle, I, Monteith, S, Morken, G, Munoz, R, Nery, FG, O'Donovan, C, Osher, Y, Pfennig, A, Quiroz, D, Ramesar, R, Rasgon, N, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Scippa, AM, Severus, E, Simhandl, C, Stein, DJ, Strejilevich, S, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Tagata, H, Tatebayashi, Y, Torrent, C, Vieta, E, Viswanath, B, Wanchoo, MJ, Zetin, M, Whybrow, PC, Bauer, M, Glenn, T, Alda, M, Andreassen, OA, Angelopoulos, E, Ardau, R, Baethge, C, Bauer, R, Bellivier, F, Belmaker, RH, Berk, M, Bjella, TD, Bossini, L, Bersudsky, Y, Cheung, EYW, Conell, J, Del Zompo, M, Dodd, S, Etain, B, Fagiolini, A, Frye, MA, Fountoulakis, KN, Garneau-Fournier, J, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Harima, H, Hassel, S, Henry, C, Iacovides, A, Isometsa, ET, Kapczinski, F, Kliwicki, S, Koenig, B, Krogh, R, Kunz, M, Lafer, B, Larsen, ER, Lewitzka, U, Lopez-Jaramillo, C, MacQueen, G, Manchia, M, Marsh, W, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M, Melle, I, Monteith, S, Morken, G, Munoz, R, Nery, FG, O'Donovan, C, Osher, Y, Pfennig, A, Quiroz, D, Ramesar, R, Rasgon, N, Reif, A, Ritter, P, Rybakowski, JK, Sagduyu, K, Scippa, AM, Severus, E, Simhandl, C, Stein, DJ, Strejilevich, S, Sulaiman, AH, Suominen, K, Tagata, H, Tatebayashi, Y, Torrent, C, Vieta, E, Viswanath, B, Wanchoo, MJ, Zetin, M, and Whybrow, PC

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The onset of bipolar disorder is influenced by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. We previously found that a large increase in sunlight in springtime was associated with a lower age of onset. This study extends this analysis with more collection sites at diverse locations, and includes family history and polarity of first episode. METHODS: Data from 4037 patients with bipolar I disorder were collected at 36 collection sites in 23 countries at latitudes spanning 3.2 north (N) to 63.4 N and 38.2 south (S) of the equator. The age of onset of the first episode, onset location, family history of mood disorders, and polarity of first episode were obtained retrospectively, from patient records and/or direct interview. Solar insolation data were obtained for the onset locations. RESULTS: There was a large, significant inverse relationship between maximum monthly increase in solar insolation and age of onset, controlling for the country median age and the birth cohort. The effect was reduced by half if there was no family history. The maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. The effect was one-third smaller for initial episodes of mania than depression. The largest maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in northern latitudes such as Oslo, Norway, and warm and dry areas such as Los Angeles, California. LIMITATIONS: Recall bias for onset and family history data. CONCLUSIONS: A large springtime increase in sunlight may have an important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder, especially in those with a family history of mood disorders.

Published
2014

48. IP3 accumulation and/or inositol depletion: two downstream lithium's effects that may mediate its behavioral and cellular changes

Author

Sade, Y, Toker, L, Kara, N Z, Einat, H, Rapoport, S, Moechars, D, Berry, G T, Bersudsky, Y, and Agam, G

Abstract

Lithium is the prototype mood stabilizer but its mechanism is still unresolved. Two hypotheses dominate—the consequences of lithium's inhibition of inositol monophosphatase at therapeutically relevant concentrations (the ‘inositol depletion' hypothesis), and of glycogen-synthase kinase-3. To further elaborate the inositol depletion hypothesis that did not decisively determine whether inositol depletion per se, or phosphoinositols accumulation induces the beneficial effects, we utilized knockout mice of either of two inositol metabolism-related genes—IMPA1 or SMIT1, both mimic several lithium's behavioral and biochemical effects. We assessed in vivo, under non-agonist-stimulated conditions, 3H-inositol incorporation into brain phosphoinositols and phosphoinositides in wild-type, lithium-treated, IMPA1 and SMIT1 knockout mice. Lithium treatment increased frontal cortex and hippocampal phosphoinositols labeling by several fold, but decreased phosphoinositides labeling in the frontal cortex of the wild-type mice of the IMPA1 colony strain by ~50%. Inositol metabolites were differently affected by IMPA1 and SMIT1 knockout. Inositoltrisphosphate administered intracerebroventricularly affected bipolar-related behaviors and autophagy markers in a lithium-like manner. Namely, IP3 but not IP1 reduced the immobility time of wild-type mice in the forced swim test model of antidepressant action by 30%, an effect that was reversed by an antagonist of all three IP3 receptors; amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion of wild-type mice (distance traveled) was 35% reduced by IP3 administration; IP3 administration increased hippocampal messenger RNA levels of Beclin-1 (required for autophagy execution) and hippocampal and frontal cortex protein levels ratio of Beclin-1/p62 by about threefold (p62 is degraded by autophagy). To conclude, lithium affects the phosphatidylinositol signaling system in two ways: depleting inositol, consequently decreasing phosphoinositides; elevating inositol monophosphate levels followed by phosphoinositols accumulation. Each or both may mediate lithium-induced behavior.

Published
2016
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